Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh

Home , Aligarh, Aligarh district, Aligarh division, Atrauli, Beswan, Chandaus

कᴂ द्रीय भूमम जऱ बो셍 ड जऱ संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण मंत्राऱय भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India

Report on AQUIFER MAPPING AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh

उत्तरीक्षेत्र , ऱखनऊ Northern Region, Lucknow For Restricted/ Authorized Official Use Only

Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation

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Interim Report AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN OF ALIGARH DISTRICT, UTTAR PRADESH

Dr. Seraj Khan Scientist “D’

Lucknow, April 2017 AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT OF ALIGARH DISTRICT, U.P. (A.A.P.: 2016-2017) By Dr Seraj Khan Scientist 'D'

CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE 1 1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY 1 1.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 3 1.4 STUDY AREA 3 1.5 DEMOGRAPHY 4 1.6 DATA AVAILABILITY & DATA GAP ANALYSIS 5 1.7 URBAN AREA INDUSTRIES AND MINING ACTIVITIES 6 1.8 LAND USE, IRRIGATION AND CROPPING PATTERN 6 1.9 CLIMATE 13 1.10 GEOMORPHOLOGY 17 1.11 HYDROLOGY 19 1.12 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 20 2.0 DATA COLLECTION, GENERATION, INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION 22 AND AQUIFER MAPPING

2.1 HYDROGEOLOGY 22 2.1.1 Occurrence of Ground Water 22 2.1.2 Water Levels: 22 2.1.3 Change in Water Level Over the Year 28 2.1.4 Water Table 33 2.2 GROUND WATER QUALLIY 33 2.2.1 Results Of Basic Constituents 37 2.2.2 Results Of Heavy Metal 44 2.2.3 Ground Water Quality in Industrial Area 47 2.3 AQUIFER MAP AND AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS 48

i 2.3.1 Lithological Variation 48 2.3.2 Aquifer Disposition 62 2.3.3 Aquifer Parameters 63

3.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES ESTIMATION as on March 2013 68

3.1 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES 68 3.2 STATIC/IN STORAGE GROUND WATER RESOURCES 72 3.3 IN-STORAGE GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF UNCONFINED AND 72 CONFINED AQUIFERS

4.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES 75 4.1 GROUND WATER RESOURCES 75 4.2 AREA OF INTENSIVE GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT 76 4.3 WATER TABLE DEPLETED AREA 76 4.4 DEPENDENCY OF GROUND WATER IRRIGATION 76 4.5 GROUND WATER QUALITY ISSUES: 77 4.6 EFFICIENT IRRIGATION PRACTICES 77 4.7 ISSUES IN PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT 78 5.0 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 5.1 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT 80 5.2 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 82 5.3 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 82 5.3.1SUPPLY SIDE MANAGEMENT 82 5.3.2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT 84 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 86 REFERENCES 93 PART B BLOCK WISE MANAGEMENT PLAN 94

ii List of Tables Page No. Table-1A Number of Village Details Block wise Aligarh as on 31.3.2014 3 Table 1b Block wise population of Aligarh District 4 Table 1.2 Data Availability and Data Gap Analysis for Aquifer Mapping 5 Table 1.3 Block wise Land use pattern of Aligarh District 2013-14 (Source: 7 Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Uttar Pradesh -2015) Table 1.4 Block wise Area Irrigated by Different sources of Aligarh District 2013- 9 14 (Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Uttar Pradesh -2015) Table 1.5 Block wise Number of Ground water Structures of Aligarh District 10 2013-14 (Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Uttar Pradesh -2015) Table 1.6 Block wise area under main crops of Aligarh District 2013-14 (Source: 12 Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Uttar Pradesh -2015). Table 1.7 Year wise area under main crops of Aligarh District 2013-14 (Source: 12 Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Uttar Pradesh -2015) Table-1.8 Climatological variations Of Aligarh (Average Monthly) 13 Table 1.9 Annual rainfall of Aligarh district average of Iglas ,Khair, Atrauli and 16 Aligarh rain gauge stations Table 1.10 Types of Soils in Aligarh District 21 Table 2.1 Details Of Well Inventoried During Studies In Aligarh District, U.P. 25 Table 2.2. Long term water level trends from 2005-2015 in Aligarh District. 29 Table 2.3 Long term water level trend analyzed in Ground Water Resource 30 estimation in 2013 for the period of 2004-2013 Table-2.4 Results of Chemical analysis of water samples of Basics Constituents 35 of Aligarh District Table-2.5 Results of Chemical analysis of water samples of Basics Constituents 46 of Aligarh District Table-2.6 Location of the samples collected from industrial area of Aligarh 47 district Table 2.7 Tube Wells considered for Aquifer Mapping in Aligarh District 48 Table 2.8a Details of Tube Wells considered for Aquifer Mapping in Aligarh 49 District Table 2.8b Details of Aquifer Group of bore wells in Aligarh district 55 Table 2.9 Details of Geophysical Logged Boreholes in Aligarh District 63 Table 2.10 Block wise Details of Aquifer-I (Unconfined) and Aquifer-II (confined 64 in Aligarh District Table- 3.1 Block- wise Dynamic Ground Water Resource of Aligarh District as on 69 March 2013 Table-3.2: Block wise Ground Water Draft and Stage of GW development as on 71 March 2013 Table 3.3 Block wise in-storage Ground water Potential of unconfined aquifers 73 in Aligarh District Table 3.4 Block wise in-storage Ground water Potential of confined aquifers in 74 Aligarh District Table 3.5 Total Ground Water Resources Upto To 300 m bgl 74 Table 4.1 Ground Water Resources of Aligarh District (As on March 2013) 75 Table 4.2 Land Holding and Area in Aligarh District 79

iii Table 5.1 Prioritization of Block for Management Plan 83 Table 5.2 Details of Ponds in Aligarh District 84 Table 5.3 Proposed Interventions in Aligarh District 85 Table 5.4 Summarized Expected Benefits 85 Table 5.5 Projected Impact On Status Of Groundwater Resource & 85 development In Aligarh District

List of Figures Page No. Fig. 1.1 Administrative Map of Aligarh District, U.P. 2 Fig.1.2 Land Use Pattern (2013-14) Aligarh District,U.P. 6 Fig.1.3 Land Use Pattern (2013-14) Aligarh District,U.P. 8 1.4a Area Irrigated by surface water & GW in Aligarh District-2013-14 9 1.4b Block wise Area Irrigated by surface water & GW in Aligarh District- 10 2013-14 Fig 1.5 Area Irrigated by Different Sources in Aligarh District-2013-14 11 Fig 1.6 Block wise Cropping pattern in Aligarh District. 12 Fig 1.7 Year wise Cropping pattern in Aligarh District 13 Fig 1.9a Annual rainfall of Aligarh District 15 Fig 1.9b Departure of rainfall from normal rainfall, of Aligarh District 15 Fig 1.10 a. Slope in Aligarh District 18 Fig 1.10 b. Geomorphologic Features in Aligarh District 18 Fig 1.11 Drainage and Canal Map of Aligarh District 19 Fig 1.12 . Solis in Aligarh District 20 Fig 2.1 Geological map of Aligarh District 23 Fig 2.2 Location map of observation wells in Aligarh District 24 Fig 2.3 Depth to water level ( Premonsoon-16) map of Aligarh District 24 Fig 2.4 Depth to water level ( Postmonsoon-16) map of Aligarh District 25 Fig. 2.5 Hydrograph of Gonda GWMW of Aligarh District 30 Fig. 2.6 Hydrograph of Gopi GWMW of Aligarh District 30 Fig 2.7 Hydrograph of Iglas GWMW of Aligarh District 31 Fig 2.8 Hydrograph of Khair GWMW of Aligarh District 31 Fig 2.9 Hydrograph of Saedpur GWMW of Aligarh District 31 Fig 2.10 Hydrograph of Sunidiyal GWMW of Aligarh District 32 Fig 2.11 Hydrograph of Taqueepur GWMW of Aligarh District 32 Fig 2.12 Hydrograph of Sankara GWMW of Aligarh District 32 Fig 2.13 Hydrogeological map of Aligarh District 33 Fig 2.14 Iso conductivity map (Shallow Aquifer)-2016 in Aligarh District 38 Fig 2.15 Plot of Results of SAR in Aligarh District 43 Fig. 2.16 Location of wells considered for preparation of Section , Fence and 48 2D, 3DAquifer model and map ' ' Fig 2.17 Line A- A and B-B of cross sections, District Aligarh , U.P. 58 Fig 2.18 Schematic Geological Section along A- A' , District Aligarh , U.P. 59 Fig 2.19 Schematic Geological Section along B-B', District Aligarh , U.P. 59 Fig 2.20 Schematic Geological Section along Udaipur- Kaberpur West-East 60 ,District Aligarh , U.P Fig 2.21 Schematic Geological Section along Kaseru- Sathni North-South, 60 District Aligarh , U.P. Fig 2.22 Fence Diagram showing lithological variation District Aligarh , U.P 61 Fig 2.23 Fence Diagram showing lithological variation, District Aligarh , U.P. 61 Fig 2.24 Aquifer Disposition Section along Udaipur- Kakabegpur West-East, 65

iv District Aligarh , U.P. Fig 2.25 Aquifer Disposition Section along Kaseru- Sathni North-South, District 65 Aligarh , U.P. Fig 2.26 Fence Diagram showing Aquifer Disposition, District Aligarh , U.P 66 Fig 2.27 3-D stratigraphic model showing the individual aquifer disposition in 66 District Aligarh , U.P Fig 2.28 3-D stratigraphic model showing the individual aquifer disposition in 67 District Aligarh , U.P Fig 2.29 3D stratigraphic model showing the individual aquifer disposition in 67 District Aligarh Fig 3.1 Block-wise category of ground water development in Aligarh District 71 as on March, 2013 Fig 4.1 Area irrigated by Different sources in Aligarh District 77 Fig 4.2 Distribution of Land Holding In Aligarh District 2013-14 78 Fig 5.1 Area irrigated by Ground water in Aligarh District 80 Fig 5.2 Block wiseArea irrigated by Ground water in Aligarh District 81 Fig 5.3 Number of ground water structures in Aligarh District 81

v ALIGARH DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

i. Latitudes : 27037'30" to 28010'00" 77029'00" to 78036'00 ii. Geographical Area : 3721.00 Km2 iii. Administrative Divisions (As on 31.3.2016) : Number of Tehsil/Block 5/12 Number of Gram Sabha/Villages 853/1210 iv. Population (as on 2011 census) : Total 3673889 Male 1951996 Female1721893 Rural Population :67% Density of Population / Km2 : 1007 Population Growth (2001- 2011): 22.8%

v Average Annual Rainfall (mm) : 781.6

2. GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic Units : Older & Younger Alluvium Major Drainages : • Drainage of the area is controlled by Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries. • Nim and Kali nadi are major tributaries of Ganga. • Karwan ,Sengar Dehar and Kharia nalas are major tributaries of Yamuna. Both basins are separate by NNE-SSW water divide.

3. LAND USE (ha.) (2013-14) a) Forest area : 2577 b) Net area sown : 304013 c) Gross area sown : 546346 4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES : Sandy loamy 5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS (As on 2013-14) (ha.) : Rabi 284882, Kharif 233062 & Zyad 28402 vi 6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (2013-14) 278140 ha area through (Areas (ha)and Numbers of Structures) Tubewells/Borewells (Govt –/641 ; Pvt –64952 ) : Canals : 25364ha area through canals which have length of 1560 km. Ponds : 56 ha Other Sources : 56 ha Net Irrigated Area : 303560 ha Gross Irrigated Area : 462093 ha

7. NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF : CGWB (As on 31-3-2016) No. of Dugwells : 11 No. of Piezometers : 1

8. PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Quaternary alluvium HYDROGEOLOGY AND AQUIFER GROUP consisting of clay, sand of various grades kankar and I Aquifer Group from 0.00 to ~114.0 mbgl, gravel. II Aquifer group between ~120.0 & ~300. mbgl

9. MAJOR WATER BEARING FORMATION : Sand, silt and gravel (Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2016) : 1.75-26.17 mbgl (Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2016) : 0.35-27.57 mbgl Long term water level trend in 10 years (2004-13) Ground : Pre-monsoon Water Resource estimation in 2013 Rise 0.08 to 33.8 cm/yr Fall 0.19 to 24.52 cm/yr Post-monsoon Rise 3.7 to 24.52 cm/yr Fall 2.27 to 20.02 cm/yr

10. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB No of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH, Total) : EW-8, OW-1, PZ-4 Total – 13 Depth range (m bgl) : 52.36-329.0 Discharge (litres per minutes) : 553-2210 Storativity (S) : 1.34 ×10-4 Transmissivity (T= m2/day) : 358-1300

11. GROUND WATER QUALITY By and Large good. First Aquifer Group partly saline. Second Aquifer Group Brackish to Saline

vii

12. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (as on March : 2013)- ham Net Annual Ground Water Availability : 789.80 MCM Gross Annual Ground Water Draft : 665.6 MCM Stage of Ground Water Development 84% Number of OE Block : 2. Iglas and Chandaus No Of Critical Blocks : Nil No of Semi Critical Blocks : Nil No of Safe Blocks 10

13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Tier II training Programme One at A M U Aligarh 14-18 March 2016

14. MAJOR GROUND WATER ISSUES : Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation in all blocks, Intensive Ground Water Development, Declining trend of water level and Ground Water Quality in few blocks. 15. MANAGEMENT PLAN : Plan Prepared for two Over Exploited blocks; Iglas and Chandaus prepared.

viii AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN OF ALIGARH DISTRICT, U.P. (A.A.P.: 2016-2017) By Dr Seraj Khan Scientist 'D'

1.0 INTRODUCTION Water is the natural resource which is indispensable for life with the event of human civilization. The per capital consumption of water particularly ground water has increased a lot, specially where the population growth, industrial expansion and adoption of multi cropping. Practices of advanced agriculture have profoundly enhanced the need of water. The dependency of ground water has increased for social-economic and agricultural development of a region to a great extent on easily availability with low capital cost. The scarcity of this vital resource can hamper the overall development of a region. The unplanned and unscientific development in various part of the state has lead to stress on the availability of ground water resources with proper management. Due to paradigm shift from “ground water development” to “groundwater management” in the past two decades in the country, it is imperative to generate an accurate and comprehensive micro-level picture of groundwater through aquifer mapping in different hydrogeological settings. It would enable robust groundwater management plans in an appropriate scale. Aquifer mapping is a process wherein a combination of geologic, geophysical, hydrologic and chemical field and laboratory analyses are applied to characterize the quantity, quality and sustainability of ground water in aquifers. This would help achieving drinking water security, improved irrigation facility and sustainability in ground water resources development in Aligarh District. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) implemented the aquifer Mapping Programme in Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh with broad objective of preparing an aquifer wise management plan for the district. The present report is based upon the integration of existing data of CGWB & Department of State government during A.A.P. 2016-17. It will be very useful for the planners and various executive agencies engaged in the development and management of ground water for agricultural, industrial and drinking purposes.

1.1 OBJECTIVE The broad objective of the study is to establish the geometry of the underlying aquifer systems in horizontal and vertical domain and characterize them, so as to work out the development potential and prepare block wise management plan. It is envisaged to assess the aquifer wise availability, utilization and water quality, especially in problematic/vulnerable area. Finally, the aim of this study is to prepare block wise management plan to facilitate the suitable development and management of ground water resources.

1 1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of the present study is broadly outlined within the framework of National Aquifer Management programme (NAQUIM) being implemented by CGWB. There is four major activities viz.: (i) data collection/compilation (ii) Data gap analysis (iii) Data generation and (vi) Preparation of aquifer maps and management plan to achieve the primary objective. Data compilation includes collection of data and all maps from concerned Agencies, such as the Survey of India, Geological Survey of India, State Ground Water Department, U.P. Jal Nigam, Revenue Department., computerization and analyses of all acquired data, and preparation of a data base. Identification of Data Gap included ascertaining requirement for further data generation in respect of hydrometeorological, hydrogeological, geophysical, chemical, studies. In continuity of data gap analysis, Data generation includes those of hydrometeorology, soil infiltration, and sub- surface geophysics, chemical quality of ground water, litho logs and aquifer parameters. Generation of ground water chemical quality data was accomplished by collection of water samples and their laboratory analyses for all major parameters, heavy metals, pesticides and bacteria. Sub-surface geophysical studies are incorporated vertical electrical sounding, two-dimensional image profiling, and borehole logging. Additional data pertaining to sub-surface lithology and aquifer parameters are obtained through drilling of additional exploratory wells and slim holes, pumping tests at the drilling sites and slug tests in a number as required and their analyses.

1.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY An approach and methodology adopted to achieve the major objective are Compilation of existing data collected from different sources and agencies and Identification of data gaps. Based on existing data various thematic layers and maps have been prepared in GIS environment and Aquifer maps incorporating the data and management plans are prepared.

1.4 STUDY AREA The Aligarh district, a segment of western Uttar Pradesh has been endowed with highly fertile soil. The district situated in the western part of Uttar Pradesh occupies a small part of the Ganga-Yamuna doab. It lies between latitude 27034'26" and 28010'46" N and longitudes 770289'17" and 78036'02" E falling in the survey of India Toposheet nos. 53H, L, 54E and I(Fig. 1.1). The northern boundary of the district is contiguous with that of Bulandshahar and G B Nagar districts. Ganga River forms the natural boundary between Aligarh and Budaun in the north-eastern corner of the district. The southern part of the district is bounded by Hathras district. The rest of the boundary is shared by Mathura and Kanshi Ram district is the western and eastern sides respectively.

