Today’s Date ______
The World of
Islam
Name ______Period ______
Page 1
Today’s Date ______Map of the Middle East
1. Use the map on pages 522 in the Across the Centuries textbook to label the Middle Eastern and African Countries on the map in BLACK.
2. Use 4 or 5 different colored pencils to lightly shade in each country.
Turkey Cyprus Syria Lebanon Israel Jordan Egypt Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Iraq Iran Afghanistan
3. Label each capital city on the map next to a small dot in RED.
4. Label the major water features on the map using a BLUE colored pencil. Shade all the water features BLUE on your map.
Persian Gulf Tigris River Euphrates River Dead Sea Arabian Sea Red Sea Caspian Sea Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Gulf of Aden Page 2
Today’s Date ______
Page 3
Today’s Date ______
Culture Government
The Arabian Peninsula
Economy
Page 4
Today’s Date ______Use the graphic organizer to take notes about what you discover as you read
The Arabian Peninsula
Islam Changes Desert Culture
In the past, some towns on this peninsula were trade centers for desert caravans (groups of merchants who travel together across the desert). Others were ports where good were exchanged. Goods came from many places. They came from East Asia along the Silk Road (a network of trade routes from China), from South Asia across the Indian Ocean, from Africa across the Red Sea, and from Europe across the Mediterranean Sea. Still, other towns were near desert oases (areas of the desert that have water and trees) or situated in fertile lands along major rivers.
Nomadic desert dwellers (people who have no permanent home, but move seasonally) called Bedouins moved across the peninsula from oasis to oasis to water their herds of animals. There was much competition between the nomadic tribes which often led to battles and grudges that could possible last generations. However, their excellent fighting skills would eventually help them to spread a new religion and unite the nomadic tribes under one God and one belief system: Islam.
Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of its founder, Muhammad. As Islam took root in Saudi Arabia, armies of Bedouin fighters moved across the desert. They conquered lands and put Muslim leaders in control. The Arabic language and Islamic teachings and culture spread east across Southwest Asia, west across Northern Africa and even North into Europe.
Governments Change Hands
The governments of lands controlled by Muslims were theocracies (governments run by religious leaders). Rulers relied on religious law for running the country. Come modern nations in the region, such as Iran, are still ruled by religious leaders.
Toward the end of the 1700s, the leaders of Muslim nations weakened because the European nations were growing in power. Much of Southwest Asia became colonies of the British and the French as they invaded and took over the governments there. A few Arabian nations were able to remain independent of European rule. Today, there are no colonies in the region controlled by outside forces, yet resentment still exists among some in the Middle East against Europe and the West for having imposed their rule over Arabic nations.
Oil Dominates the Economy
The principal resource in the economy of the Arabian Peninsula is oil. The nations there make almost all of their export money from oil. In 1960, a group of oil-producing nations formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, also known as OPEC. The purpose of OPEC is to help members control worldwide oil prices. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates are members of OPEC.
Page 5
Today’s Date ______Islam: Empire of Faith PBS Documentary Part One 0:00-24:48
The Bedouin lifestyle The Prophet Muhammad The Qur’an and it’s message Bedouin- nomadic herders of the Caravan- a group of travelers Sutras- chapters in the Qur’an Arabian Peninsula /merchants who travel together Reify- to make a concept concrete or Animal Husbandry- raising animals across the desert real to sell Khadija- Muhammad’s wife Oasis- area of the desert that has Ka’aba- large cube built by Abraham water and trees which was a shrine for tribal gods ______Pilgrimage- journey for religious and totems. Held a stone which is ______reasons said to have fallen from the sky ______
Page 6
Today’s Date ______Islam: Empire of Faith
PBS Documentary Part One 24:48-53:55
The Opposition The Prophet Muhammad The town of Yathrib Why would people oppose What does he teach the people? (Medina) Muhammad’s ideas? How does he view Jews and Hijra- the journey Mohammed and What happened when they fought Christians? his followers take to Medina each other? How does he treat the conquered Medina- the city of the prophet ______Meccans? ______Page 7
Today’s Date ______
Few places in the desert are capable of supporting the life of even a small community for an extended period of time, and so the Bedouin of Arabia would stay A Bedouin tent is customarily on the move. With herds of sheep divided into two sections by a and goats as well as camels, the woven curtain known as a Arab Bedouin migrated from one ma'nad. One section, reserved for the men and for the meagerly fertile area to another-- reception of most guests, is The bedouin of Arabia each offered sustenance and called the mag'ad, or 'sitting often wore the jalabiyya, a shelter for time, while the others place.' The other, in which the women cook and receive long, hooded robe, a were naturally replenished. female guests, is called the standard form of clothing. In such an unforgiving maharama, or 'place of the environment, any violation of women.'
