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Flora of the Aralkum

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Flora of the Aralkum Chapter 8 Flora of the Aralkum L.A. Dimeyeva, S-W. Breckle, and W. Wucherer 8.1 Introduction The desiccated seafloor of the former Aral Sea is an area which has been growing steadily since 1960 (see Chap. 2). The area of the desiccated seafloor is a mosaic of sand and salt deserts (see Chap. 3). This area is very well defined by the former coastline of 1960, more or less equivalent to the 53 m above sea level contour line (see Fig. 4.15). This whole area is called the Aralkum (Breckle et al. 1998, 2001). There are now 368 species of angiosperms (as of 2008). The flora of the Aralkum is rather young and has formed since 1960 as a typical immigration flora. It is certainly a flora where species have to be adapted to the rather severe ecological conditions of drought and heat in summer, to frost in winter, to moving sand conditions and to varying salinity, and also to inundation and anaerobic conditions of solonchak soils. Close to the former coastline there are mostly sandy soils which are more or less desalinized. They became dry in the 1960s. Towards the sinking seawater level they are being replaced by sandy-loamy or by loamy coastal solonchaks with some salinity. They became dry in the 1970s or later. The desiccated places which became dry from the 1980s until today are mostly very saline solonchaks, often puffy or crusty. The desiccated seafloor area has a high percentage (24.5%) of species from the Chenopodiaceae family (approximately 90 species; Table 8.1). Along the former coastline on the sandy conditions of the Aralkum, the Polygonaceae (Calligonum spp.) and Fabaceae (Astragalus spp.) prevail. But also some psammophilous Chenopodiaceae as well as some representatives from Poaceae play a dominant role. The new land is an area which can be spatially and historically clearly defined. It exhibits a new dynamics of vegetation complexes (see Chap. 9). S.-W. Breckle et al. (eds.), Aralkum - a Man-Made Desert: 109 The Desiccated Floor of the Aral Sea (Central Asia), Ecological Studies 218, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-21117-1_8, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 110 L.A. Dimeyeva et al. Table 8.1 The dominant plant families of the flora of the Aralkum (the desiccated seafloor of the Aral Sea, 2008) Plant families Number of genera Number of species Percentage of species Chenopodiaceae 31 90 24.5 Asteraceae 25 48 13.0 Polygonaceae 5 39 10.6 Brassicaceae 24 34 9.2 Fabaceae 9 23 6.3 Poaceae 14 22 6.0 Boraginaceae 9 13 3.5 Tamaricaceae 1 10 2.7 Ranunculaceae 7 8 2.2 Zygophyllaceae s.l. (3) 3 7 1.9 Caryophyllaceae 3 6 1.6 Cyperaceae 3 5 1.4 Apiaceae 2 5 1.4 Additional families (28) 42 58 15.8 Total: 43 178 368 100 8.2 History of Floristic Studies The flora and vegetation around the Aral Sea, except the delta regions of the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya, have not been completely investigated, and the new desiccated seafloor, the Aralkum, has been investigated even less. The first report on the flora and vegetation of Priaralye (direct vicinity of the Aral Sea) was by Borshchov (1865). A rather big herbarium collection was collected by Smirnov (1875) from the southeastern coast of the Aral Sea between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya deltas. On the basis of the collections of L.S. Berg (1900–1902), Litwinov (1905) published a list of 219 plant species. Sherbaev (1982) studied the flora of the southeastern islands, where he found 235 species. These papers give fragmentary ideas on the flora of the former coast of the Aral Sea. For more than 30 years from the middle of the 1960s, researchers from Herzen Pedagogical University (St. Petersburg, Russia) investigated ecosystems of the island of Barsa-Kelmes. The results of this long-term research of the insular flora were reported by Kuznetsov (1995). The floristic composition of Barsa-Kelmes consisted of 257 species (see also Chap. 14). Between 1977 and 1985, the Institute of Geography in Moscow headed a complex programme studying the effects of irrigation projects on desiccation of the Aral Sea. The investigations within the Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea coast resulted in some publications about flora (Kurochkina et al. 1983; Dimeyeva 1990; Dimeyeva and Kuznetsov 1999; Dimeyeva and Kurochkina 2005) and comparisons with the adjacent desert flora (Rachkovskaya and Safronova 1994). These lists of vascular plants included about 300 species. Only half of them (154 species) were recorded from the desiccated seafloor during expeditions in the 1980s. 8 Flora of the Aralkum 111 In 1994, Wucherer studied the northern, eastern and southern coasts of the Aral Sea within the framework of a DFG project (University of Kassel). According to collected herbarium specimens, the Aralkum flora consisted of 201 species (Breckle et al. 1998). In parallel a UNESCO project revealed various desertification impacts caused by the desiccation process, mainly in the delta areas of the rivers (Geldyeva et al. 2001). During expeditions within the first BMBF project “Succession processes on the desiccated sea floor of the Aral Sea and perspectives of land-use” (1998–2001), the list of plants was