Fig. 1.1 Administrative Map of Aligarh District, U.P. The district is of a rectangular shape. It attains its maximum i.e. 112 kms along the northern border of the district between Yamuna and Ganga river. The maximum length from north to south is about 60 kms. The district encompasses a geographical about 3721 sq.km. The district headquarter is located at Aligarh which is about 120 kms South-East of the national capital New Delhi. It is well connected by rail and roads to Delhi and other important towns of the country. The district has a very good network of all-weather roads connective all the tehsils and blocks headquarters as well as the majority of village with its headquarter. A is part of the Aligarh division and for the administrative convenience the Aligarh district has been divided into 05 (five) tehsils and 12 (twelve) Community development blocks (Fig1.1). It has 13 towns and 1210 villages (1170 inhabited and 40 uninhabited villages).The names of tehsils and blocks of the Aligarh district with their respective geographical areas & numbers of villages are given in Table-1A Table-1A Number of Village Details Block wise Aligarh as on 31.3.2014 (Source: Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of U.P. -2015) Sl. Blocks Geographical Total No. of Villages Total No. area in sq.km. Inhabited Uninhabited I KHAIR TEHSIL 1. Tappal 425.5 87 5 92 2. Khair 305.7 96 0 90 II GABHANA TEHSIL 3. Chandaus 362.5 92 2 94

3 Sl. Blocks Geographical Total No. of Villages Total No. area in sq.km. Inhabited Uninhabited 4. Jawan 286.7 104 5 109 III KOL TEHSIL 5. Lodha 302.3 130 10 140 6. Dhanipur 307.1 97 1 98 7. Akrabad 276.4 86 3 89 IV IGLAS TEHSIL 8. Gonda 323.3 83 0 83 9. Iglas 234.1 103 0 103 V ATRAULI TEHSIL 10. Atrauli 277.0 109 4 112 11. Bijauli 256.6 84 8 91 12. Gangiri 363.6 99 2 101 Total 3720.7 1170 40 1210

1.5 DEMOGRAPHY: As per census 2011, the total population of the district is 36,73,889 in which male is 19,51,996 & female is 17,21,893. The rural population of the district is 24,56,698 comprising 13,08,923 males and 11,47,775 females. About 67 % of total population is rural. The urban population of the district is 12,17,191 (male 6,43,073 & female 5,74,118). The schedule castes and schedule tribes population of the district is 7,55,254 and 629 respectively. The work force is approximately 28% of the total population & population density is 987 person/sq. km. The decadal variation in the population is 22.78 %. The overall literacy percentage of the district is 44.87% (40.32% in rural and 57.43% in urban). The demographic details are appended in Table-1b Table 1b Block wise population of Aligarh District (Source: Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of U.P. -2015) Block People Male Female Scheduled Scheduled Decadal Growth %Population Caste Tribe 2001-11 Density / sq km Akrabad 171056 91105 79951 32932 6 17.94 860 Atrauli 210787 111620 99167 39403 216 16.52 854 Bijauli 185680 99583 86097 34954 2 19.57 975 Chandaus 186726 99621 87105 43935 0 7.11 668 Dhanipur 200445 106734 93711 55026 3 14.53 859 Gangiri 269975 143696 126279 52480 0 18.76 921 Gonda 186341 99875 86466 41724 12 11.64 739 Iglas 192628 103013 89615 51694 2 24.25 875 Jawan 204891 108576 96315 51518 1 -3.07 884 Khair 189350 100790 88560 43860 5 14.06 654 Lodha 264567 140740 123827 68705 23 31.86 1217 Tappal 194252 103570 90682 48596 1 14.46 608 Total Rural 2456698 1308923 1147775 564827 274 15.47 823 Total Urban 1217191 643073 574118 190427 355 40.77 8394 Total District 3673889 1951996 1721893 755254 629 22.78 987 4

1.6 DATA AVAILABILITY & DATA GAP ANALYSIS GAP ANALYSIS. The data pertaining to various attributes of ground water were collected from available literatures of Central Ground Water Board, State Departments and other agencies. The compiled data were plotted on 1:50,000 scale map and analysis of Data Gap was carried out for ascertaining additional requirement of Hydrogeological, Hydrological, Hydrochemical, and Geophysical Studies. Data Requirement, Data Availability and Data Gap Analysis are summarized in Table-1.2. Table 1.2: Data Requirement, Data Availability and Data Gap Analysis for Aquifer Mapping Sl No Study Aspect Data Requirement Data Availability Data Gap 1 Rainfall and Other IMD Meteorological Station & Rainfall data of - Climatic data 4 rain gauge stations of Study area Available revenue department in the area 2 Soil Soil Map and Soil infiltration Soil Map Soil Infiltration rate test requires for Infiltration rate. 3 Land Use Latest Land use Pattern in GIS Land Use available No Environment in Satellite data and UP Statistics Department- 2013- 14 4 Geomorphology Digitized Geomorphological Digitized No Map Geomorphological Map Available 5 Geophysics Geophysical Survey in all Not Available 60 VES Required toposheets & 2D Line Imaging 6 Exploration Data of Exploratory well along 13 wells, Exploratory 5 Exploratory, 5 with aquifer parameters wells and Pz exist observation wells but theses tap required tapping Aquifer Group -I . No different aquifer Aquifer parameters Groups vis a vis not available Aquifer Parameters 7 Recharge Recharge parameters of Recharge No Parameters different soil and aquifer types parameters are based on field studies available in Ground Water Resource Estimation 8 Discharge Discharge parameters for Discharge No Parameters different Ground Water parameters are abstraction structure available in Ground Water Resource Estimation

5 1.7 URBAN AREA INDUSTRIES AND MINING ACTIVITIES: Aligarh district is known for Aligarh Muslim University a noted institution of learning. Animal husbandry is the major source of income of the rural area. About 702 milk cooperative societies are functional especially in rural areas. These are 23 milk collection centers in the district. Aligarh has also earned a name in metal works. Industries are well known production of locks, brass wares and scissors etc. There are 253 registered factories and 9410 small scale industries. The most important commodities manufactured are locks handloom products and khadi clothes, rose water, sugar, pulses, ghee, glass, bottles, beads and wares and ayurvedic medicines. The locks handloom products and khadi clothes are also exported to various countries.

1.8 LAND USE, IRRIGATION AND CROPPING PATTERN Land Use: A major part of the land in the district is utilized for agriculture purpose. As per the latest statistical data available for the year 2013-14, following land utilization pattern has been observed in the district (Table 1.3). Land use distribution and map of Aligarh district is shown in Fig 1.2 and Fig 1.3. A perusal of the Table-1.3 and Fig 1.2 & 1.3 shows that 82% of land in the district is under active cultivation out of which in 68% of land, more than one crop is sown. The land under miscellaneous use is 3% and land other than agriculture use is 11% barren land is more than 2 % which is a sizeable amount. The block wise land utilization pattern indicates that the of the total area sown is maximum in Tappal block followed by, Gangiri, Chandaus & Khair while in remaining blocks it is more or less evenly distributed where as in the Bijauli block it is minimum. Net area sown 1%1%0% 2% 1% 0% Land put to use other than 2% agriculture Barren cultivated waste land

11% Barren & uncultivated land other fallow land

Present fallow land

Forest

82% Pasture Land under misc. trees & grove

Fig.1.2 Land Use Pattern (2013-14) Aligarh District,U.P.

6 Table 1.3 Block wise Land use pattern of Aligarh District 2013-14 (Source: Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of U.P. -2015) S Block Total area forest Barren Present other Barren & Land put Pasture Land net Area gross Cropping No. reported cultivate fallow fallow uncultivated to use (ha) under area sown area Intensity (ha) d waste land (ha) land land (ha) other misc. sown more sown % land (ha) (ha) than trees & (ha) than (ha) agriculture grove once (h (ha) (ha) a) 1 Akrabad 25824 780 354 117 90 859 2130 29 59 21406 20537 41943 196 2 Atrauli 27282 210 218 128 248 234 2792 135 100 23217 19874 43091 186 3 Bijouli 24901 200 605 326 12 534 4249 148 38 18789 15450 34239 182 4 Chandaus 33346 131 758 225 394 439 2722 159 9 28509 21231 49740 174 5 Dhanipur 30067 50 988 312 502 906 3202 120 13 23974 16115 40089 167 6 Gangiri 34738 63 697 265 421 438 3264 157 16 29417 22180 51597 175 7 Gonda 29183 70 212 191 427 170 2922 78 5 25108 20649 45757 182 8 Iglas 25499 85 69 124 358 154 2800 104 10 21795 16788 38583 177 9 Jawa 31617 834 332 323 521 552 4239 192 44 24580 18930 43510 177 10 Khair 31968 44 647 201 300 378 2489 147 14 27748 21444 49192 177 11 Lodha 27364 49 457 438 1339 582 2657 231 8 21603 16830 38433 178 12 Tappal 37393 45 1048 219 308 354 4110 207 0 31102 26200 57302 184 Total Rural 359182 2561 6385 2869 4920 5600 37576 1707 316 297248 236228 533476 179 Total Urban 12079 16 628 498 397 305 3435 24 11 6765 6105 12870 190 Total District 371261 2577 7013 3367 5317 5905 41011 1731 327 304013 242333 546346 180

Fig.1.3 Land Use Pattern (2013-14) Aligarh District,U.P.

Irrigation: The development of irrigation potential in the district is remarkable. Block wise Irrigation facilities of district are presented in Table-1.4. Surface water irrigation through the network of upper Ganga and lower Ganga canal passes through the central parts of the district providing the irrigation facilities to the Jawan, Dhanipur, Akrabad and more parts of Lodha block while the lower Ganga canal irrigation the parts of Bijauli and Atrauli blocks in the eastern most part of Aligarh district. The Mat branch canal and its distributaries irrigates the parts of Tappal, Chandaus, Khair, Gonda and Iglas blocks located in the western parts of the distt. Total length of canal in the district is 1560 kms. These canals provide irrigation facilities in 25364 hectare which is about 8% of the total irrigation area of the district (Fig 1.4a). The major source of irrigation in the district is ground water irrigating 278196 ha contributing about 92% to the total irrigation potentials of the district. The Fig 1.4b shows block wise irrigated area by different sources.

8 Table 1.4 Block wise Area Irrigated by Different sources of Aligarh District 2013-(Source:

Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of U.P. -2015)

S . Block Canal Tubewell (ha)

by by

N (ha) Public Private

Net area Net area

Well (ha) Well

Pond (ha) Pond

Other (ha) Other

irrigated(ha)

Contribution of of Contribution

Area Irrigated Irrigated Area by Irrigated Area

Surface water(ha) Surface

Ground water(ha) Ground

Irrigation Intensity Intensity Irrigation

Gross area area Gross irrigated(ha) 1 Akrabad 4736 384 15884 0 0 0 21004 4736 16268 77.4 37605 179 2 Atrauli 36 993 22458 0 0 0 23487 36 23451 99.8 37107 158 3 Bijouli 865 384 17634 0 0 0 18883 865 18018 95.4 24573 131 4 Chandaus 850 581 26282 0 0 0 27713 850 26863 97.0 41605 150 5 Dhanipur 4818 131 18643 0 0 0 23592 4818 18774 79.5 37149 257 6 Gonda 2310 48 22906 0 0 0 25264 150 22954 90.8 38103 125 7 Gangiri 150 1222 28078 0 0 0 29450 2310 29300 99.4 36757 151 8 Iglas 818 0 20898 0 0 0 21716 818 20898 96.2 33145 153 9 Jawa 2661 281 21608 0 0 0 24550 2661 21889 89.0 40268 164 10 Khair 4768 439 22223 0 0 0 27430 4768 22662 82.6 41408 151 11 Lodha 42 301 21524 0 0 0 21867 42 27433 94.4 30546 140 12 Tappal 1729 0 29686 0 0 0 31415 1729 29686 94.4 51999 166 Urban Area 1581 117 5435 0 0 56 7189 1581 7189 82.0 11828 164 Total 25364 4881 273259 0 0 56 303560 25364 278140 92.0 462093 180

25364, 8%

Surface water irrigation ( Ha) Ground water Irrigation (Ha) 278196, 9 2%

1.4a Area Irrigated by Ground Water and Surface Water in Aligarh District-2013-14

9 Block wise Source of Irrigation in Aligarh District (2013-14)

35000 30000 Ground water 25000 20000 Irrigation (Ha) 15000 10000 Surface water 5000 irrigation (Ha ) 0

1.4b Block wise Area Irrigated by Ground Water and Surface Water in Aligarh District- The blockwise irrigation system indicates that Dhanipur, Akrabad, Khair and Jawan have the largest canal network system while Atrauli and Lodha blocks have minimum length of canal network, consequently depending upon the ground water for irrigational needs. The highest number of state tubewells is in Atrauli blocks followed by Gangiri, Lodha Bijauli & Chandaus blocks. The Gonda, Tappal and Iglas have the minimum number of state tubewells. Large scale development of ground water through shallow private tube wells and boring can be seen in the entire district (Fig 1.5). Number of private tube wells is maximum in Khair followed by Iglas and Gangiri blocks and are minimum in Lodha block. Irrigation through open wells and passion wheels in the entire district has become an out dated practice. Table 1.5 Block wise Number of Ground water Structures of Aligarh District 2013-14 (Source: Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of U.P. -2015

S . Block Canal Govt. Pakka Rahat Shallow Tube well private Ground No. length tube wells Electric Diesel Othe Total pump well Run r set 1 Akrabad 141 39 8 0 984 4784 8 5776 0 2 Atrauli 149 119 10 0 2654 2250 10 4914 5 3 Bijouli 160 66 0 0 980 4080 7 5067 5 4 Chandaus 61 57 0 0 2909 2291 12 5212 26 5 Dhanipur 115 31 12 0 1158 4138 10 5306 3 6 Gonda 130 9 12 0 1373 6494 10 7877 0 7 Gangiri 164 115 0 0 1090 5035 5 6130 45 8 Iglas 101 22 0 0 1952 4402 10 6364 9 Jawa 123 49 10 0 1209 2832 10 4051 0 10 Khair 197 43 0 0 2458 4587 15 7060 5 11 Lodha 82 72 15 0 2215 823 17 3055 9 12 Tappal 121 17 0 0 2030 2100 10 4140 4 Urban Area 16 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1560 641 67 0 21012 43816 124 64952 102

56 25364 4881

Canal (Ha) Pulic TW (Ha) Private TW (Ha) other (Ha) 273259

Fig 1.5 Area Irrigated by Different Sources in Aligarh District-2013-14 Table-1.4 and Fig 1.5 showing block wise irrigated area through different sources indicates that 25364 ha area of the district is through canal network. Maximum canal irrigation is being carried out in the Akrabad block (covering 23% net irrigation of block) and minimum in Atrauli block (covering only 0.2 % of blocks net irrigation area). State government tube wells cover only about 1.2% of the total irrigation area of the district. The private play the leading role in providing irrigation over the entire district & about 90 % of the net irrigation area i.e. 273259 hectare is fed by ground water resources through these structures. All blocks except Akrabad utilize maximum ground water as a source of irrigation while Bijauli blocks does minimum.

Cropping Pattern: General cropping pattern of any area mainly depends pon its climate, topography, soil characteristics, drainage, irrigation facilities and socio-economic conditions. Block wise area under main crops is presented in Table-1.6 and Fig 1.6 indicates that Pulses Wheat, Rice, Barley Millet and Maize are the principal crops of the area. In addition other crops such as Oil seed and Sugarcane are also grown in the district. The area under different cultivated seasons in the district is as follows: Rabi - 284882 ha. Kharif - 233062 ha. Zaid - 28402 ha. The cropping pattern over years from 1994 to 2014 is also analyzed and presented in Table 1.7 and shown in Fig 1.7. It is found that the cropping pattern has been changed and pulses are grown more in since 2010 than other cereals.