territorial rights was viewed with Having been welcomed into a severe disfavor. It is typical of Bedouin tent, guests are Bedouin culture that such honored, respected, and nourished, frequently with trespasses were neither easily copious amounts of fresh, forgiven nor quickly forgotten. At cardamom-spiced coffee. the same time, a shared respect
for the dangers and hardships of The most easily recognized aspect the desert instilled in the Bedouin of a Bedouin’s attire is his headgear--which consists of the culture a profound and justly kufiyya-cloth and 'agal-rope that celebrated sense of hospitality. In constitute proper attire for a Bedouin man. The headrope in the vast silence and brooding particular carries great solitude of the Arabian peninsula, significance, for it is indicative of the wearer's ability to uphold the simply encountering another Visitors are also cause for obligations and responsibilities of person was--and in some regions some festivity, including manhood. Bedouin women, too, music, poetry, and on special signal their status with their still is--a rather unusual and occasions even dance. The headgear--while all women are noteworthy event. A new face traditional instruments of required to keep their hair covered, was cause for great interest, for Bedouin musicians are the married women in particular wrap shabbaba, a length of metal about their forehead a black cloth happy generosity and for pipe fashioned into a sort of known as 'asaba. Bedouins mark their graves with common courtesy, all values flute, the rababa, a versatile, exceptional simplicity, placing one spoken of and celebrated in one-string violin, and of course ordinary stone at the head of the the voice. The primary singers grave and one at its foot. Bedouin poetry, sayings, and among the Bedouin are the Moreover, it is traditional to leave songs. women, who sit in rows facing the clothes of the deceased atop the each other to engage in a sort grave, to be adopted by whatever of sung dialogue, composed of needy travelers may pass by. verses and exchanges that commemorate and comment upon special events and occasions.
Page 8
Today’s Date ______
Summarize the information in your own words
The clothing of the Bedouin
______
The hospitality of the Bedouin
______
The Bedouin tent
______
Page 9
Today’s Date ______Islam: Empire of Faith
PBS Documentary Part Two 0:00-22:44
Baghdad Advancements in science, Cordoba Capital of present day Iraq medicine, math, astronomy City in Spain ______etc… ______Page 10
Today’s Date ______Islam: Empire of Faith PBS Documentary Part Two 22:44-53:13
Jerusalem and the Crusades Europe and the Christians The Muslims Caliph-a political leader in the Sakk- first written check Islamic empire Textiles- woven fabrics ______Saladin- Muslim who recaptured Church of the Holy Sepulchre- ______Jerusalem belived to be built on the site of Mongols-tribes from the east who ______Christ’s death. conquered the Islamic empires of ______Persia ______Page 11
Today’s Date ______The Story of Islam
The Arabian Peninsula today is made up of over a dozen countries, the largest being Saudi Arabia. This country is mostly desert and thousands of years ago it was inhabited by nomadic herders known as Bedouins. The Bedu moved around the desert, following water and grazing land for their camel herds. Their lives revolved around the seasons, as they waited for the rainfall to make the grazing land green. They would stop at an oasis which is a small area in a desert that is watered by springs or wells. Almost all regions of Saudi Arabia receive some rainfall to replenish the oases.
