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Changing Paradigms of Gender Inequality in Uttar Pradesh: a Study of Jawan Block (District Aligrh)

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Changing Paradigms of Gender Inequality in Uttar Pradesh: a Study of Jawan Block (District Aligrh) CHANGING PARADIGMS OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN UTTAR PRADESH: A STUDY OF JAWAN BLOCK (DISTRICT ALIGRH) 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT By the grace of Almighty God I am able to complete my work with great satisfaction and able to submit it for the award of Ph.D. degree. In this process Professor Noor Mohammad became instrumental by guiding me at every level of this work. Really I am indebted to him for his kind and generous support which he showed on me without any botheration of time and energy. I don‘t find words to express my gratitude and indebtedness. Due to instant support and guidance from him I never felt that I am an orphan. My deepest thanks to Prof. Noor Mohammad for his constant supervision, intellectual input and brilliant guidance throughout the duration of the present research work. I am product of the Department of Sociology and Social work, AMU, Aligarh and have been receiving help and support from other faculties of the Department of Sociology & Social Work from time to time– Dr. Abdul Matin, Chairman, Dr. Nikhat Firoz, Dr. Zainuddin, Dr. Abdul Waheed, Dr. P.K. Mathur, Late Dr. Nemat Ali Khan, Dr. Naseem Ahmad Khan, Dr. Mohammad Akram, Dr. Shirin Sadiq, Dr. Sameena. I thanks them all because whatever I am today, it is because of them. Office staff of this Department have always been cooperative and provided me all support during my stay here. They never gave me any opportunity to have a feeling of neglect and deprivation. My thanks are to them all. I will be failing in my duty if I don‘t mention the name of my uncle Late Mr. Zahid Hussein whose financial support, love, affection, encouragement led to continue my study after graduation as I lost my parents and became orphan. I will remember him & pray for him a place in heaven. Ameen I am highly indebted to my late parents about whom I have dim idea, who always helped me in fulfilling my needs and realising my dreams. They always taught me the lesson of honesty which I adhere strictly. 2 Last but not the least, I am indebted to respondents who gave me their time and support in the collection of field material. I am also thankful to my all friends and relatives who directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of this work. Thanks are also due to the typist who typed this thesis untiredly without his support it would have not been possible to submit this work on time. 3 CONTENTS Acknowledgement i-ii Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………….. 1-28 Literature Review……………………………………………………………. 5-8 Economic Growth, Development and Gender: the Asian Context………… 8-16 Health, Education and Livelihood: Human Capital in Indian Context…… 16-27 Structure of the Thesis…………………………………………………….. 27-28 Context of Study, Framework and Methodology………………………… 29-57 National and State Context……………………………………………...... 29-33 Profileof Area of Study: Aligarh………………………………..………...33-36 Profile of Sub Districts……………………………………………………. 36-37 Development Blocks…………………………………………………………. 37 Chapter 2: Study Design and Methodological Framework…………... 38-40 Description of tools……………………………………………………….. 40-42 SampleSize Estimation………………………………………………………. 43 SamplingPlan………………………………………………………………… 43 Selection of Block………………………………………………………… 43-44 Selection of Villages……………………………………………………… 44-46 Selection of Households………………………………………………….. 46-47 Data collection……………………………………………………………….. 46 Data Entry and Analysis………………………………………………….. 47-48 Profile of the Respondents…………………………………………………… 48 Basic Profile………………………………………………………………. 48-49 Religion…………………………………………………………………… 49-50 Caste………………………………………………………………………….. 50 Status of Residence……………………………………………………….. 50-52 Type of Residence: Construction…………………………………………….. 52 4 Poverty Profile……………………………………………………………. 52-54 Availability of Basic Amenities in Households………………………….. 54-57 Chapter 3: Gender and Health…………………………………………. 58-86 National Policies and Programmes on Health: Historical perspectives…. 60-64 A Critique of Health Policies…………………………………………….. 64-69 Reproductive and Child health Project: Paradigm Shift in Health Policy... 69-74 National Rural Health Mission and RCH: Strengthening the Initiatives on Women‘s health………………………………………………………. 75-77 Maternal Health: Findings from the Survey……………………………… 77-78 Reproductive Health……………………………………………………… 78-84 Immunization…………………………………………………………….. 84-86 Summary of theFindings……………………………………………………... 86 Chapter 4: Gender and Education……………………………………..87-129 Importance and Efficacy of Education in Redefining Women‘s Roles….. 89-93 Constitutional Provisions and Legislative Measures……………………... 93-95 National Education Policies and Programmes……………………………. 