11 Table 1.6 Block wise area under main crops of Aligarh District 2013-14 (Source: Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of U.P. -2015)

S. No. Block Barley Maize Millet Rice Wheat Pulses Area in ha 1 Tappal 528 479 5045 6960 26284 43048 2 Chandaus 663 570 7790 10717 20985 45735 3 Khair 637 300 5610 7560 20414 38104 4 Jawa 605 2716 3411 11682 18522 42408 5 Lodha 661 545 8787 3683 14719 32495 6 Dhanipur 397 814 5012 12653 17038 43012 7 Gonda 498 49 8672 9023 17633 38367 8 Iglas 271 30 7428 4060 10837 25866 9 Atrauli 798 3820 6506 5763 17491 37738 10 Bijouli 753 2107 8717 997 14745 29085 11 Gangiri 1627 3729 14828 1132 21539 46106 12 Akrabad 417 881 5254 13054 18697 43006 District Total 7855 16040 87060 87284 218904 464970

Fig 1.6 Block wise Cropping pattern in Aligarh District. Table 1.7 Year wise area under main crops of Aligarh District 2013-14 (Source: Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of U.P. -2015) S. No. Year Rice Millet Maize Wheat Barley Pulses Area in ha 1 1994/95 12385 86385 52275 239404 36298 59865 2 1999/00 21474 71887 42238 192677 24159 34103 3 2004/05 30731 85570 30476 219859 17816 24646 5 2009/10 57871 86847 26409 221651 10929 484038 5 2013/14 89318 88291 16686 223682 8077 464970

Fig 1.7 Year wise Cropping pattern in Aligarh District

1.9 CLIMATE Temperature: One IMD meteorological observatory and four raingauge stations exist in Aligarh district. All Climatological variations are depicted in Table-1.8. Aligarh district experiences the sub-humid climate type of climate. The summers and winters are generally severe. The summer season starts from and March and continues till late June when the monsoon sets in over the area. The hottest month is June with average mean temperature of 33.65. The coldest month temperature is 10.90C in December followed by January with 14.020C. The maximum & minimum temperature & Potential Evapotranspiration (P.E.T.) data are given in Table-1.8 Table-1.8 : Climatological Variations of Aligarh (Average Monthly) Temp. in 0C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Mean/ Total Max 21 25 30.7 37.2 41 39.6 34 32.8 33.4 32.9 28.3 12.9 30.68 Min 7.4 9.6 14.4 20.4 25 27.7 26 25.6 24.2 19.3 22.6 8.9 19.29 Avg. 14 17 22.6 28.8 33 33.7 30 29.2 28.8 26.1 25.5 10.9 24.99 Relative Humidity 78 71 58 39 37 54 78 85 77 66 54 74 64.25 (%) Morning Relative Humidity 54 44 66 22 24 39 67 74 62 48 48 55 50.25 (%) Evening Avg. 66 58 62 30.5 31 45.5 73 79.5 69.5 57 51 64.5 57.25 Monthly 15 14 7.4 5.2 14 48.6 230 245 144 48.2 2.2 7.6 781.6 Rainfall (mm) Potential 54 76 130 175 222 215 151 127 136 119. 72.9 51.5 1529.1 Evapotranspiration 4 (mm) Wind speed K mph 5.3 6.2 6.9 7.5 8 8.5 7.9 6.4 6.3 4.4 4 4.6 6.33 No. of Rainy Days 1.5 1.2 1 0.6 1.3 3.6 11 11.4 5.5 1.9 0.2 0.7 39.6 P.E. Value 0.9 0.7 0.29 0.17 0.4 1.75 11 11.9 6.64 2.12 0.07 0.48 36.16

13 Humidity: The relative humidity remains high during the morning. Maximum relative humidity (85%) has been observed during the month of August and minimum (37%) in the month of May. The relative humidity falls to low during summer and increases during the active monsoon period. The average relative humidity at the morning is 64.25% and in the evening it is 50.25%. The relative humidity data of the district is given in Table-1.8

Wind Velocity: During the month of summer hot strong dust blows during the day time thunder storm with a velocity of 50 to 70 km/hr. occurs during summers. In general used velocity is generally low during the winter season and high during the summer. The average of monthly the velocity over the district is shows in Table-1.8.

Potential Evapotranspiration: The annual normal potential evapotranspiration of the district is 1529.1 mm. The maximum P.E.T occurs in the month of May & June with 222 and 215mm. respectively whereas the minimum PET recorded in the month of December 51.5 mm. the average of monthly the P.E.T value the district is shown in Table-1.8

Rainfall: The Annual normal rainfall of the District is 781.6 mm. Normal monsoon rainfall is 667.6 mm for the period i.e. June to September. August is the wettest month having the normal rainfall of 217.08 mm. followed by July with normal rainfall of 210.24 mm. Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm. The normal rainy day of the district is 39.6. The average of annual rainfall of Iglas, Khair, Atrauli and Aligarh raingauge stations of the year 1987 to 2015 is presented in the Table 1.9 and Fig 1.9a& 1.9b. The annual rainfall for the year 2015 is 513.8 mm. The departure of the monsoon rainfall from normal is computed and is given in Table-1.9 & Fig 1.9b. Monsoon rainfall within ± 19% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered normal. Monsoon rainfall above 19% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered excess and monsoon rainfall less than -19% and more than -59% of the normal monsoon rainfall is considered deficit and if the monsoon rainfall is less than -59% of the normal monsoon rainfall, it is considered scanty. Out of last 29 years, 14 years received deficient of rainfall, 1 year received scanty rainfall, 11years received normal and 3 years excess rainfall.

14 Annual Rainfall of Aligarh District

1100.0 1000.0 900.0 800.0 700.0

600.0 Annual Rainfall Rainfall (mm)Annual 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Year Fig 1.9a Annual rainfall of Aligarh District

Fig 1.9b Departure of rainfall from normal rainfall, of Aligarh District

15 Table 1.9 Annual rainfall of Aligarh district average of Iglas ,Khair, Atrauli and Aligarh rain gauge stations S . Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Monsoon Non Departure from % Departure Status No. Monsoon normal from normal rainfall (mm) rainfall 1 1987 27.8 2.5 0.7 0.0 66.4 30.2 92.8 150.1 63.3 0.8 0.0 20.8 455.2 336.3 118.8 -326.1 -41.8 Deficit 2 1988 2.6 8.7 31.0 8.3 4.7 1.8 268.5 443.6 88.1 25.3 0.2 16.4 899.2 802.0 97.2 118.0 15.0 Normal 3 1989 4.5 0.0 15.6 0.0 0.0 28.5 160.0 264.7 158.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 631.7 611.6 20.1 -149.6 -19.2 Deficit 4 1990 0.0 55.9 0.0 0.0 22.3 42.1 230.5 101.2 176.8 0.0 5.7 2.9 637.2 550.5 86.7 -144.0 -18.5 Normal 5 1991 3.0 2.3 12.1 2.3 2.8 4.4 40.7 349.4 89.4 0.0 3.9 4.3 514.5 483.9 30.6 -266.8 -34.2 Deficit 6 1992 15.5 3.1 6.4 0.0 3.5 4.0 288.4 350.4 94.4 73.9 10.9 0.0 850.4 737.3 113.1 69.2 8.8 Normal 7 1993 0.0 16.8 8.5 1.9 3.1 61.8 147.2 189.5 136.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 565.1 534.8 30.3 -216.2 -27.7 Deficit 8 1994 32.8 3.5 0.0 15.1 7.5 12.7 318.3 181.9 162.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 734.5 675.6 58.9 -46.7 -6.0 Normal 9 1995 20.1 1.9 4.3 0.5 0.0 21.1 88.3 315.9 90.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 542.4 515.7 26.8 -238.8 -30.6 Deficit 10 1996 4.3 60.3 0.0 5.8 9.0 46.8 209.8 266.8 99.6 12.1 0.0 0.0 714.3 622.9 91.4 -66.9 -8.6 Normal 11 1997 0.0 0.0 4.2 20.9 7.4 47.6 158.2 270.6 56.7 69.5 2.9 17.4 655.2 533.1 122.1 -126.1 -16.2 Normal 12 1998 0.0 9.8 4.8 0.0 3.8 64.1 332.4 404.2 106.3 84.6 0.0 0.0 1009. 907.0 102.9 228.6 29.2 Excess 13 199 29.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 53.5 195.0 202.8 195.8 4.8 0.0 0.0 682.3 647.0 35.3 -98.9 -12.7 Normal 14 2000 0.0 12.6 0.0 1.5 37.0 75.1 259.3 125.7 52.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 563.5 512.4 51.1 -217.7 -27.9 Deficit 15 2001 0.0 2.8 0.0 19.6 16.6 98.9 227.1 41.9 17.9 36.6 0.0 0.0 461.2 385.7 75.5 -320.0 -41.0 Deficit 16 2002 27.3 25.3 0.0 0.0 22.5 10.8 11.0 169.7 121.4 7.6 0.0 4.5 400.0 312.8 87.2 -381.2 -48.8 Deficit 17 2003 15.6 36.4 0.0 0.0 8.6 11.3 428.4 246.4 259.7 0.0 0.0 4.4 1010. 945.7 64.9 229.4 29.3 Excess 18 2004 11.1 0.0 0.0 16.3 3.9 11.5 31.7 245.7 78.2 78.8 0.0 0.0 477.1 367.1 110.1 -304.1 -39.0 Deficit 19 2005 6.1 16.2 15.8 9.4 10.3 21.7 320.2 46.2 98.8 0.0 0.0 112.3 656.9 486.8 170.0 -124.4 -16.0 Normal 20 2006 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.1 175.7 27.0 32.1 18.3 0.0 0.0 297.1 278.9 18.3 -484.1 -62.0 Scanty 21 2007 0.8 52.8 29.1 0.0 0.3 84.6 151.4 102.3 13.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 434.2 351.3 83.0 -347.0 -44.4 Deficit 22 2008 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.8 62.0 162.5 151.7 174.8 84.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 652.1 573.3 78.8 -129.1 -16.6 Normal 23 2009 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.7 37.2 4.9 76.8 163.9 50.1 20.9 24.4 11.7 409.3 295.6 113.8 -371.9 -47.6 Deficit 24 2010 0.7 7.8 0.0 0.3 1.7 7.4 157.1 158.8 326.3 0.0 11.5 2.3 673.8 649.7 24.1 -107.4 -13.8 Normal 25 2011 0.0 28.8 1.3 7.8 25.4 110.6 284.4 192.2 53.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 703.7 640.4 63.3 -77.5 -10.0 Normal 26 2012 22.5 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.5 10.8 135.5 796.8 83.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1054. 1026.7 27.3 272.8 34.8 Deficit 27 2013 8.0 40.0 0.5 4.1 2.3 72.5 152.4 614.7 59.6 43.3 0.0 10.3 1007. 899.1 108.4 226.3 28.9 Excess 28 2014 47.9 11.1 17.5 1.0 8.4 25.9 103.1 40.5 88.9 15.7 0.0 0.0 359.9 258.4 101.5 -421.3 -54.0 Deficit 29 2015 38.1 0.0 55.6 26.5 5.5 38.8 109.5 193.9 24.0 16.9 0.0 5.2 513.8 366.0 147.8 -267.4 -34.3 Deficit 30 AVG. 10.9 13.7 7.1 6.2 12.9 41.7 182.9 235.6 102.1 17.5 2.1 7.3 640.2 562.3 77.9 -141.0 -18.1

16 1.10 GEOMORPHOLOGY

Physiographically the district forms a part of Yamuna-Ganga doab. The upper Ganga canal which flows roughly over the water divided from NW to SE direction, divides the district in two unequal parts the western (a part of Yamuna sub basin) and the Eastern (a part of Ganga sub basin). Topographically the area of both the parts of the district are almost an open plain, sloping gently from north to south in the Western side and south east in the eastern side. The general slope of the area is extremely regular except when the monotony of the terrain is broken either by elevation or some depressions. Notable elevation are in Khair and Koil tehsils. The ‘upper kots’ area in Aligarh is the most important ridge in the district. The highest elevation of 197 m amsl noted in the district at Jarar of Chandaus block and the minimum of 171 m amsl observed at Kanehanpur which is extremely eastern side near Ganga river of Bijauli blocks. The average gradient of the slope of land surface is 2cm/km (Fig 1.10.a). Geomorphologically the district can be grouped into 3 (three) geomorphic units (Fig.1.10 b). The central part of the district between Jattari in the west and Atrauli in the east is represented by older alluvial plain. On either side beyond Atrauli and Jattari the older alluvial plain is flanked by the followed by the recent flood plains of the Ganga in the east and Yamuna in the west. The up lands in the district are represented by older alluvium. The low land plains of streams and are occupied by newer alluvium plate-shows the different geomorphologic features identified in Aligarh distt. Relationship of geomorphic units’ with lithology is as follows:

System Lithology 1. Resent flood plains of the streams Yellow coloured clay silt and sand of various grades. 2. Terrace zone Yellow & gray coloured clay silt with kankar beds. 3. Older alluvial plains Yellow gray coloured clay silt sand and kankar beds.

Fig 1.10 a. Slope in Aligarh District

Fig 1.10 b. Geomorphologic Features in Aligarh District

18 1.11 HYDROLOGY

The rivers Ganga and Yamuna makes the North Eastern & South Western boundary of the district whereas Kali river passes through the Atrauli tehsil. The surface water bodies in form of lakes & ponds occur in the southern part of the district. Aligarh district occupies interfluvial area of the rivers Ganga and Yamuna in the central Ganga plain. The drainage of the area is mainly controlled by Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries. The tributaries flowing through the interfluvial area traverse the district more or less parallel in a roughly meridional direction towards south and south east. Karwan and Sengar are the important tributaries of Yamuna. The western part of the district also drained by Dehar and Kharia nalas. The principal tributaries of Ganga are Nim and Kali nadi, the area also drained by Arind nadi, Chhoiya Nala & Burhganga Nala. The Yamuna sub-basin and the Ganga basin which are separate by a NNE-SSW water divide. The parts of the district occupying these basins are further sub basin into the several micro basin as have been shown in Fig 1.11.

Fig 1.11 Drainage and Canal Map of Aligarh District

19 1.12 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS:

The development of soil in the entire district is controlled by the sedimentation pattern and landscape evolution during quaternary period. The major type of soils found in the district are loamy and course silty (Fig 1.12) . Further it is divided as Dumat (clay), Balui Dumat (sandy clay), Bhur (sandy), Reh (Alkaline) and loam soil. Rich Dumat soil is usually seen in the strength between the Ganga and Yamuna. Kali nadi traverses the entire district in a north easterly direction. The surface water gets trapped without finding an escape. The tendency mass the fertility of the area giving rise to fragment stretches of alkaline soils (Usar). As per the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of U.P. the soil of Aligarh district have been grouped into six classes on the basis of their physical characteristics their spatial relationship with landforms Table-1.10 present the classification of the soils and their physical properties.

Fig 1.12. Solis in Aligarh District

Table 1.10 Types of Soils in Aligarh District

covered

Sl. No. Sl.

Nature

Texture

Soil type Soil

pH range pH

Soil Series Soil

Geological Formation

Numberof Colour Soil

Percentage

GeomorphicUnit

Villages Moisturecontent 1. Aligarh Ganga Recent Newer 22 Light grey Sandy Sand Alkaline >8 Type-I Khadir flood alluvium to Ash to silty 78.78 plain of grey loam Silt Ganga 15-18

Clay Modulate 5.04 2. Aligarh Eastern T2 Older 273 Light Loam Sand Moderately 6.2-8

Type-II uplands terrace Alluvium Brown to to 74.77 alkaline zone of deep sandy Silt Ganga brown loam 12.68 Clay Greater 13.10 3. Aligarh Central Older Older 455 Grey to Loam Sand Moderately 7-8 Type-III low land alluvial Alluvium dark grey to 49.70 alkaline to And plain clayey Silt alkaline 78 loam 12.62 Clay 3.62 4. Aligarh Western Older Older 455 Brown to Sandy Sand 6.6- Type-IV uplands alluvial Alluvium reddish to 79.00 7.5 plain brown sandy Silt loam 10.03 Clay 3.552

5. Aligarh Yamuna Recent Newer 17 Light to Clayey Sand high Strongly >8 Type-V Khadir flood Alluvium dark grey loam 29.71 alkaline plain of Silt Yamuna 40.48 Clay 29.81

6. Aligarh Trans T1 Newer 43 Brownish Stiff Sand 6.8- Type-VI Yamuna terrace alluvium grey and 70.79 7.2 Khadir zone of loamy Silt yamuna 14.53 Clay 14.69

21 2.0 DATA COLLECTION, GENERATION, INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION AND AQUIFER MAPPING 2.1 HYDROGEOLOGY The district Aligarh falls in Central Ganga Plain and lies in the interfluvial tract of the Ganga plain. It is believed to have been formed by the detritus brought down and deposited in the central depression by the rivers emanating from two different proveniences namely the Himalaya Mountains in the north and Vindhyan plateau in the south. Geologically, the area is underlain by moderately thick pile of quaternary sediments which comprises sands of various grades, clays and kankar. Alluvial sediments overlie the Vindhyan group of rocks in an unconformable way. The alluvial deposits varies from 287 to 380 m. the stratigraphic sequence is as follows: Group Age Formation Lithology Quaternary Recent to upper Newer/younger Find sand and silt clay alluvium admixed with gravel Pleistocene to Older alluvium Clay with kankar and sand of upper Pleistocene different grades ------unconformity------Paleozoic Cambrian Upper Vindhyan system Red sandstone & shale. (Bhander series)

The geological map of the district (Fig 2.1) shows the area under older and newer alluvium. Older alluvium occupies the upland of the district while the newer alluvium occupies low land area along the courses of Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries and palaeo channels of Ganga and Kali rivers.

2.1.1 Occurrence of Ground Water Ground water occurs in the pore space of the unconsolidated alluvium material in the zone of saturation. In Aligarh district ground water occurs under water table condition at shallow depths while the deeper aquifer are under confined state of disposition. The confining layers are impermeable clay beds.

2.1.2 Water Levels: In order to decipher the ground water regime, a total of 85 observation wells were established (Table 2.1 & Fig 2.2). These structures tap the phreatic aquifer up to 30 m. bgl under unconfined condition. On the basis of water level data collected during May 2016 & November 2016. Maps were prepared to represent the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon water level in the district respectively (Fig 2.3 & 2.4). The study of pre-monsoon map reveals that the depth to water level in the district generally ranges between 1.75 and 26.63 mbgl with average of 11.85 m bgl . Shallow water level conditions i.e. within 6.00 mbgl, generally occurs along the upper Ganga

Fig 2.1 Geological map of Aligarh District canal in the Jawan, Akrabad, Dhanipur block and also along the Mat branch canal in the part of Khair, Tappal and Gonda blocks. In major parts of Tappal, Khair, Chandaus and Atrauli blocks water level rests within the depth range of 3 to 9.0 mbgl. While in the 40% area of Chandaus, Lodha and Gangiri blocks water level rest within the depth range of 10 to 15 mbgl. Deepest water level i.e. 26.63 mbgl have been observed at Jawahar Park Lodha blocks in Aligarh City area. Isolated patches of 18-21 mbgl are notices mainly in city area of Aligarh and Tappal and Chandaus Blocks.