It was into this culture that Muhammad was born. He was born around 570 in the city of Mecca. He was a member of the Hashim clan of the mighty Quraysh tribe. His father, Abd Allah, died shortly before his birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. After living with his grandfather for two years, Muhammad joined the family of his uncle, where he tended sheep and went on caravans (trading expeditions primarily on camel back) across the desert to Syria.
When Muhammad was about twenty-five, he began working for Khadija, a wealthy widow involved in the caravan trade. Although she was fifteen years older than he was, he soon married her. They had two sons, both of whom died young, and four daughters. Their marriage was happy and prosperous, and Muhammad became a respected merchant in Mecca.
There are three major events in the life of Muhammad. The first happened around the age of forty, Muhammad began to spend time meditating in a cave on Mount Hira outside Mecca. It was here where he had a vision of the angel Gabriel who told him to spread the message of God to his people. Muhammad did not believe this vision at first, thinking instead he had been possessed by evil spirits. When he described his vision to Khadija, however, she immediately believed it was true, saying he was a prophet (one whose words are inspired by God). More visions and revelations soon came to Muhammad and he began to preach what he was told in the visions. The messages he received and the speeches he made were later written down to form the Islamic holy book, the Qur'an.
The message Muhammad passed on to his people was simple: there was only one God (known to Muslims as Allah) who had created the universe and who now governed it. Muhammad was God's messenger sent to spread God's laws and to warn people of the punishments if they disobeyed those laws. At first Muhammad gathered only a few followers. Most Meccans were outraged by his attacks on their lifestyle and on the pagan gods they worshiped in Mecca's sacred temple, the Ka’aba.
The second major event happened in 622. Because of rising hostility, Muhammad and about seventy Muslims (followers of Islam) fled to the city of Medina, 250 miles north of Mecca. This flight is called the Hegira and marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. The people of Medina welcomed Muhammad and accepted Islam as their religion.
In Medina Muhammad became not only a religious leader but a political one as well. He abolished the worship of other gods, regulated the practice of slavery, restricted divorce, and banned war or violence except in defense of God. Drinking alcohol and eating pork were also forbidden. Muhammad dictated five duties Muslims had to follow, called the Five Pillars of Islam: Faith- Muslims must accept God as the only God and Muhammad as his prophet; Prayer- Muslims must pray five times a day to God; Charity- Muslims must give money to the poor; Fasting- Muslims must not eat between sunrise and sunset during the holy month of Ramadan; Pilgrimage- Muslims must
Page 12
Today’s Date ______make a pilgrimage (a journey for religious purposes) at least once during their lives to pray in Mecca. This journey for Muslims is known as the Hajj.
The final event of significance in Muhammad’s life was in 630. During this year, Muhammad and the Muslims marched back to Mecca in. They met little opposition upon entering the city, and Muhammad forgave all those who accepted him as a prophet of God. He smashed all the pagan idols in the Ka’aba and turned it into a mosque, an Islamic house of worship. This event made Mecca the holiest city in the Islamic religion.
1. What is a prophet, who is considered the prophet of Islam? ______
2. What is the difference between these words: a. Muslim - ______b. Islam - ______
3. Summarize the three major events in Muhammad’s life: ______
4. What is the Hajj? ______
Page 13
Today’s Date ______
A Reading from the Qur’an
Read the following passage from sura 4 of the Qur’an. What does it tell you about Islamic views on the rights of men and women?
In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate . . . Give the orphans their property, and do not exchange the corrupt for the good; and devour not their property with your property; surely that is a great crime. . . . But do not give to fools their property that God has assigned to you to manage; provide for them and clothe them out of it, and speak to them honorable words.
Test well orphans, until they reach the age of marrying; then, if you perceive in them right judgment, deliver to them their property; consume it not wastefully and hastily ere they are grown. If any man is rich, let him be abstinent; if poor, let him consume in reason. And when you deliver to them their property, take witnesses over them; God suffices for a reckoner.