95-97 Schemes to Promote Education……………………………………………… 97 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan…………………………………………………… 97-99 National Programme for Education of Girls for Elementary Level (NPEGEL) …………………………………………………………………… 99 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV)…………………………… 99-100 Assessing Education from Gender Perspectives………………………. 100-102 Dropout Rates among Boys and Girls…………………………………. 102-107 Education and Empowerment of Women……………………………… 107-110 Factors Retarding the Progress of Women‘s Education……………….. 110-113 Shifting Paradigm……………………………………………………… 113-116 Gender and Trends of Education in Uttar Pradesh……………………. 116-121 Gender and Education in Jawan Block: Findings from the Survey…… 121-129 Chapter 5: Gender and Livelihood…………………………………. 130-178 5 Gender Inequity and Income…………………………………………… 132-138 Constitutional Provisions and Legislative Measures……………………138-143 Equality Provisions…………………………………………………….. 143-144 Protection of the Interest of Women Workers…………………………. 145-148 National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001)…………………. 149-151 National Employment Policy, 2008……………………………………. 151-152 Gender sensitive macro policies……………………………………….. 152-153 Economic Empowerment Schemes…………………………………………. 153 STEP…………………………………………………………………… 153-154 Swayamsidha…………………………………………………………… 154-155 Swadhar – A scheme for Women in Difficult Circumstances…………. 155-156 Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)…………. 156 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)………………………………………… 156-157 The Indira Mahila Yojana (IMY)………………………………………. 157-158 Poverty Alleviation and Employment Generation Programmes……….. 158-159 Entrepreneurship Programmes for Women…………………………………. 159 Women‘s Vocational Training Programme…………………………………. 159 The Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)……………………….. 160 Shifting Paradigm ……………………………………………………… 161-163 Gender Inequality and Changing Trends of Income in Uttar Pradesh…. 163-165 Economic Profile of Uttar Pradesh…………………………………….. 165-167 Women, Income and Livelihood: Findings of Survey…………………. 167-178 Chapter 6: Conclusions and Suggestions……………………………. 179-183 Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 179-182 Suggestions…………………………………………………………….. 182-191 6 List of Tables TABLE 1:COMPARISON BETWEEN GROWTH RATE, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX OF SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES ………………………………..19 TABLE 2:DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF ALIGARH ........................................................... 34 Table 3: Administrative Classification of Aligarh DistrictError! Bookmark not defined. Table 4: Gram Panchayats, Nyay Panchayats and Blocks in Aligarh .......................... 42 Table 5: Comparison of basic indicators amongst the sampled villages ..................... 46 Table 6: Household Sample distribution across sampled villages …………………46 Table 7: Age Groups ..................................................................................................... 48 Table 8: Marital Status ................................................................................................. 49 Table 9: Religion of the households ............................................................................. 56 Table 10: Caste of the households ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 11: Status of Residence ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 12: Status of Land where the house is constructed…………………………….Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 13: Construction of Houses ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 14: Ration Card Status ........................................................................................ 53 Table 15: Type of Ration Card……………………………………………………….53 Table 16: Source of Drinking Water ............................................................................ 54 Table 17: Availability of Electricity ............................................................................. 55 Table 18: Availability of Toilet .................................................................................... 55 Table 19: Savings Account ........................................................................................... 56 Table 20: Current Borrowings/Loans (in Rupees)…………………………………...56 Table21:Goals to be achieved by 2000-2015 ............................................................... 63 Table 22: Composition of Ever Married Women ......................................................... 78 Table 23: Result of Last Pregnancy………………………………………………….78 Table 24:ANM Visit during Pregnancy ....................................................................... 79 Table 25: Month of First Check by ANM during Pregnancy....................................... 79 7 Table 26: Number of Ante Natal Check Ups ............................................................... 84 Table 27: Services Rendered Ante Natal Check Ups ................................................... 85 Table 28: Problems During Pregnancy ........................................................................
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