A perusal of post-monsoon map shows that water level in post-monsoon period generally ranges between 0.35 m. & 27.57 metres below ground level with average of 10.93 m bgl. Shallow water level within 2.00 mbgl and between 2 to 5 mbgl is noticed along the main canals and their distributaries. The shallowest water level of 0.35 metres was observed at Singhpur in Akrabad block.

Fig 2.2 Location map of observation wells in Aligarh District

Fig 2.3 Depth to water level ( Premonsoon-16) map of Aligarh District

Fig 2.4 Depth to water level ( Postmonsoon-16) map of Aligarh District

Table 2.1: Details Of Well Inventoried During Studies in Aligarh District, U.P.

Pre 16

S.NO. BLOCK Place Type LATITUDE LONGITUDE Location mm Dia. depth Total Mbgl DTW mbgl 16 Post mbgl Fluctuation amsl m RL 1 Akrabad P 27° 48' 12.50" In Compound of 100 30 2.67 1.67 1 177 78° 16' 39" Hospital 2 Bamnoi W 27° 47' 8.000" In compound of 2500 10.5 3.55 1.95 1.6 169 78° 21' 06.75" Primary School 3 Gopi W 27° 45' 9.47" Near Shiv 0 6.8 5.8 6.1 -0.3 78° 19' 05.45" Temple 4 Shahgarh P 27° 50' 3.000" In compound of 100 30 8.3 8 0.3 78° 20' 4.000" Primary School 5 Akrabad Kodiyaganj P 27° 51' 20.02" In compound of 100 30 7.6 7.05 0.55 168 78° 18' 45.14" Primary School 6 Ladhaua P 27° 46' 16.39" In compound of 100 30 4.1 2.2 1.9 78° 17' 53.10" Primary School 7 Nanu P 27° 48' 43.65" In compound of 100 30 3.2 1.92 1.28 172 78° 15' 9.37" Primary School 8 N. Tularam P 27° 44' 45.000" In compound of 100 30 5.2 3.65 1.55 179 78° 14' 53.000" Primary School 9 Sinhpur P 27° 43' 49.000" In compound of 100 30 1.75 0.35 1.4 1.78 78° 14' 27.000" Primary School 1 Atrauli-2 P 28° 1' 44.49" In compound of 100 30 13.6 12.55 1.05 0 Atrauli 78° 16' 51.87" Primary School 11 Jamalgarhi P 28° 0' 46.81" In compound of 50 22 12.9 11.6 1.3 177

Pre 16

S.NO. BLOCK Place Type LATITUDE LONGITUDE Location mm Dia. depth Total Mbgl DTW mbgl 16 Post mbgl Fluctuation amsl m RL 78° 15' 24.000" Forest office 12 Jeroli piezo P 28° 5' 46.88" In compound of 100 30 11.4 9.95 1.46 78° 20' 39.22 Primary School 1 13 Safedpur W 27° 57' 00" In Village near 250 2.5 6.8 6.2 0.6 78° 10' 00 Temple-NHs 0 14 Salarpur P 28° 4' 12.22" In Compound of 100 30 11.8 10.75 1.05 169 78° 22' 33.71" Primary School 15 Dadon- P 27° 56' 48.28" In Compound of 50 22 11.3 10.4 0.9 171 78° 28' 43.70" Police station 16 Bijauli N. Tebtu P 27° 59' 46.00" In Compound of 100 30 12.2 11.05 1.23 182 78° 19' 27.34" Primary School 8 17 Hardoi P 28° 0' 35.53" In Compound of 100 30 7.5 6.5 1 78° 28' 28.70" Primary School 18 Bhikanpur W 27°55'30'' Near Mosque 250 15.3 14.3 15.1 -0.8 78°26'18'' 0 19 Chandos P 28° 4' 47.000" In compound of 100 30 15.2 14.56 0.68 77° 51' 3.00" BDO Office 4 20 Pisawan P 28° 03' 20.86" In Compound of 100 30 14.5 14.8 - 191 Chandos 77° 57' 10.96" Primary School 5 0.25 21 Kaseru P 28° 9' 7.000" In Compound of 100 30 13.5 13.36 0.19 192 77° 49' 45.07" Primary School 5 22 Akhalana P 27° 58' 42.77" In compound of 50 22 7.3 6.1 1.2 78° 11' 49.93" SadhuAshram 23 Dhanipur- P 27° 52' 19.05" In Compound of 100 30 20.2 18.52 1.75 78° 6' 28.42" Primary School 7 24 Esanpur P 27° 50' 1.000" In compound of 100 30 19.2 18.12 1.08 78° 6' 33.00" Primary School 25 Harduaganj W 27° 56' 43.24" In compound of 150 7.5 6.4 2.33 4.07 172 78° 09 11.08" Temple 0 26 Panethi W 27° 50' 55.000" In centre o 250 10.2 7.55 7.3 0.25 176 78° 10' 0.00" village 0 27 Dhanipur Rohina W 27° 49' 39.000" South of GT 250 6.2 5.7 2.4 3.3 171 78° 13' 08.48" Road in village 0 28 Shekha W 27° 51' 19.29" On kasganj- 180 6.1 4 1.1 2.9 171 78° 14' 53.05" Aligarh road 0 29 Hazipur P 27° 49' 44.48" In compound of 30 21.1 20.56 0.63 78° 05' 57.99" Primary School 9 30 Gadrana P 27° 48' 06..05" In Compound of 100 30 18.1 18.15 - 78° 7' 35.59" Primary School 0.05 31 Nagla devi P 27° 46' 26.622" In compound of 100 30 21.4 21.75 - singh 78° 9' 12.362" Primary School 0.35 32 Doodpur P 27° 54' 17.78" In compound of 100 30 26 26.45 - 178 78° 05'00.35" Primary School 0.45 33 ADA offoce P 27° 53' 52.00" ADA offoce 100 30 26 26.98 - 178 78° 05'34.47" 0.98 34 Vikas P 27° 54' 17.78" Vikas bhawn 100 30 22.7 24.26 - 185 bhawn 78° 05'00" 2 1.54 35 AMU Farm P 27° 55' 6.38" AMU Farm 100 30 22 23.6 -1.6 178 78° 04' 00.89" 36 Jawahar 27° 54' 9.39" Jawahar Park 100 30 26.6 27.57 - Park 78° 04' 18.14" 3 0.94 37 Chharra P 27° 55' 24.90" In Compound of 100 30 14.6 13.98 0.64 78° 23' 28.80" BDO office 2 38 Sindhawali P 27° 54' 53.000" In compound of 100 30 14.6 13.85 0.82 174 78° 22' 6.000" Primary School 7 39 Gangiri Bhonai P 27° 55' 02" In compound of 100 30 14.5 13.25 1.3 174

Pre 16

S.NO. BLOCK Place Type LATITUDE LONGITUDE Location mm Dia. depth Total Mbgl DTW mbgl 16 Post mbgl Fluctuation amsl m RL varkalan 78° 23' 2.000" Primary School 5 40 Husenpur P 27° 51' 30.66" In compound of 100 30 13.9 13.8 0.1 163 deh mafi 78° 27' Primary School 3.0004.17" 41 Malsai P 27° 51' 19.000" In compound of 100 30 13.8 13.1 0.7 161 78° 29' 6.19" Primary School 42 Barla P 27° 54' 39.000" In compound of 100 30 16.7 16.21 0.51 167 78° 19' 16.85" Primary School 2 43 Gahlau P 27° 46' 21.000" In compound of 100 25 6.55 5.2 1.35 171 77° 55' 12.000" Primary School 44 Gonda W 27° 50' 12.10" In compound of 250 12 4.5 1.8 2.7 77° 52' 45.05" Police station 0 45 Gonda Gonda P 27° 50' 12.09" In compound of 100 30 4.17 1.95 2.22 180 b.d.o. 77° 52' 45.05" BDO office 46 Gorai P 27° 41' 54.000" In compound of 100 30 9.88 7.05 2.83 169 77° 50' 6.05" Primary School 47 Chhaichhu P 27° 41' 47.82" In compound of 100 30 10.5 8.25 2.25 169 77° 51' 59.48" Primary School 48 Manti P 27° 51' 52.000" In compound of 100 30 9.92 7.85 2.07 77° 54' 43.000" Primary School 49 Pipali P 27° 50' 50.53" In compound of 100 30 12.3 11.12 1.22 174 77° 56' 19.62" Primary School 4 50 Jawan W 28° 1' 30.70" In compound of 125 4.4 1.75 0.85 0.9 78° 6' 50.50" Police station 0 51 Jangalgarhi W 28° 2' 24.15" InNorth of 152 40 7.95 5.92 2.03 172 Jawan 78° 3' 4.49" village, Anoop 52 sikandar Sudhiyal W 27° 59' 14.45" East side of 250 11.61 10.9 9.85 1.05 179 pur 78°6' 00.83" Debai Road 0 53 Nagla P 27° 55' 39.44" In compound of 100 30 21 20.7 0.3 187 patwari 78° 4' 1.86" Primary School 54 Manzoorga P 27° 56' 51.46" In compound of 100 30 15.4 15.6 -0.2 179 rhi 78° 4' 36.59" Primary School 55 Raipur W 28° 1'48.78" In field 220 4.5 3.55 1.55 2 179 sunamai 78° 8'37.20" Omprakash 0 56 Andela W 27° 55' 22.54" North of Village 240 22.29 9.45 8.95 0.5 77° 55' 8.52" 0 57 Khair-2 P 27° 56' 26.000" In compound of 100 30 11.9 11.7 0.2 181 77° 50' 42.0" BDO office 58 Khair Palachand W 27° 52' 48.45" In compound of 6.9 5.62 1.28 179 77° 49' 27.10" Primary School 59 Sujanpur W 27° 58' 10.93" In compound of 3.4 12 5.15 4.95 0.2 77° 46' 47.31" Primary School 60 Gomat P 27° 56' 1.000" In compound of 100 30 8.3 8.2 0.1 77° 49' 41.000" Primary School 61 Andla W 27° 55' 22.54" In compound of 10.1 9.6 0.5 183 77° 55' 8.52" Primary School 62 Patpar P 27° 54' 29.000" In compound of 100 30 4.75 3.75 1 179 nagla 77° 51' 24.000" Primary School 63 Nayal P 27° 57' 39.000" In compound of 100 30 14.6 13.1 1.57 77° 49' 13.000" Primary School 7 64 Baragaun P 27° 51' 18.11" In compound of 100 30 13.1 12.65 0.5 181 77° 58' 13.23" Panchayat Ghar 5 65 Bhankari pz P 27° 57' 20.98" Near vetenary 100 30 13.7 14.37 - 78° 00' 32.18" hospital 0.67 66 Lodha Bhokrawali P 27° 55' 58.61" In compound of 100 30 19.8 19.95 - 78° 01' 17.08" Primary School 0.15

Pre 16

S.NO. BLOCK Place Type LATITUDE LONGITUDE Location mm Dia. depth Total Mbgl DTW mbgl 16 Post mbgl Fluctuation amsl m RL 67 Lodha P 27° 54' 16.000" In compound of 50 25 18.3 18.35 - 183 block pz 77° 58' 57.000" Block office 0.05 68 Lodha P 27° 53' 35.32" In compound of 50 25 10.1 7.85 2.25 162 thana pz 77° 57' 58.000" Police station 69 Pinjari P 27° 51' 10.000" In compound of 100 30 14.3 13.8 0.58 77° 56' 45.000" Primary School 8 70 Fagoyee P 27° 51' 41.000" In compound of 100 30 9.7 9.2 0.5 78° 0' 23.000" Primary School 71 Asna P 27° 50' 2.90" In compound of 100 30 18.3 18.6 - 172 78° 2' 38.000" Primary School 5 0.25 72 Tappal P 28° 2' 35.27" In Compound of 100 30 12.2 11.05 1.15 183 77° 34' 45.08" BDO Office 73 Tappal Jattari P 28° 1' 19.000" Patel nagar In 100 30 22.6 21.6 1 177 77° 39' 25.000" Compound of Primary School 74 Taqueepur W 27° 59' 12.97" Near Temple 224 6.2 4.6 2.28 2.32 77° 43' 23.43" 0 75 Beswan-1 W 27° 38' 16.71" On Gorai road 2.5 18 17.1 16.9 0.2 176 77° 53' 40.32" 76 Hastpur P 27° 46' 42.95" In Compound of 100 30 14.7 13.1 1.63 166 77° 59' 37.18" Primary School 3 77 Iglas P 27° 42' 23.32" In compound of 50 25 8.1 7 1.1 171 77° 56' 18.00" BDO office 78 Iglas Kala aam P 27° 37' 9.94" In compound of 100 30 17.6 16.42 1.23 77° 52' 56.89" Police Office 5 79 Kalinzari W 27° 39' 18.01" In Compound of 100 9.15 8.7 6.3 2.4 169 77° 51' 36.99" Primary School 0 80 Tochhigarh W 27° 40' 15.000" In compound of 7.5 3.65 3.85 77° 59' 49.000" Primary School 81 Jarauth P 27° 48' 10.27" In compound of 100 30 14.7 14.8 -0.1 171 78° 00' 57.76" Primary School 82 Kandli P 27° 40' 28.19" In compound of 50 25 11.3 11.1 0.28 171 77° 55' 05.29" Primary School 8 83 Mohkampur P 27° 39' 20.15" In compound of 100 30 14 13.85 0.15 173 77° 54' 23.45" Primary School 84 Sathini P 27° 36' 4.18" In compound of 100 30 8.6 7.55 1.05 168 77° 52' 16.30" Primary School 85 Iglash P 27° 42' 47.11" In compound of 100 30 8.1 6.45 1.65 171 77° 56' 28.11" Primary School

2.1.3 Change in Water Level Over the Year Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation May 16-Nov.16: A perusal of the data reveals that fluctuation (Fall) -1.6 m has been observed at AMU farm of Dhanipur blocks and the maximum ( Rise) of 4.07 m at village Harduaganj of Dhanipur blocked. In canal command area a rising trend of water level has been observed. An average fluctuation (Rise) of up to 0.90 metres has been observed during the year in the district Water Level Trend Long term water level data from the existing 12 nos. of National GW monitoring wells were statistically analyzed (Table-2.2) to study the behaviour of ground water

28 regime in space and time. Out of 12 existing National GW monitoring wells where the long term water level trends have been studied 6 (50 %) show a rising trend and the rest 6 (50%) register a decline trend during pre monsoon period and 3 (27 %) show a rising trend and the rest 8 (73%) register a decline trend during post monsoon period . Statistically analysis of data reveals that During pre monsoon period the minimum decline (0.07 m/year) has been observed at Khair (NGWMW) of Jawan block over a period of 10 years, whereas the maximum decline (0.12 m/year) is recorded at village Safedpur of Dhanipur block. During pre monsoon period the minimum rise (0.038m/year) has been observed at Gonda (NGWMW) of Gonda block over a period of 10 years, whereas the maximum rise (0.37 m/year) is recorded at village Andla of Khair block. During post monsoon period, minimum rise of 0.0.02 m/year is recorded at Jawan of Jawan block and the maximum rise has been recorded at Andla (0.16 m/year) of Khair block over a period of 10 years. Minimum fall of 0.0.002 m/year is recorded at Gopi of Akrabad block and the maximum fall has been recorded at Kair (0.27 m/year) of Khair block during post monsoon period. Generally rising trends showing the wells located in the canal command area. Long term water lvel tern are shown in Fig. 2.5 to 2.12. Table 2.2. Long term water level trends from 2005-2015 in Aligarh District. S. No. Location Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon Data Rise Fall Data Rise Fall Points (m/year) (m/year) Points (m/year) (m/year) 1 Hardanaganj 7 0.1054 6 2 Bhikampur 8 0.0095 10 0.1248 3 Taquipur(new) 11 0.1064 10 0.0731 4 Khair 11 0.0068 11 0.2691 5 Safedpur 11 0.1181 11 0.1635 6 Andla 11 0.3705 11 0.1616 7 Gonda 11 0.0383 11 0.0340 8 Jawan 11 0.0654 11 0.0212 9 Sudiyal 11 0.1995 11 0.1056 10 Gopi 11 0.2478 10 0.0028 11 Palachand 9 0.0403 11 0.0272 12 Iglas 11 0.2785 11 0.2253

Long term water level trend are also analyzed in Ground Water Resource estimation in 2013 considering data of monitoring wells of Ground Water Department for the period of 2004-2013 (Table 2.3). During pre monsoon, rise of 0.08 cm/year to 33.8 cm/year (Dhanipur and Akrabad Blocks) and fall of 0.19 cm/year to 24.92 cm/year (Jawan and Iglas Blocks) are recoded. During post monsoon rise of 3.7 to 28 .0 cm/year ( Khair and Akrabad Block) and fall of 2.27 to 20.02 cm/year.