To the men a share of what parents and kinsmen leave, and to the women a share of what parents and kinsmen leave, whether it be little or much, a share apportioned; and when the division is attended by kinsmen and orphans and the poor, make provision for them out of it, and speak to them honorable words. . . .
Do not covet that whereby God in bounty has preferred one of you above another. To the men a share from what they have earned, and to the women a share from what they have earned. And ask God of His bounty; God knows everything. . . .
Men are the managers of the affairs of women for that God has preferred in bounty one of them over another, and for that they have expended of their property. Righteous women are therefore obedient, guarding the secret for God’s guarding. . . .
If a woman fear rebelliousness or aversion in her husband, there is no fault in them if the couple set things right between them; right settlement is better; and souls are very prone to avarice. If you do good and are godfearing, surely God is aware of the things you do.
You will not be able to be equitable between your wives, be you ever so eager; yet do not be altogether partial so that you leave her as it were suspended. If you set things right, and are godfearing, God is All-forgiving, All-compassionate. But if they separate, God will enrich each of them of His plenty; God is All-embracing, All-wise. Page 14
Today’s Date ______
Response Questions
Imagine you have to raise three orphans and manage their property according to the Qur’an. 1. When should you give them their property? ______
2. What should you do if one of them is mentally incompetent—a “fool”? ______
What can you infer from this passage about the rights of men and women? Explain your answer. ______Page 15
Today’s Date ______Making Predictions
When you make a prediction, you evaluate actions that leaders or groups have taken in the past, and then suggest what course of action they might take in the future. As you read the passages below, think about what they suggest about how Muslims view nonbelievers. Then answer the questions that follow.
Passage 1: Letter from Muhammad to the princes of Yemen
He who . . . bears witness to his Islam and helps the believers against the polytheists, he is a believer with a believer’s rights and obligations. . . . If a Jew or Christian becomes a Muslim, he is a believer with his rights and obligations. He who holds fast to his religion, Jew or Christian, is not to be turned from it. He must pay the poll tax—for every adult, male or female, free or slave. . . . He who pays that to God’s apostle has the guarantee of God and His apostle, and he who withholds it is the enemy of God and His apostle.
Passage 2: From the Qur’an, Sura V
Of old did God accept the covenant of the children of Israel . . . But for their breaking their covenant we have cursed them and hardened their hearts. They shift the words of the Scripture from their places, and have forgotten part of what they were taught. . . And of those who say, “We are Christians,” have we accepted the covenant. But they too have forgotten a part of what they were taught. . . .
O people of the Scriptures! Now is our Apostle come to you to clear up to you much that ye concealed of the Scriptures, and to pass over many things. Now hath a light and a clear Book come to you from God. . . .
Passage 3: From the Qur’an, Sura II
And fight for the cause of God against those who fight against you . . . And kill them wherever ye shall find them, and eject them from whatever place they have ejected you; for civil discord is worse than carnage [massacre]: yet attack them not at the sacred Mosque, unless they attack you therein; but if they attack you, slay them. Such is the reward of infidels. . . .
Page 16
Today’s Date ______Response Questions
1. According to Muhammad and the Qur’an, who are the infidels? ______
2. What do the first two passages suggest about how Muslims viewed converts to their faith? ______
3. What does the letter to the Yemen princes suggest about how Muhammad viewed religious tolerance?
______
4. From these passages, describe the circumstances you can predict might compel Muslims to declare war? ______
Page 17
Today’s Date ______
World Religions Compared
Page 18
Today’s Date ______Response Question Compare and Contrast TWO World Religions A compare/contrast response should have two parts. The first part should address at least two similarities. You might use sentences like, “These religions are similar in that they both ___ . For example, the ___ religion has ___ as does the ___ religion.” The second part should address at least two differences. You might use sentences like, “The ___ and ___ religion are different in that they both ___ . For example, the ___ religion does/says/believes/has ___ whereas the ___ religion does/says/believes/has ___.” ______
Page 19