increased by 65 species (Wucherer et al. 2001). According to this publication, the Aralkum flora consisted of 266 species belonging to 34 plant families and 134 genera. The second, BMBF–GTZ-CCD project “Combating desertification and rehabi- litation of salt deserts in the Aralkum” (2002–2005) gave possibilities for a further detailed study of the northwestern and eastern coasts and the Barsa-Kelmes terri- tory. Some additional species were found on the dry seafloor (Dimeyeva 2004; Dimeyeva and Alimbetova 2006; Dimeyeva et al. 2008). Recent information from the southern part of the Aralkum has increased the list of plants by 21 species (Sherimbetov 2008a, b, c). The number of species of vascular plants recorded from the Aralkum is now about 368. The species concept for the Chenopodiaceae has been taken from Flora Iranica (Hedge et al. 1997), except for the genera Salsola and Climacoptera. Species names and plant family characteristics for other families are taken from Cherepanov (1995), except for Calligonum for which Flora of Kazakhstan was used. 8.3 Composition of the Flora The vascular plants of the Aralkum consist of 368 species belonging to 43 families and 178 genera. The leading 13 families (Table 8.1) comprise 310 species (84.2% of the flora) belonging to 136 genera (76.4%). Species from Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, Brassicaceae and Poaceae families prevail. The most important genera are (Table 8.2) Calligonum (35 species), Artemisia (14 species), Salsola (13 species), Atriplex (12 species), Astragalus (11 species), Tamarix (10 species), Suaeda (9 species), Climacoptera (5 species) and Corispermum (5 species). 8.4 Life Form Spectrum Life forms (Raunkiaer 1910) are represented by the following groups: therophytes, geophytes, hemicryptophytes, chamaephytes, microphanerophytes, nanophanero- phytes and hydrophytes (Fig. 8.1). 112 L.A. Dimeyeva et al. Table 8.2 Species of vascular plants from the Aralkum (2008), indicating chorological type (geoelement) and life form Species Geoelement Life form Alliaceae J. Agardh Allium caspium (Pall.) Bieb. Pontic–northern Turanian GB Allium sabulosum Stev. ex Bunge Turanian GB Allium schubertii Zucc. Irano-Turanian GB Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult. fil. Turanian–Dzungarian GB Apiaceae Lindl. Ferula canescens (Ledeb.) Ledeb. Pontic–northern Turanian GR Ferula caspica Bieb. Pontic–northern Turanian GR Ferula lehmannii Boiss. Turanian GR Ferula nuda Spreng. Pontic–northern Turanian GR Prangos odontalgica (Pall.) Herrnst. & Heyn Pontic–northern Turanian GR Asclepiadaceae R. Br. Cynanchum sibiricum Willd. Eastern Mediterranean H Asparagaceae Juss. Asparagus breslerianus Schult. & Schult. fil. Irano-Turanian H Asparagus inderiensis Blum ex Pasz. Aralo-Caspian H Asparagus persicus Baker Eastern Mediterranean H Asteraceae Dumort. Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Palaearctic H Amberboa turanica Iljin Palaearctic T Anthemis candidissima Willd. ex Spreng. Turanian T Artemisia aralensis Krasch. Kazakhstan endemic Ch Artemisia austriaca Jacq. Mediterranean H Artemisia diffusa Krasch.ex Poljak. Turanian Ch Artemisia arenaria DC. Mediterranean Ch Artemisia pauciflora Web. Northern Turanian Ch Artemisia quinqueloba Trautv. Kazakhstan endemic Ch Artemisia santolina Schrenk Irano-Turanian H Artemisia schrenkiana Ledeb. Eastern Mediterranean H Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. Eastern Mediterranean H Artemisia scopiformis Ledeb. Kazakhstan endemic H Artemisia semiarida (Krasch. Et Lavr.) Filat. Kazakhstan endemic Ch Artemisia songarica Schrenk Turanian–Dzungarian Ch Artemisia terrae-albae Krasch. Northern Turanian–Dzungarian Ch Artemisia turanica Krasch. Irano-Turanian Ch Chartolepis intermedia Boiss. Eastern Mediterranean H Chondrilla ambigua Fisch. ex Kar. & Kir. Turanian–Dzungarian H Chondrilla brevirostris Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Northern Turanian H Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Palaearctic H Cirsium ochrolepidium Juz. Eastern Mediterranean H Cousinia affinis Schrenk Turanian–Dzungarian H Epilasia hemilasia (Bunge) Clarke Irano-Turanian T Heteracia szovitsii Fisch. & C. A. Mey. Irano-Turanian T Hyalea pulchella (Ledeb.) C. Koch Eastern Mediterranean H (continued) 8 Flora of the Aralkum 113 Table 8.2 (continued) Species Geoelement Life form Inula caspica Blum ex Ledeb. Mediterranean H Inula germanica L. Pontic–northern Turanian H Karelinia caspia (Pall.) Less. Eastern Mediterranean H Koelpinia linearis Pall. Mediterranean T Koelpinia tenuissima Pavl. & Lipsch. Irano-Turanian T Koelpinia turanica Vass. Turanian T Lactuca serriola L. Mediterranean H Lactuca tatarica (L.) C. A. Mey. Mediterranean H Lactuca undulata Ledeb. Pojark Mediterranean T Mausolea eriocarpa (Bunge) Irano-Turanian Ch Saussurea salsa (Pall. ex Bieb.) Spreng. Mediterranean H Scorzonera sericeolanata (Bunge) Krasch. & Turanian GB Lipsch. Senecio noeanus Rupr. Northern Turanian T Senecio subdentatus Ledeb. Palaearctic T Sonchus oleraceus L. Palaearctic T Taktajaniantha pusilla (Pall.) Nazarova Mediterranean GB Tanacetum achilleifolium (Bieb.) Sch. Bip. Pontic–northern Turanian H Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.) Mediterranean H Hand.-Mazz. Tragopogon marginifolius Pavl.
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