29 Table 2.3 Long term water level trend analyzed in Ground Water Resource estimation in 2013 for the period of 2004-2013 S. No. Block Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon Rise (cm/year) Fall (cm/year) Rise (cm/year) Fall (cm/year) 1 AKBARABAD 33.81 28.00 2 ATRAULIA 27.08 20.44 3 BIJAULI 3.36 6.10 4 CHANDAUS 17.89 20.02 5 DHANIPUR 0.08 2.27 6 GANGIRI 12.85 5.09 7 GONDA 10.43 9.87 8 IGLAS 24.92 6.39 9 JAWAN 0.19 6.13 10 KHAIR 1.37 3.70 11 LODHA(*) 13.95 17.32 12 TAPPAL 7.13 5.68

Fig. 2.5 Hydrograph of Gonda GWMW of Aligarh District

Fig 2.6 Hydrograph of Gopi GWMW of Aligarh District

Fig 2.7 Hydrograph of Iglas GWMW of Aligarh District

Fig 2.8 Hydrograph of Khair GWMW of Aligarh District

Fig 2.9 Hydrograph of Saedpur GWMW of Aligarh District

Fig 2.10 Hydrograph of Sunidiyal GWMW of Aligarh District

Fig 2.11Hydrograph of Taqueepur GWMW of Aligarh District

Fig 2.12 Hydrograph of Sankara GWMW of Aligarh District

32 2.1.4 Water Table: In order to determine flow direction, water table contour map (Fig2.13) for the pre-monsoon period (May- 2016) has been prepared. A perusal of water table contour map reveals the general ground water flow north-west to south-east which correspondence with the general topography of the area and also conforms to and coincides Ganga basin. The elevation of water table in the district varies from 165 to 185 metres above mean sea level. The gradient of water table varies from 0.16 to 4.0 m/km. This indicates that the slope of water table is very gentle depicting the permeable nature of shallow aquifer zone. The study of the map reveal that the river Ganga, upper lower Ganga canals and Mat branch canal in its half are feeding to ground water in their vicinity.

Fig 2.13 Hydrogeological map of Aligarh District 2.2 GROUND WATER QUALLIY Ground water quality plays an important role in the development. The quality of ground water is an important as its quantity. The most extensive use of ground water is for irrigation of crops and a part of the potential is for domestic and industrial uses. With the advent of industrialization and inadequate attention paid to protect the environment degradation in water quality one of the challenges of modern time. Sometimes the excess mineralization exceeds the maximum permissible limit for human consumption followings are the factors affecting the chemical quality of ground water.

33  Physiochemical characteristics of the rocks through which ground water is circulating.  Geological environment of the area.  Climate of the area.  Role of microorganism.  Chemical physical and mineralogical characteristic of the soil through which meteoric water percolate to the underground reservoir.  Topography of the area.  Effect of the area.  Mixing of connate water.  Manmade pollution due to excessive use of manure, pesticides, harmful disposal of industrial and sewerage of urban area etc. To study the chemical quality of ground water for domestic, irrigation and industrial uses representative ground water samples form 48 location (4 from each blocks) of shallow aquifer were collected. Samples were collected for physicochemical and trace metal analysis in polyethylene bottles along with their GPS coordinates during May -2016. All the groundwater samples were collected from Hand pumps IM-II, which are being used extensively. The details of groundwater samples collected for analysis of various parameters in provided in Table 2.4. All the samples were analysed as per standard methods (APHA 2005). for the determination of pH, EC, CO3, HCO3, Cl, F, NO3, SO4, PO4, SiO2, T.H., Ca, Mg, Na & K . The summarized result of basic constituents is given below. S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum Average 1. pH 7.7 9.04 8.20 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 242 6150 1362.75

3. CO3 mg/l Nil 72

4. HCO3 mg/l 146.2 671.0 389.91 5. Cl mg/l 7 1120 6. F mg/l 0.09 5.0 0.96

7. NO3 mg/l 0.15 270 38.78

8. SO4 mg/l 5.6 970 110.91

9. SiO2 mg/l 20 49.0 28.18

10. PO4 mg/l nd

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 70.06 1491 295.84 12. Ca mg/l 8 188 43.64 13. Mg mg/l 9.72 248.1 45.42 14. Na mg/l 6 718 178.83 15. K mg/l 2.1 677 27.59

34 Table-2.4: Results of Chemical analysis of water samples of Basics Constituents of Aligarh District - - - - - 2- Block Location Sample Latitude pH EC CO3 HCO3 Cl F NO3 SO4 TH no µS/cm at 25°C mg/l Akrabad N. 9 27° 44' 45. 0" 8.4 565 12 281 11 1.1 14 31 185 Tularam 78° 14' 53.00" Akrabad Kodiyaganj 10 27° 51' 20.02" 8.1 485 nil 256 7 0.4 7 34 230 78° 18' 45.14" Akrabad Gopi 29 27° 45' 9.47" 8.2 1287 nil 622 78 1.5 41 48 380 78° 19' 05.45" Atrauli Jeroli 5 28° 5' 46.88" 7.9 365 nil 201 18 0.4 5.6 5.7 170 78° 20' 39.22 Atrauli Sujanpur 12 28° 01' 58.97" 8.1 630 nil 329 43 0.4 1.8 36 210 77° 36' 16.6 Atrauli Salarpur 20 28° 4' 12.22" 8 560 nil 317 18 0.1 7.1 5.6 220 78° 22' 33.71 Bijauli Hardoi 15 28° 0' 35.53" 8.1 380 nil 195 18 0.8 7.7 14 180 78° 28' 28.70" Bijauli N. Tebtu 21 27° 59' 46.00" 8.2 693 nil 415 18 0.1 9.3 10 155 78° 19' 27.34" Bijauli Block HQ 30 28,00,38.72 7.9 1150 nil 573 50 0.6 0.4 20 330 78,22,48.80 Bijauli Dadon 31 27° 56' 48.28" 8.4 595 12 250 43 0.5 2.3 34 240 78° 28' 43.70" Chandos Gabhana 19 28° 06' 46.14" 8.4 920 24 470 21 0.6 14 9.8 145 77° 46' 5.36" Chandos Pisawan 42 28° 03' 20.86" 8.9 1159 48 281 121 0.5 16 102 225 77° 57' 10.96" Chandos Kaseru 44 28° 9' 7.000" 8.2 3435 nil 415 539 0.6 42 560 585 77° 49' 45.07" Dhanipur Harduaganj 17 27° 56' 43.24" 8.4 1215 36 451 64 2.5 18 114 190 78° 09 11.08" Dhanipur Block HQ 23 27,52,18.85 7.9 1436 nil 366 184 0.4 42 53 260 78,06,27.54 Dhanipur Hazipur 28 27° 49' 44.48" 8 1072 nil 580 32 0.5 16 39 230 78° 05' 57.99" Dhanipur Rohina 36 27° 49' 39.00" 8 720 nil 378 18 1.2 2.2 54 220 78° 13' 08.48" Gangiri Malsai 11 27° 51' 19.00" 8.2 646 nil 262 50 0.4 55 27 290 78° 29' 6.19" Gangiri Block HQ 22 27,42,21.80 7.9 992 nil 415 71 0.4 21 27 240 78,23,28.42 Gangiri Hidramae 27 27° 51' 16.00" 7.9 1001 nil 281 92 0.4 12 55 320 e 78° 24' 43. " 3 Gangiri Barla 43 27° 54' 39.00" 8.2 1986 nil 500 227 0.7 21 102 440 78° 19' 16.85" 5 Gonda Gahlau 3 27° 46' 21.00" 8.6 1341 24 342 113 5 11 182 110 77° 55' 12.00" Gonda Pipali 33 27° 50' 50.53" 8.4 1107 24 464 92 0.4 22 60 180 77° 56' 19.62" Gonda Block HQ 37 27° 50' 12.09" 7.8 4292 nil 549 801 1 43 161 460 77° 52' 45.05" Gonda Gorai 45 27° 41' 54.00" 8.1 6150 nil 488 971 0.9 27 970 811 77° 50' 6.05" 0 Iglas Sathini 6 27° 36' 4.18" 8.8 625 36 244 14 2.2 6.4 52 215 77° 52' 16.30 Iglas Tochhigarh 13 27° 40' 15.00" 8.5 1480 42 439 142 1.6 24 107 255 77° 59' 49.00"

35 - - - - - 2- Block Location Sample Latitude pH EC CO3 HCO3 Cl F NO3 SO4 TH no µS/cm at 25°C mg/l Iglas Block HQ 25 27° 42' 23.32" 8 1941 nil 488 184 0.4 91 103 570 77° 56' 18.00" Iglas Hastpur 32 27° 42' 23.32" 8.4 720 24 366 21 0.9 11 18 190 77° 56' 18.00" Jawan Block HQ 16 28° 1' 30.70" 7.8 670 nil 354 14 0.8 3 44 250 78° 6' 50.50 Jawan Barauli 2 28° 6' 44.00" 8.1 242 nil 146 7.1 0.2 0.1 16 120 Sikandarpur 78° 3' 43.00" 5 Jawan Raipur 8 28° 1'48.78" 8.1 440 nil 268 7.1 0.3 2.3 17 210 Sikandarpur Sunamai 78° 8'37.20" Jawan Manzoorg 24 27° 56' 51.46" 8.2 635 nil 403 14 0.6 4.9 25 260 Sikandarpur arhi 78° 4' 36.59" Khair Sujanpur 1 27° 58' 10.93" 8.6 1245 48 512 35 4.9 2.6 82 70 77° 46' 47.31" Khair Palachand 7 27° 52' 48.45" 8.2 2259 nil 628 135 2.8 16 430 300 77° 49' 27.10 Khair Andla 14 27° 55' 22.54" 8.5 1635 60 622 99 1.3 23 89 150 77° 55' 8.52" Khair Block HQ 41 27° 56' 26.00" 8 2784 nil 671 390 0.7 82 150 490 77° 50' 42.0" Lodha Asna 34 27° 50' 2.90" 9 1698 72 281 213 0.1 13 89 250 78° 2' 38.000" 1 Lodha Baragaun 35 27° 51' 18.11" 8.1 650 nil 342 35 0.7 16 13 225 77° 58' 13.23" Lodha Block HQ 38 27° 54' 16.00" 8 1081 nil 537 64 0.5 17 30 300 77° 58' 57.00" Lodha Bhankari 40 27° 57' 20.98" 9 1190 72 366 99 0.5 20 79 170 78° 00' 32.18" Tappal Taqueepu 4 27° 59' 12.97" 8.5 432 24 195 7.1 1.4 5.7 20 220 r 77° 43' 23.43 Tappal Block HQ 18 28° 2' 35.27" 7.7 1292 nil 415 163 1.1 13 115 265 77° 34' 45.08" Tappal Shadipur 26 28° 04' 11.70" 8.2 678 nil 293 64 0.5 11 34 300 77° 42' 48.15" Tappal Jattari 39 28° 1' 19.00" 7.9 5445 nil 293 1120 0.4 25 724 1491 77° 39' 25.00" 9

Table-2.4: Continued Results of Chemical analysis of water samples of Basics Constituents of Aligarh District Block Location Sample Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ SiO2 PO4 SAR Class Na% no mg/l Akrabad N. Tularam 9 34 24 55 5 26 nd 1.8 C2S1 40.72 Akrabad Kodiyaganj 10 64 17 15 5.2 26 nd 0.4 C2S1 14.60 Akrabad Gopi 29 80 44 150 8.3 27 nd 3.3 C3S1 46.96 Atrauli Jeroli 5 50 11 13 3.5 30 nd 0.4 C2S1 16.15 Atrauli Sujanpur 12 48 22 73 5.2 29 nd 2.2 C2S1 44.03 Atrauli Salarpur 20 50 23 36 6.1 31 nd 1.1 C2S1 28.19 Bijauli Hardoi 15 48 15 7.5 5.7 28 nd 0.2 C2S1 11.51 Bijauli N. Tebtu 21 24 23 97 6.5 31 nd 3.4 C2S1 58.69 Bijauli Block HQ 30 60 43 117 8.5 29 nd 2.8 C3S1 44.84 Bijauli Dadon 31 50 28 35 9.8 23 nd 1.0 C3S1 26.99

36 Block Location Sample Ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ K+ SiO2 PO4 SAR Class Na% no mg/l Chandos Gabhana 19 16 26 158 6 29 nd 5.7 C3S2 70.55 Chandos Pisawan 42 16 45 148 55 27 nd 4.3 C3S1 63.61 Chandos Kaseru 44 56 108 488 88 24 nd 8.8 C4S3 66.83 Dhanipur Harduaganj 17 20 34 216 5.8 25 nd 6.8 C3S2 71.58 Dhanipur Block HQ 23 48 34 213 6.7 33 nd 5.8 C3S2 64.52 Dhanipur Hazipur 28 44 29 161 8.1 27 nd 4.6 C3S1 61.16 Dhanipur Rohina 36 40 29 71 11 26 nd 2.1 C2S1 43.49 Gangiri Malsai 11 80 22 34 5.2 30 nd 0.9 C2S1 21.76 Gangiri Block HQ 22 36 36 130 6.5 26 nd 3.7 C3S1 55.05 Gangiri Hidramaee 27 64 39 95 8.1 32 nd 2.3 C2S1 40.41 Gangiri Barla 43 48 78 230 86 32 nd 4.8 C3S2 58.16 Gonda Gahlau 3 16 17 280 3 20 nd 11.6 C3S3 84.80 Gonda Pipali 33 28 26 205 10 28 nd 6.7 C2S1 71.85 Gonda Block HQ 37 24 96 718 15 24 nd 14.7 C4S4 77.70 Gonda Gorai 45 56 162 700 677 26 nd 10.7 C4S4 74.74 Iglas Sathini 6 28 35 58 3.6 23 nd 1.7 C2S1 37.86 Iglas Tochhigarh 13 40 37 245 5.6 30 nd 6.7 C3S2 67.96 Iglas Block HQ 25 88 84 196 7.2 26 nd 3.6 C2S1 43.55 Iglas Hastpur 32 20 34 90 10 28 nd 2.8 C2S1 52.38 Jawan Block HQ 16 48 18 73 5.7 27 nd 2.3 C2S1 46.14 Jawan Sikandarpur Barauli 2 32 19 6 2.6 20 nd 0.2 C1S1 12.02 Jawan Sikandarpur Raipur Sunamai 8 44 24 20 4.9 24 nd 0.6 C2S1 19.18 Jawan Sikandarpur Manzoorgarhi 24 36 41 56 6.8 27 nd 1.5 C2S1 33.46 Khair Sujanpur 1 8 12 270 2.1 24 nd 14.0 C3S3 89.41 Khair Palachand 7 44 46 404 4 29 nd 10.2 C4S3 74.69 Khair Andla 14 12 29 326 5.6 29 nd 11.6 C3S3 82.71 Khair Block HQ 41 48 113 317 32 32 nd 5.7 S2C4 55.60 Lodha Asna 34 8 56 283 10 30 nd 7.8 C3S2 71.59 Lodha Baragaun 35 36 33 56 11 30 nd 1.6 C3S2 37.69 Lodha Block HQ 38 44 46 117 17 49 nd 2.9 C3S1 48.05 Lodha Bhankari 40 12 34 211 23 30 nd 7.0 C3S2 74.22 Tappal Taqueepur 4 44 27 7.1 3.2 25 nd 0.2 C2S1 8.17 Tappal Block HQ 18 40 37 200 5.9 36 nd 5.5 C3S2 63.74 Tappal Shadipur 26 44 46 29 7.3 31 nd 0.7 C3S1 19.47 Tappal Jattari 39 188 248 638 19 28 nd 7.2 C4S3 48.70

2.2.1 Results of Basic Constituents pH Value: pH is one of the most important parameter in water chemistry and is defined as log[H+]. The pH concentration determines the alkaline/acidic nature of water on a scale ranges from 0-14.. The pH concentration determines the alkaline/acidic nature of water. The BIS, (10500- 2012) has indicated a maximum range of 6.5 to 8.5 but allows a range of 6.5 to 9.2 for domestic uses. In the area, the pH range of 7.7 to 9.04 with average values of 8.20 which is quite safe and water is free from al corrosive & sealing action. In 87% of ground water samples the pH value ranges from 7.7 to 8.5 indicating the ground from water moderately alkaline.

37 Electrical Conductivity: Electrical conductivity is a measure of the total mineralization in water and thus indicates its degree of salinity. A perusal of ISO-conductivity map (Fig.2.14 ) of the area indicates that conductivity in ground water generally varies from 242 to 2249 microsiemens/cm at 250C. The maximum E.C. of 6150 & 5445 microsiemens/cm at 250C have been observed at Gorai of Gonda block and Jattari of Tappal block respectively. E.C. < 1000 noticed in East, & North Eastern part of district (Jawan, Atrauli, Bijauli, Gangiri Dhanipur and Akrabad blocks) and isolated patches in central, North West, West and South Western parts of district. E.C. is observed more than 1000-2000 microsiemens/cm at 250C in Lodha Tappal, Khair, Chandaus, Dhanipur & Gonda blocks. EC is observed more than 2000-3000 and more than 3000 microsiemens/cm at 250C in part of Tappal, Khair, Chandaus, & Gonda blocks.

Figure 2.14 :ISO conductivity map (Shallow Aquifer)-2016 in Aligarh District

Total Hardness as Caco3: Hardness in water is caused by a variety of dissolved polyvalent metallic ions, predominantly calcium and magnesium cations. It is usually expressed as milligrams of calcium carbonate per litre. The degree of hardness of drinking-water is important for aesthetic acceptability by consumers. Hardness is the property of water which prevents the lather (foam) formation with the soap and increased the boiling point of the water. Hardness is classified in four categories as soft water, hard water, moderately hard water and very hard water in table below.

38 Hardness Classification of water

Hardness (mg/l) Water Class % Sample 0-75 Soft 2 % 75-150 Moderately hard 8 % 150-300 Hard 63 % >300 Very hard 27 %

The BIS, (10500- 2012) shows desirable limit upto 300 mg/l. maximum permissible limit of 600 mg/l. higher concentration may cause urinary diseases of kidney, bladder and stomach disorder. Total hardness of the groundwater samples of Aligarh district varies between 70 and 1491 mg/l. The average hardness of the analyzed samples was found as 296 mg/l. All the samples having hardness below 600 mg/l except two samples (810.6 mg/l in Gorai of Gonda block and 1491 mg/l in Jattari of Tappal Block) so in general water is hard to very hard in nature.

Chloride: The concentration of chloride (Cl) controls the taste of the water and its maximum permissible limit is 250 mg/l by BIS, (10500- 2012). However the permissible limit in the absence of alternate sources is relaxable upto 1000 mg/l. the chloride concentration in water samples varies between 7.0 and 1120.0 mg/l (Avg. 145 mg/l). 89 % samples are below 250 mg/l however 11% samples collected from Gonda, Tappal and Chandaus blocks has been found maximum up to 1120 mg/l. By and large the quality of ground in the area with reference to chloride concentration is fit for human consumption.

Carbonates and Bicarbonates:

In all water samples the concentration of carbonates (CO3) is nil. - Concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3 ) varies from a minimum of 146.0 mg/l to a maximum value of 671 mg/l (Avg. 389.0). Bicarbonate below 600 mg/l is considered to be fairly safe and good for irrigation and domestic purposes. Only a few samples of Khair block (Andla Palachand and Khair 622-671 mg/l) shows higher concentration of above 600 mg/l, the rest of water samples are within permissible limit of drinking standard.

Nitrate: Nitrate and nitrite are highly soluble in water. Nitrate (NO3−) is found naturally in the environment and is an important plant nutrient. Nitrate can reach both surface water and groundwater as a consequence of agricultural activity (including excess application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and manures), from wastewater disposal and from oxidation of nitrogenous waste products in human

39 and animal excreta, including septic tanks. According to the Indian Standard for drinking water (BIS 10500:2012), the maximum allowable nitrate concentration in drinking water is 45 mg/L as NO3 & WHO standards (1963) indicates the maximum permissible limit of (NO3) nitrate is up to 45 mg/l. whereas 100 mg/l is the upper limit of concentration allowed by European drinking water standards (1970). The nitrate concentration in the district ranges between 2 and 43 mg/l except at six (15%) samples of Gorai of Gonda block (270 mg/l, ) Jattari of Tappal Block (259 mg/l) Barla & Hidramee & Malsai (215, 123 & 55 mg/l) Iglas Block Hq (91 mg/l ) of have been noticed in higher which may be due to mixing of sewerage into ground water. In city area due to above reason the higher nitrate concentration is more common. Overall the nitrate concentration is within permissible limit in the area.

2- Sulphate (SO4 ): Sulfate in drinking-water can cause noticeable taste, and very high levels might cause a laxative effect in unaccustomed consumers. Taste impairment varies with the nature of the associated cation; taste thresholds have been found to range from 250 mg/l for sodium sulfate to 1000 mg/l for calcium sulfate. High sulfate levels in drinking water results in gastro-intestinal disorders, and hence, it is recommended that health authorities be notified of sources of drinking water that contain sulfate concentrations in excess of 500 mg/l (WHO, 2011). BIS (2012) has prescribed 200 mg/l as acceptable limit and 400 mg/l as permissible limit for sulfate in absence of alternate source for drinking and other domestic usage. The Sulphate concentration in water samples are well within permissible limit of 400 mg/l. Generally the concentration of Sulphate in the district ranges from 5.6 to 182 mg/l with average values of 110 mg/l. Except four samples from Palachand of Khair block, Kaseru of Chanadaus block, , Jattari of Tappal Block,Gorai of Gonda showing 430-970 mg/l It shows that Sulphate concentration is well within permissible limit and is good for drinking as well as irrigational purposes.

Fluoride: Fluoride is found in all natural waters at some concentration. Seawater typically contains about 1 mg/L while rivers and lakes generally exhibit concentrations of less than 0.5 mg/L. In groundwater, however, low or high concentrations of fluoride can occur, depending on the nature of the rocks and the occurrence of fluoride-bearing minerals. Fluoride occurs as fluorspar (fluorite), rock phosphate, triphite, phosphorite minerals etc in nature. The WHO (2011) and BIS (10500- 2012) estimates the maximum allowable limit for fluoride uptake to human’s in drinking water as 1.5 mg/L. Excess fluoride intake causes different types of fluorosis, primarily dental and skeletal fluorosis. White line striations followed by brown patches and, in severe cases, brittling of the enamel are common symptoms of dental fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis first causes pain in the different joints, then

40 limits joint movement and finally causes skeletal deformities, which become particularly acute if fluoride uptake occurs during growth. Since these ailments are incurable, fluorosis can only be mitigated by preventing intake of excess fluoride. Fluoride concentration in the district ranges from 0.09 to 1.5 mg/l which is well within desirable limit. However, the fluoride concentration is slightly higher at Tochhigarh (1.6 mg/l),, Sathni (2.2 mg/l) of Iglas block, Harduaganj ,(2.5 mg/l,) of Dhanipur block , Palachand ( 2.8 mg/l) & Sujanpur (4.9 mg/l) of Khair block and Gahlau (5.0 mg/l) at Gonda Block.

Calcium(Ca+) and Magnesium(Mg2+): The dissolved solids like Calcium (Ca+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) in ground water are essential to human nutrition and beneficial to the heart and nervous system of human beings respectively. But the deficiency of calcium may cause adverse physiological effects. Excess of Magnesium contributes to hardness of water. BIS, (10500- 2012) have laid down the acceptable/maximum permissible limits for Calcium and Magnesium in drinking water as 75/200 mg/l. and 30/100 mg/l respectively. In the ground water samples the concentration of Calcium ranges between 8 and 88 mg/l. which is well within permissible limit. Only one sample Jattari of Tappal Block has 188 mg/l. The concentration of magnesium ranges from 9 to 96 mg/l. with exception a few samples showing higher concentration (Gorai 162 mg/l of Gonda block) and Jattari of Tappal Block has 248 mg/l. Overall with some exception the concentration of Mg is within permissible limit. Sodium (Na+): Sodium concentration in the distt. ranges between 6 and 718 mg/l. In general higher concentration of 638-718 mg/l has been found at Gorai of Gonda block and Jattari of Tappal Block concentration in. Higher drinking water is harmful to persons suffering from hypertension, cardiac and renal diseases.

Potassium (K+): No desirable limits for potassium concentration in the drinking water have been laid down however water with 10 to 20 mg/l potassium content is regarded as good outer ground water samples the concentration of ‘K’ ranges between 2.1 and 23 mg/l. except five samples Khair block hq, Piswswan , Kaseru of Chanadaus block, Barla of Gangiri block, Gorai of Gonda showing 55-677 mg/l. In general the water is good and potable drinking as well as irrigation purposes.

Quality of Ground Water for Irrigation Use: Water quality, soil types and cropping practices play an important role in assessing the suitability of water for irrigation. Total salt concentration (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), residual sodium) are the important parameters which are widely used in assessing the suitability of water for

41 irrigation uses. These parameters, which affects the quality for irrigation purposes were also computed and results are furnished in Table 2.4.The Salinity and sodocity of the area are discussed below. Sodacity of Ground Water: The presence of sodium in irrigation water adversely affects the soil structure and its permeability by replacing calcium and Magnesium in the soil. To study the sodium hazards if any in ground water, the sodium percentage and the ratio of sodium, potassium ions to time the total of sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium ions have been calculated. The sodium percentage ranges in ground water from 8.0 to 89.41% with aveage value of 49.9 indicating series sodium hazards. In 1954 the U.S. salinity laboratory proposed a classification based on the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) replacing sodium percentage classification, because the farmer has direct relation with the adsorption of sodium by soils. It was recommended that water with SAR less than 10 be classified as excellent. The SAR values in the formation water generally ranges from 0.2to 14.5with average value of 4.53 indicating good to excellent class of water except at Palachand, Sujanpur, Andla (Khair block) and Gahlau, Gorai, Gonda and Gonda block where the SAR values have been detected as 10.15 and 14.66 Table-2.4 & Fig 2.15

Alkali and Salinity Hazard (SAR) The total concentration of soluble salts in irrigation water can be expressed as low (EC =<250 µS cm-1), medium (250-750 µS cm-1), high (750-2250 µS cm-1) and very high (2250-5000 µS cm-1) salinity zone. While a high salt concentration (high EC) in water leads to formation of saline soil, a high sodium concentration leads to development of an alkaline soil. Excessive solutes in irrigation water are a common problem in semi-arid areas where water loss through evaporation is maximal. Salinity problem encountered in irrigated agriculture are most likely to arise where drainage is poor. This allows the water table to rise close to the root zone of plants, causing the accumulation of sodium salts in the soil solution through capillary rise following surface evaporation of water. The sodium or alkali hazard in the water for irrigation is determined by the absolute and relative concentration of cations and is expressed in terms of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). It can be estimated by the formula: SAR = Na/[(Ca+Mg)/2]0.5 High saline water cannot be used on soils with restricted drainage and requires special management for salinity control. Plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such areas. Very high saline water is not suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions but may be used occasionally under very special circumstances. The soil must be permeable, drainage must be adequate, irrigation water must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching and salt tolerance crops/plants should be selected.

42 Low sodium (alkali) water can be used for irrigation on almost all soils with little danger of the development of harmful levels of exchangeable sodium. Medium sodium water will present an appreciable sodium hazard in fine textured soils having high cation exchange capacity especially under low leaching conditions. This water can be used on coarse textured or organic soils with good permeability. A perusal of analytical results shows that E.C. values ranges between 242 and 2249microsiemens/cm at 250C with some exceptions. The maximum E.C. of 6150 & 5445 micro siemens/cm at 250C have been observed at Gorai of Gonda block and Jattari of Tappal block respectively. Irrigation waters classified into four categories on the basis of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and EC.

Fig 2.15 Plot on US salinity Diagram for classification of water in Aligarh District

43 2.2.2 Results of Heavy Metal

Heavy metals in ground water have a considerable significance due to their toxicity and adsorption behavior. Heavy metals are not biodegradable and enter the food chain through a number of pathways causing progressive toxicity due to the accumulation in human and animal organs during their life span on long term exposure to contaminated environments. Despite the presence of trace concentrations of Cr, Mn, Co, Cu and Zn in the aquatic environment, which is essential to a number of life processes, high concentrations of these metals become toxic. The major sources of heavy metals in ground water include weathering of rock minerals, discharge of sewage and other waste effluents on land and runoff water. To evaluate the drinking water quality of ground water 48 water samples (4 from each blocks Table 2.5) were collected from Hand pumps IM-II during May 2016.The heavy metals are analysed and presented in Table 2.5 . Arsenic was not detected in all the samples under study.

Copper (Cu): Copper is both an essential nutrient and a drinking-water contaminant. It is used to make pipes, valves and fittings and is present in alloys and coatings. Beyond 0.05 mg/l the water imparts astringent taste and cause discoloration and corrosion of pipes, fittings and utensils. Recent studies have delineated the threshold for the effects of copper in drinking-water on the gastrointestinal tract, but there is still some uncertainty regarding the long-term effects of copper on sensitive populations, such as carriers of the gene for Wilson disease and other metabolic disorders of copper homeostasis. The concentrations of copper range from not detected (ND) to 0.065 mg/l. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012). has recommended 0.05 mg/l as the desirable limit and 1.5 mg/l as the permissible limit in the absence of alternate source. In the study area, 100% of the analysed samples fall in the desirable limit of 0.05 mg/l.

Iron (Fe): It is a known fact that iron in trace amounts is essential for nutrition. High concentrations of iron generally cause inky flavor, bitter and astringent taste to water. Well water containing soluble iron remain clear while pumped out, but exposure to air causes precipitation of iron due to oxidation, with a consequence of rusty color and turbidity. The objection to iron in the distribution system is not due to health reason but to staining of laundry and plumbing fixtures and appearance. Taste and odor problems may be caused by filamentous organism that prey on iron compounds (frenothrix, gallionella and leptothrix are called iron bacteria), originating another consumer’s objection (red water). The presence of iron bacteria

44 may clog well screens or develop in the distribution system, particularly when sulfate compounds in addition to iron may be subjected to chemical reduction. The concentration of iron in the ground water of the study area ranges from 0.033 to 3.66 mg/l with an average of 0.274 mg/l. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012). has recommended 0.3 mg/l as the as the maximum permissible limit for iron in drinking water. It is evident from the result that 17 % samples of the study area exceeded the maximum permissible limit.

Manganese (Mn): Manganese is one of the most abundant metals in Earth’s crust, usually occurring with iron. It is used principally in the manufacture of iron and steel alloys, as an oxidant for cleaning, bleaching and disinfection (as potassium permanganate) and as an ingredient in various products. More recently, it has been used in an organic compound, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, or MMT, as an octane enhancer in petrol. Manganese is naturally occurring in many surface water and groundwater sources, particularly in anaerobic or low oxidation conditions. Manganese occurs naturally in many food sources, and the greatest exposure to manganese is usually from food. At levels exceeding 0.1 mg/l, manganese in water supplies causes an undesirable taste in beverages and stains sanitary ware and laundry. The presence of manganese in drinking-water may lead to the accumulation of deposits in the distribution system. Manganese will often form a coating on pipes, which may slough off as a black precipitate. The concentration of manganese in the ground water of the study area ranges from 0.079to 0.396 mg/l. The Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS, 2012). has recommended 0.1 mg/l as acceptable and 0.3 mg/l as the as the maximum permissible limit for Mn in drinking water. It is evident from the results that 98% are below permissible limit and only 2% samples of the study area exceed the maximum permissible limit .

Zinc (Zn): Zinc is an essential trace element found in virtually all food and potable water in the form of salts or organic complexes. The solubility of zinc in water is a function of pH and total inorganic carbon concentrations; the solubility of basic zinc carbonate decreases with increase in pH and concentrations of carbonate species. In general, concentration of zinc in surface water and groundwater normally do not exceed 0.01 and 0.05 mg/l, respectively The concentration of Zinc in the ground water of the study area ranges from 0.009- 1.18. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012). has recommended 5.0 mg/L as the desirable and 15.0 mg/L as the maximum permissible limit for drinking. It is evident from the results that zinc concentration in all the samples were well within the desirable limit .

45 Table-2.5: Results of Chemical analysis of water samples of Basics Constituents of Aligarh District Sl.No. BLOCK PLACE LOCATION Cu Zn Fe Mn mg/l 1 Akrabad Akrabad In Compound of Hospital nd 0.811 0.192 0.127 2 Akrabad Gopi Near HS 0.019 0.882 0.318 0.167 3 Akrabad Kodiyaganj In compoud of Primary School nd 0.875 1.636 0.238 4 Akrabad N. Tularam In compoud of Primary School nd 0.534 0.318 0.119 5 Atrauli Atrauli In compoud of Primary School nd 0.283 0.145 0.096 6 Atrauli Jeroli In compoud of Primary School nd 0.054 0.103 0.111 7 Atrauli Sujanpur In compoud of Panchayatghar 0.024 0.079 0.033 0.261 8 Atrauli Salarpur In compoud of Primary School nd 0.953 0.455 0.079 9 Bijauli Bijauli In Block office nd 0.407 0.063 0.127 10 Bijauli Dadon In compoud of Police station 0.065 1.18 3.66 0.182 11 Bijauli N. Tebtu In compoud of Primary School nd 0.108 0.408 0.088 12 Bijauli Hardoi In compoud of Primary School nd 0.346 0.249 0.182 13 Chandos Gabhana In compoud of Tehsil office nd 0.067 0.073 0.159 14 Chandos Pisawan In compoud of Primary School nd 0.573 0.061 0.079 15 Chandos Chandaus In compoud of BDO office nd 0.481 0.087 0.135 16 Chandos Kaseru In compoud of Primary School nd 0.539 0.088 0.104 17 Dhanipur Dhanipur In compoud of BDO office nd 0.865 0.076 0.14 18 Dhanipur Harduaganj In compoud of Temple nd 0.047 0.078 0.119 19 Dhanipur Rohina In village nd 0.104 0.693 0.214 20 Dhanipur Hazipur In compoud of Primary School nd 0.148 0.12 0.096 21 Gangiri Hidramaee In compoud of Primary School nd 0.105 0.078 0.182 22 Gangiri Chharra In compoud of BDO office nd 0.065 0.247 0.111 23 Gangiri Malsai In compoud of Primary School nd 0.235 0.279 0.079 24 Gangiri Barla In compoud of Primary School nd 0.429 0.088 0.088 25 Gonda Gahlau In compoud of Primary School nd 0.025 0.222 0.127 26 Gonda Gonda In compoud of BDO office nd 0.131 0.125 0.206 27 Gonda Gorai In compoud of Primary School 0.02 0.289 0.115 0.104 28 Gonda Pipali In compoud of Primary School nd 0.086 0.182 0.182 29 Jawan Sikandarpur Barauli In compoud of Primary School nd 0.139 0.093 0.19 30 Jawan Sikandarpur Jawan In compoud of Polce station nd 0.897 0.294 0.111 31 Jawan Sikandarpur Manzoorgarhi In compoud of Primary School nd 0.276 0.202 0.096 32 Jawan Sikandarpur Raipur Sunamai In field Omprakash nd 0.139 0.162 0.127 33 Khair Khair In compoud of BDO office 0.015 0.709 0.108 0.238 34 Khair Palachand In compoud of Temple 0.012 1.09 0.09 0.104 35 Khair Sujanpur In compoud of Primary School nd 0.125 0.108 0.088 36 Khair Andla Near HS 0.012 0.033 0.088 0.104 37 Lodha Baragaun In compoud of Panchayat Ghar nd 0.009 0.159 0.104 38 Lodha Bhankari Near vetenary hospital 0.012 0.036 0.093 0.111 39 Lodha Lodha In compoud of Block office nd 0.244 0.11 0.175 40 Lodha Asna In compoud of Primary School nd 0.497 0.095 0.111 41 Tappal Taqueepur In compoud of Temple nd 0.133 0.341 0.104 42 Tappal Tappal In compoud of BDO Office nd 0.519 0.093 0.396 46 Sl.No. BLOCK PLACE LOCATION Cu Zn Fe Mn mg/l 43 Tappal Jattari In compoud of Primary School 0.022 0.146 0.159 0.214 44 Tappal Shadipur Near Primary School 0.012 0.054 0.113 0.175 45 Iglas Hastpur In compoud of Primary School nd 0.373 0.185 0.135 46 Iglas Iglas In compoud of BDO office nd 0.996 0.12 0.143 47 Iglas Tochhigarh In compoud of Primary School nd 0.535 0.095 0.119 48 Iglas Sathini In compoud of Primary School 0.015 0.081 0.274 0.096

2.2.3 Ground Water Quality in Industrial Area Location of ten ground water samples collected from B-2 Industrial Estate and Talanagri are summarised in Table 2.6. Chemical analysis of these samples reveals that the ground water of the study area is slightly alkaline (pH ranges from 7.376 to 7.73). The value of Electrical Conductivity of the study area ranges from 730 µS/cm at Location No. 6 to 2340 µS/cm at Location No. 1. The Bicarbonate content has been found in the range of 342-671 mg/l. The nitrate levels in all the samples are well within the limit of BIS (45 mg/l) except at Location No. 1, near United Steel Factory (170 mg/l) B-2, Industrial Area. The Total Hardness value ranges between 250 – 640 mg/l. The highest value of Total Hardness has been observed in Hand Pump at Sec-2 Talanagri near Spider Metal Products (P) Ltd. Fluoride content has been observed less than the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg /l of BIS in all the samples of the study area. The highest value of 1.08mg /l fluoride has been detected in the Hand Pump sample at Ramghat main road, Talanagri. The Copper value was found ranges between 0 to 0.020 mg/l, Manganese value ranges between 0.010 to 0.110mg/l, Iron value ranges between 0.150 to 2.900 mg/l and Zinc value ranges between 0.030-0.580 mg/l . The permissible limit for Cu is 1.5 mg/l, for Zn is 15 mg/l, for Mn is 0.3 mg/l and for Fe there is no relaxation as per IS 10500: 2012. The acceptable limit of Fe is 0.3 mg/l as per BIS, 2012.The concentration of Iron was found more than 0.3 mg/l in 50% samples of the study area. All other trace metals were found within permissible limits of BIS 2012. Arsenic was not detected in all the samples under study. Table-2.6 Location of the samples collected from industrial area of Aligarh district Location Source of Date of Location No. Samples collection 1 Near United Steel Industry B-2 Industrial Estate H/P IM-2 28.03.2016 2 Infront Police Chowki, Thanna Banna Devi H/P IM-2 28.03.2016 3 Oppo. Rajkiya Audhyodik Prashichan Kendra H/P IM-2 28.03.2016 4 Baraula Chauraha, below bridge H/P IM-2 28.03.2016 5 Ramghat main road, Talanagri, Atrauli 17km, Narora-50km H/P 28.03.2016 6 Road No.14, Sec. 1 Talanagri Industrial Area, Ramghat road H/P IM-2 28.03.2016 7 Sec. 2, Near Balaji Farm House, Talanagri, Ramghat road H/P IM-2 28.03.2016 8 Se-2 Near Mankameshwar Steel(P) Ltd., Talanagri H/P 28.03.2016 9 Sec.-2 Near Spider Metal Products (P) Ltd. H/P 28.03.2016 10 Ramghat Main Road, Near Talaspur Gate H/P IM-2 28.03.2016

47 2.3 AQUIFER MAP AND AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS The aquifers in the study area have been mapped through lithology ascertaining through exploratory drilling, tube wells of State departments and few Borehole logging Self Potential (SP) and Electrical Resistivity Natural Gamma Radioactivity. 2.3.1 Lithological Variation, Aquifer Disposition The Lithological Variations and aquifer dispositions of the area are established through existing data of exploration and various geophysical methods to meet the objectives of the study. The aquifer disposition map have been prepared based on the lithological and geophysical log information obtained through existing exploratory well data of CGWB in conjunction with the tube wells of State department such as Minor Irrigation , Ground Water Department , U.P. Jal Nigam as given in Table 2.7 and details are given Table 2.8. The locations of these wells are shown in Fig 2.16. Out of 55 wells only two tube wells constructed by CGWB are of 300 m bgl and 53 wells are constructed upto 120 m bgl. Hence adequate information are not available below 120 m bgl which are taken as data gap. The details of Geophysical Logged Boreholes in Aligarh District are given in Table 2.9. Table 2.7 Tube Wells considered for Aquifer Mapping in Aligarh District Depth m bgl S. No. Source No. of wells 0-120 120-200 200-300 1 CGWB 13 2 3 8 2 GWD/MI 7 6 - 1 3 UP Jal Nigam 35 35 - Total 55 15 3 9

Fig. 2.16: Location of wells considered for preparation of Section , Fence and 2D, 3DAquifer models and maps

48 Table 2.8a: Details of Tube Wells considered for Aquifer Mapping in Aligarh District S. No. Location/ Year Of Depth Granular Zones Aquifer Tapped Static Water Discharge Drawdown Well Latitude Construction Drilled Encountered Level (m.bgl) (lpm) (m) No. Longitude (m.bgl) (m. bgl) and date of Measurement 1 Sah Kamal 27/12/07 129.57 8.23 35.06 50.78 60.57 24.40 1500 7.03 27.89167 47.86 61.28 69.77 72.76 17-06-08)

78.07222 69.2 73.06 81.83 89.1 81.4 89.32 104.67 109.19 104.26 109.45 117.37 120.42 2 Samshad 30/06/07 123.45 9.15 21 49.08 61.04 20.60 1500 6 27.91056 21.3 33.5 64.54 68.52 12-09- 07

78.06944 48.15 61.55 77.61 89.55 64 69.5 91.45 93.44 77.1 90.5 91 94.4 105.15 108.2 3 Kalidah 01/08/08 123.47 6.7 7.62 50.63 60.7 21.30 1200 6 27.96110 11.58 20.12 78.82 84.82 27-02-08

78.08580 22.86 31.76 96.9 106.48 37.8 41.15 46.14 61.97 76.82 85.36 96.14 107 4 Old Nagar 28/01/08 129.57 2.43 7.01 52.51 57.08 25.50 1500 6 78.07583 9.75 18.9 68.72 71.76 25-04-08

27.89388 37.5 41.46 82.32 106.83 46.34 57.62 68.39 72.56 81.09 82.92 82.92 107.54 5 Sah Jamal 02/11/08 129.57 10.97 19.2 65.24 68.44 22.20 1000 5 78.03361 21.64 27.43 79.73 81.15 12-03-08

27.87722 37.8 41.76 84.8 87.82 64.63 68.69 102.76 111.6 78.35 81.4 84.45 88.1 102.13 111.89 6 Sarai Rahman 28/02/08 129.57 2.43 10.67 48.09 53.24 18.90 1500 6.5 14.32 18.9 74.84 77.88 (11-05-08) 21.95 28.04 98.07 106.76 45.73 53.65 74.89 78.65 98.26 107.23 114.32 115.85 7 Jamalpur 27/03/08 129.57 9.75 18.29 51.39 63.09 16.10 1500 6.5 Dhobi Ghat 21.08 31.4 79.42 84.29 (28-05-08) 78.07778 48.78 64.02 87.57 93.44

27.92389 78.48 83.84 99.53 103.18 88.41 95.31 99.39 104.87 110.97 114.02 49 S. No. Location/ Year Of Depth Granular Zones Aquifer Tapped Static Water Discharge Drawdown Well Latitude Construction Drilled Encountered Level (m.bgl) (lpm) (m) No. Longitude (m.bgl) (m. bgl) and date of Measurement

8 C.R.P.Colony 04/12/08 123.47 3.65 18.59 48.79 59.15 21.40 1500 7.2 AvasVikash 22.25 28.96 75.29 78.44 (19-05-08) 78.11444 47.25 60.53 97.26 98.96

27.89750 64.02 65.54 101.9 107.94 74.08 79 96.34 99.67 101.91 108.62 9 Bajautha 05/09/08 100 3 55 18 30.11 09.00 400 6.5 78.63778 70 90 39.48 54.15 30-05-08)

28.06556 10 Kishanpur 19/05/08 126.52 12.8 19.81 49.21 58.06 21.50 1500 7.1 78.08750 27.89528 48.78 58.23 79.38 85.44 (29-06-08 68.59 71.64 88.74 97.09 79 86.28 89.32 99.78 116.52 118.4 11 Tika Ram 17/05/08 123.47 12.19 16.76 49.08 60.6 21.40 1500 7.1 Colony 22.25 31.7 70.13 72.29 (07-06-08 78.09111 27.87500 46.34 60.97 83.38 90.02 70.4 73.17 96.86 100.82 83.84 89.63 96.34 100.31 12 Jartauli 18/05/08 100 3 38 32 38.03 19.00 500 6.5 77.65778 40 52 42.03 52.08 (10-06-08

27.98500 70 76 70.23 76.26 13 Kalyan Puram 06/05/08 129.57 2.74 4.57 49.87 56.08 21.00 1000 7.11 78.08083 22.86 31.7 64.04 67.31 22-07-08)

27.85472 48.17 56.76 75.12 82.48 64.42 67.68 97.09 108.56 74.8 82.88 96.95 108.83 116.56 118.29

14 Dori Nagar 07/09/08 132.62 12.19 18.29 48.77 62.62 19.00 1500 7.3 78.09500 21.34 34.14 70.11 71.63 18-08-08

27.87500 69.72 71.84 84.42 89.87 83.84 89.93 102.17 103.69 101.82 103.85 110.25 112.1 122.62 124.2 15 Indra Nagar 13/07/00 129.57 10.06 17.98 65 68.96 22.70 1000 7.2 78.04972 21.34 28.35 75.55 82.42 04-09-08)

27.88556 36.89 4024 85.16 87.59 43.9 47.25 102.94 108.76 64.63 69.2 77.13 82.62 84.75 87.8 102.43 109.14

50 S. No. Location/ Year Of Depth Granular Zones Aquifer Tapped Static Water Discharge Drawdown Well Latitude Construction Drilled Encountered Level (m.bgl) (lpm) (m) No. Longitude (m.bgl) (m. bgl) and date of Measurement 16 NagalaKalar 20/08/08 126.52 11.28 18.9 49.52 55.55 22.70 1200 6.02 78.04833 21.95 29.57 79.79 88.83 (24-09-08

27.90000 34.75 38.1 105.52 109.38 46.03 56.09 78.65 89.71 104.87 109.85 17 Civil Store 24/08008 150 3 34 51.55 60.49 26.00 1500 7.05 78.07861 48 60 75.38 81.35 (29-09-08

27.89278 75 81 102.29 111.24 101 111 123.25 129.29 121 150 18 NagalaKalar 2 26/08/08 129.57 4.57 6.9 50.38 56.68 19.25 1200 6.3 78.04833 9.14 18.29 80.55 89.74 (04-12-08

27.89972 21.34 28.96 101.72 108.02 42.68 57.1 67.68 69.51 76.82 78.65 80.18 89.93 101.21 108.23 19 Jatali 17/11/08 111.28 3.04 11.28 40.55 51.22 03.70 1000 5.27 78.25167 12.5 27.13 70.62 76.62 (06-01-09

27.86639 28.2 31.9 79.62 95.75 40.24 51.52 70.12 76.82 79.26 96.3 20 Charra 12/05/08 105.18 11.28 33.52 48.96 52.18 14.00 1000 5.5 78.39833 48.48 52.44 73.22 85.2 22-01-09)

27.92556 72.87 85.37 99.08 105.18 21 Sarai Garhi 21/01/09 132.62 2.44 6.71 49.14 59.98 24.70 1000 6.05 78.06611 9.76 18.6 67.82 70.26 24-02-09

27.87028 24.39 31.4 85.2 90 33.84 35.67 106.28 110.88 48.47 57.92 66.16 71.5 82.93 84.15 84.15 91.3 104.27 112 22 Elampur 15/01/09 102.13 6.1 30.49 47.99 54 16.77 1500 4.23 78.03806 45.73 54.88 79.5 94.5 (02-02-09

27.90278 80.79 96.04 23 BapuDham 02/01/09 102 6 30 51.36 57.43 18.30 400 7.3 78.04611 45 60 78.52 90.62

27.89333 76 92 02-03-09) 24 Lal Masjid 25/03/09 123.48 11.28 19.51 62.48 55.53 23.70 1000 6.02

78.05361 21.95 28.35 77.73 82.91 02-05-09

27.88361 55.49 56.4 85.33 88.99 61.8 65.55 104.39 109.97

51 S. No. Location/ Year Of Depth Granular Zones Aquifer Tapped Static Water Discharge Drawdown Well Latitude Construction Drilled Encountered Level (m.bgl) (lpm) (m) No. Longitude (m.bgl) (m. bgl) and date of Measurement 67.68 68.9 76.83 82.93 84.77 89.02 103.65 110.06 25 Suraksha 20/04/09 135.67 7.93 17.99 50.28 53.94 18.30 1500 6.71 Vihar 21.34 27.44 78.06 90.97 28-05-09 78.05583 32.01 35.37 98.47 106.35

27.90222 46.95 54.27 111.13 117.28 59.45 60.67 120.94 123.73 64.84 67.99 76.22 90.85 95.48 96.95 96.95 106.6 108.23 117.38 120.43 124.39 26 Devseni 02/09/10 135.67 1.83 3.66 44.52 56.52 12.00 1000 no

78.11222 12.2 18.6 68.33 71.07 09-03-10)

27.94111 21.2 30.79 113.16 119.17 39.63 57.32 66.77 71.34 84.15 85.37 111.59 120.43 27 Raipur Khas 04/09/10 128 3 22 36.3 54.3 10 1200 7.02 78.45583 27 105 80 98 05-05-10)

28.04917 28 Bhaiya 16/04/10 122 12 25 33.3 51.64 10.00 500 6.05 77.90028 29 67 54.64 66.69

27.76167 85 98 29 HarduaGanj ( 30/04/10 122 3 70 31.1 46.17 4.00 1000 8.6 Dehat) 84 93 51.96 63.99 (12-06-10 78.15500 100 113 78.07 84.07

27.94500 30 Shiwala 15/05/10 120 12 20 30.5 39.5 12.00 800 6.1 77.75222 30 40 48.5 72.5 04-06-10)

27.93833 45 90 110 115 31 Kesavpur 27/05010 122 10 25 55 69 20.00 1000 7.1 Gadarna 32 41 74 92 (08-06-10 78.00306 48 69

27.88194 74 92 32 Shiwala 2 15/06/10 122 12 30 42 47.92 06.00 800 6.05 77.75222 41 78 52.99 68 (30-06-10

27.93833 98 115 33 Dhantoli 21/07/10 122 36 66 36.23 48.05 11.00 600 7.2 77.86472 85 90 53.98 65.72

27.83056 110 122 (05-08-10 34 Atrauli 12/12/10 120 9 18 22.61 40.43 09.00 48000 5.6

52 S. No. Location/ Year Of Depth Granular Zones Aquifer Tapped Static Water Discharge Drawdown Well Latitude Construction Drilled Encountered Level (m.bgl) (lpm) (m) No. Longitude (m.bgl) (m. bgl) and date of Measurement 78.28556 22 40 47.01 53.05 21-01-11

28.03028 46 53 62.75 65.75 62 65 75.75 83.75 75 83 35 Sathni 24/12/2010 120 15 41 44.31 59.31 15.00 500 6.1 77.87167 44 59 72.36 82.32 17-01-11

27.60306 72 82 36 Jamalpur 06/04/11 129.53 12.19 18.29 50.04 60.71 17.10 1000 5.8 78.07778 22.87 30.79 80.62 90.38 08-11-11)

27.92333 37.8 42.38 108.24 112.11 49.65 60.8 81.18 90.55 107.62 112.5 37 Chuharpur 14/12/11 122 5 22 51.24 55.24 24.00 1500 6.25 77.98111 26 33 76.04 93.86 28-12-11)

28.00778 40 55 96.84 107.84 76 94 97 108 38 Rahsupur 15/06/12 125 3 10 40 51.72 09.00 800 5.1 78.23833 10 36 69.9 78.9 (25-07-12

27.90944 40 52 112.18 118.13 70 79 112 118 39 Budasi 15/07/12 122 11 24 18.71 24.78 04.00 1000 4.9 78.11361 42 52 42.94 51.77 27-07-12

27.87278 73 98 73.77 97.98 104 107 40 KhairByepass 06/09/12 126.52 1.52 7.62 61.89 67.66 24.00 1200 5.8 77.84500 10.67 16.76 77.15 87.93 (21-07-12

27.94056 22.86 27.44 103.96 109.89 35.06 36.58 47.86 49.69 61.58 67.98 76.21 76.83 76.83 81.4 81.4 82.92 82.92 88.41 103.65 110.67 41 Goolar Road 23/07012 123.47 3 17.98 49.51 54.09 26.40 1500 5.7 78.06139 21.64 27.44 85.61 106.66 05-08-12

27.89056 30.48 33.23 35.97 37.8 46.34 54.27 99.08 106.7 42 Dhanipur 29/11/14 108.23 14.32 18.23 43.93 57.28 20.,00 1200 0 78.19694 66.46 69.51 66.42 69.42 (6-01-15)

27.87361 82.02 96.95 82.57 96.07 103.96 108.23 43 Guriya 18/09/07 120.42 7.92 19.51 26.50 1500 0

53 S. No. Location/ Year Of Depth Granular Zones Aquifer Tapped Static Water Discharge Drawdown Well Latitude Construction Drilled Encountered Level (m.bgl) (lpm) (m) No. Longitude (m.bgl) (m. bgl) and date of Measurement 23.17 35.36 15-11-07) 48.78 56.7 68.27 72.25 78.04 104.26 108.23 110.23 44 Dhanipur 14.32 18.23 78.19694 66.46 69.51

27.87361 82.02 96.95 103.96 108.23

45 Palsera 18.28 21.33 77.67500 22.86 27.43

28.07500 33.52 36.57 36.57 44.5 46.94 53.64 57.3 64 74.98 84.73 46 Udaipur 1971 140.2 24.38 37.18 41.7 62.07 77.57972 37.18 62.48 100.22 118.26

28.02528 67.36 74.06 99.67 118.26

47 Chandaus 1991 252 5.8 19.74 15 18 77.84917 22.74 48.76 27 33

28.07917 51 69 39 45 81 84 60 69 99 110.94 81 84 99 111 48 Mohsinpur 1982 242 9.8 15.7 30 35 Sofa 82.27 85.23 40 48 77.75000 54 58

27.98333 75 85 49 Sikandarpur 1971 70.1 3.04 6.09 34.13 58.52 78.28083 9.14 28.95

27.85667 32 57.91 50 Railway 1976 383.26 99.69 110.02 35 65 Station Club 179.21 201.85 Compound 342.23 368.16 78.07472 27.88861 51 Popepur 1973 122.7 11 18 42.66 48.43 40.95 48.15 54.16 56.47 53.15 56.5 82.3 106.3 2 64.05 67.3 82 106.1 52 Paharipur 292.6 3.05 45.47 28.34 46.6 77.96778 64.01 76.2 63.59 74.61

54 S. No. Location/ Year Of Depth Granular Zones Aquifer Tapped Static Water Discharge Drawdown Well Latitude Construction Drilled Encountered Level (m.bgl) (lpm) (m) No. Longitude (m.bgl) (m. bgl) and date of Measurement 27.67639 82.29 85.34 112.77 118.87 121.92 124.96 131.06 143.25 170.68 185.92 207.26 210.31 228.59 252.98 277.366 280.41 53 Bijauli/ ardoi 121.9 6.1 21.33 50.67 73.53 2 78.39972 30.48 73.15 78.1 51.44

27.98278 76.2 91.44 54 Jawan/ 122.53 15.24 19.81 23.13 30.38 imloth 22.66 30.48 42.26 57.54 36.58 39.01 114.2 120.2 78.10111 2 9 27.98806 41.15 57.91 88.39 92.96 103.63 105.15 109.73 111.56 114.3 120.7 55 Gangiri/ 91.5 0 9.15 40.54 52.9 Kakabegpur 17 24.4 68.57 85.19 78.45778 27.3 58.3

27.85028 65 84.2

Table 2.8b: Details of Aquifer Group of bore wells in Aligarh district Location depth1 depth2 Lithology Shah Kamal 0.00 89.00 Aquifer Group-I Shah Kamal 89.00 129.00 Clay Horizon-I Samshad 0.00 94.00 Aquifer Group-I Samshad 94.00 123.00 Clay Horizon-I Kalidah 0.00 85.00 Aquifer Group-I Kalidah 85.00 123.00 Clay Horizon-I Old Nagar 0.00 107.00 Aquifer Group-I Old Nagar 107.00 130.00 Clay Horizon-I Shah Jamal 0.00 111.00 Aquifer Group-I Shah Jamal 111.00 129.00 Clay Horizon-I Jamalpur 0.00 104.00 Aquifer Group-I Jamalpur 104.00 130.00 Clay Horizon-I C R P Colony Avas Vikash 0.00 108.00 Aquifer Group-I C R P Colony Avas Vikash 108.00 123.00 Clay Horizon-I

55 Location depth1 depth2 Lithology Bajautha 0.00 55.00 Aquifer Group-I Bajautha 55.00 100.00 Clay Horizon-I Kishanpur 0.00 99.00 Aquifer Group-I Kishanpur 99.00 128.00 Clay Horizon-I Tika Ram Colony 0.00 100.00 Aquifer Group-I Tika Ram Colony 100.00 123.00 Clay Horizon-I Jartauli 0.00 80.00 Aquifer Group-I Jartauli 80.00 100.00 Clay Horizon-I Kalyan Puram 0.00 108.00 Aquifer Group-I Kalyan Puram 108.00 129.00 Clay Horizon-I DoriNagar 0.00 103.00 Aquifer Group-I DoriNagar 103.00 132.00 Clay Horizon-I Indra Nagar 0.00 109.00 Aquifer Group-I Indra Nagar 109.00 129.00 Clay Horizon-I Nagla Kalar 0.00 78.00 Aquifer Group-I Nagla Kalar 78.00 126.00 Clay Horizon-I Civil Store 0.00 81.00 Aquifer Group-I Civil Store 81.00 150.00 Clay Horizon-I Nagala Kalar 2 0.00 89.00 Aquifer Group-I Nagala Kalar 2 89.00 129.00 Clay Horizon-I Jalali 0.00 96.00 Aquifer Group-I Jalali 96.00 111.00 Clay Horizon-I Chharra 0.00 85.00 Aquifer Group-I Chharra 85.00 105.00 Clay Horizon-I Sarai Garhi 0.00 112.00 Aquifer Group-I Sarai Garhi 112.00 132.00 Clay Horizon-I Elampur 0.00 96.00 Aquifer Group-I Elampur 96.00 102.00 Clay Horizon-I Bapu Dham 0.00 92.00 Aquifer Group-I Bapu Dham 92.00 102.00 Clay Horizon-I Lal Masjid 0.00 110.00 Aquifer Group-I Lal Masjid 110.00 123.00 Clay Horizon-I Suraksha Vihar 0.00 90.00 Aquifer Group-I Suraksha Vihar 90.00 135.00 Clay Horizon-I Devseni 0.00 71.00 Aquifer Group-I Devseni 71.00 135.00 Clay Horizon-I Raipur Khas 0.00 105.00 Aquifer Group-I Raipur Khas 105.00 128.00 Clay Horizon-I Bhaiyan 0.00 72.00 Aquifer Group-I Bhaiyan 72.00 122.00 Clay Horizon-I Harduaganj 0.00 89.00 Aquifer Group-I

56 Location depth1 depth2 Lithology Harduaganj 89.00 122.00 Clay Horizon-I Shivala 0.00 78.00 Aquifer Group-I Shivala 78.00 120.00 Clay Horizon-I Kesavpur Gadarna 0.00 98.00 Aquifer Group-I Kesavpur Gadarna 98.00 122.00 Clay Horizon-I Dhantoli 0.00 71.00 Aquifer Group-I Dhantoli 71.00 122.00 Clay Horizon-I Atrauli 0.00 89.00 Aquifer Group-I Atrauli 89.00 120.00 Clay Horizon-I Sathni 0.00 88.00 Aquifer Group-I Sathni 88.00 120.00 Clay Horizon-I Jamalpur 0.00 117.00 Aquifer Group-I Jamalpur 117.00 129.00 Clay Horizon-I Chuharpur 0.00 113.00 Aquifer Group-I Chuharpur 113.00 122.00 Clay Horizon-I Rahsupur 0.00 78.00 Aquifer Group-I Rahsupur 78.00 125.00 Clay Horizon-I Budasi 0.00 103.00 Aquifer Group-I Budasi 103.00 122.00 Clay Horizon-I Khair 0.00 50.00 Aquifer Group-I Khair 50.00 195.00 Clay Horizon-I Goolar Road 0.00 106.00 Aquifer Group-I Goolar Road 106.00 123.00 Clay Horizon-I Dhanipur 0.00 102.00 Aquifer Group-I Dhanipur 102.00 108.00 Clay Horizon-I Amu Agriculture Farm 0.00 110.00 Aquifer Group-I Amu Agriculture Farm 110.00 205.00 Clay Horizon-I Palsera 0.00 84.00 Aquifer Group-I Palsera 84.00 91.00 Clay Horizon-I Udaipur 0.00 118.00 Aquifer Group-I Udaipur 118.00 140.00 Clay Horizon-I Chandaus 0.00 110.00 Aquifer Group-I Chandaus 110.00 252.00 Clay Horizon-I Mohsinpur Sofa 0.00 85.00 Aquifer Group-I Mohsinpur Sofa 85.00 200.00 Clay Horizon-I Sikandarpur 0.00 70.00 Aquifer Group-I Railway Station Club Compound 0.00 110.00 Aquifer Group-I Railway Station Club Compound 110.00 150.00 Clay Horizon-I Railway Station Club Compound 150.00 176.00 Aquifer Group-II Railway Station Club Compound 176.00 368.00 Clay Horizon-II Paharipur 0.00 85.00 Aquifer Group-I Paharipur 85.00 131.00 Clay Horizon-I 57 Location depth1 depth2 Lithology Paharipur 131.00 185.00 Aquifer Group-II Paharipur 185.00 228.00 Clay Horizon-II Paharipur 228.00 291.00 Bijauli (Hardoi) 0.00 91.00 Aquifer Group-I Bijauli (Hardoi) 91.00 121.00 Clay Horizon-I Imloth (Jawan) 0.00 120.00 Aquifer Group-I Imloth (Jawan) 120.00 122.00 Clay Horizon-I Kakabegpur (Gangiri) 0.00 84.00 Aquifer Group-I Kakabegpur (Gangiri) 84.00 91.00 Clay Horizon-I Kaseru 0.00 20.00 Aquifer Group-I Kaseru 20.00 228.00 Clay Horizon-I Kaseru 228.00 250.00 Aquifer Group-II Kaseru 250.00 370.00 Clay Horizon-II

To obtain a two-dimensional and three-dimensional generalized view of the lithological and aquifer dispositions, Cross Sections, 3-D multi-logs and fence diagrams (lithological and aquifer group) have been prepared on the basis of integrated lithologs using Rockworks software and manual methods. The lihtological cross sections are presented in Fig 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20 and 2.21. The lihtological 3-D multi-logs and fence diagrams are presented in Fig 2.22, and 2.23. A perusal of these figures reveals the presence of a thick pile of of alluvial sediments with alternation of various grades of sand, clay and silt. The lithological variation in the district is fine to medium sand, kankar variably associated with clay formation. The thickness of clay increases in the south and south western part of the district in Yamuna sub basin whereas thickness of sand beds is increasing in the north and north east in Aligarh district. The basement Vindhyan shale has been encountered down to the depth of 327 m at Aligarh railway station.

' ' Fig 2.17 Line A- A and B-B of cross sections, District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.18 Schematic Geological Section along A- A' , District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.19 Schematic Geological Section along B-B', District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.20 Schematic Geological Section along Udaipur- Kaberpur West-East ,District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.21 Schematic Geological Section along Kaseru- Sathni North-South, District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.22 Fence Diagram showing lithological variation District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.23 Fence Diagram showing lithological variation, District Aligarh , U.P.

61 AQUIFER DISPOSITION Fence diagrams are showing detailed aquifer geometry on regional scale established in the study area. The Principal aquifers in the area have been delineated by grouping the fine to medium sand, coarse sand and gravelly sand as aquifers. A careful study of the lithological logs and also a perusal of fence diagram and other schematic cross sections (Fig 2.24 to 2.29 and Table 2.10) showing the occurrence of a two aquifer groups in the area. There is variation in thickness of aquifer group but in regional scale they are making different groups on the basis of aquifer characteristics grade of sand and clay. The fence and panels diagrams reveal the presence of a thick pile of alluvial sediments with alternation of various grades of sand with clay and silt. The area is characterized by occurrence of fairly thick sands of various grades forming prolific aquifers. The granular zones (the aquifers) with varied resistivities were picked up from the combined interpretations of electrical resistivity (64 inches Normal) and gamma radioactivity logs of the boreholes drilled in the area. Demarcation of different aquifer groups has been done on the basis of lithological character, hydraulic properties and quality ascertained though exploratory drilling, geophysical logging. Depth wise upto 372 m bgl, the aquifers have been grouped as Aquifer Group-I and Aquifer Group-II,. These aquifer groups are separated by confining clay layers of thickness more than 10 m. Also these groups consist of several thin aquifers separated by clays and silts. The resistivity of these aquifer groups in general decreases with depth. The variations in aquifer thicknesses and the trend in their occurrences are indicative of variations in the depositional palaeo-environment and the influences of structural controls at different geological times. Aquifer disposition of the area is described through various panel diagrams and fence diagram, prepared in different orientation.

A) First Aquifer Group (Aquifer Group- I): It is the most potential aquifer group covering almost the entire area below the soil capping, occurs generally between the depth to the depth of 114.00 mbgl. The aquifer material is fine to medium sand, kankar variably occurs associated with clay formation. The thickness of granular zone varies between 17-52 m with average of 31 m. Ground water occurs under water table condition & depth to water level varies between 2 and 26 metres. The quality of the formation water of this aquifer group is generally fresh. The First aquifer group forms the main source of water supply to the open wells, hand pumps & shallow tube wells. About 90% of the state tube wells of 100-140 metres depth are parts of this aquifer group. The discharge of private tube wells of 40-60 metres depth varies from 8 to 10 lps at moderate draw-downs of about 2-4 meters between 20-40 lps at drawdown of 5 to 12 metres. Being the only fresh water aquifer in the area it holds almost the entire ground water developmental activities and thus is overstressed.

B) Second Aquifer Group (Aquifer Group-II): This aquifer group is separated with the overlying shallow aquifer group by a thick clay and occurs between the depth range of 120 to 300 metres below ground level. The aquifer material is generally medium sand but at place it is an admixture of fine and coarse grained sand. The thickness of granular zones varies from 20 to 100 metres with average of 45 m and total clay content in this aquifer group is 40 to 50%. This aquifer group inferior water quality in terms of E.C. and The quality of grouped water is brackish to saline in entire area except in Jawan , atrauli, Bijauli and Gangiri blocks.

WELL DESIGN: Since the quality of formation water in the district is generally deteriorating below the depth of 115 m.bgl. and becomes saline further below the depth of 150 mbgl. The total depth of irrigation of water supply tube wells are generally down 40 140 mbgl. The prevailing hydrogeological conditions in the area favour the construction of tubewells with 50 metres housing length 1.58 mm size slot opening and 3.14 mm to 4.34 mm size of gravels, 356×203 mm and 305×152 mm integrated well assemblies are generally found suitable for irrigation and water supply tube wells respectively, depending upon the water requirement. A number of caving boring (30-40m deep) have also been constructed by the farmers.

2.3.2 Aquifer Parameters: To evaluate the aquifer parameters hydrogeological test were conducted on exploratory tubewell of CGWB at Mohsinpur Sofa of Aligarh district with observation wells. Transmissivity ‘T’ ranges from 503 to 1300 m²/day. Storativity ‘S’ is to the order of 1.34×10-4 showing confined state of aquifer. As all wells constructed in Aquifer Group-I and only one well tested some more wells are proposed to be constructed for refinement of Aquifer mapping and Aquifer demarcation in the area in terms of quantity and quality aspect. Table 2.9: Details of Geophysical Logged Boreholes in Aligarh District S. Location Depth logged m bgl Remarks Aquifer group/ Resistivity m No. bgl/ Ωm 1. Nalkoop Water works 198 2 Aquifer group : WT -107 (F) Colony 123 – 198 (S) 2. Agriculture Farm , 205 Fresh/saline interface : 85 Aligarh University log quality not good 3. Khair Water Works 160 2 Aquifer group : WT -50 (F) 60-160 (S) 4. Chandaus BDO office 250 2 Aquifer group : WT –110 (F) 114 – 250 (S) 5. Salempur 250 Salinity from the water table log quality not good

63 S. Location Depth logged m bgl Remarks Aquifer group/ Resistivity m No. bgl/ Ωm 6. Mohsinpur Sofa 240 2 Aquifer groups : WT – 85 (F) 85 - 240 (S) 7. Kanu Bhinter 330 3 Aquifer groups : WT -114 (F) 122– 238 (S) 245 - 328 (F) Bedrock (sst.) at 328 8. Kaseru 372 Salinity from the water table 3 Aquifer groups : WT – 132 (S) 156 – 226 (S) 233 – 372 (F)

Table 2.10 Block wise Details of Aquifer Group-I (Unconfined) and Aquifer-II (confined in Aligarh District BLOCK AREA Average Average Avg Top Thickness in Bottom depth Thickness of Conf of granular sq.km. of Aquifer Granular Aquifer zones Group -I Zones in Group -II Aquifer (Unconfined) Aquifer (confined) Group -II mbgl Group -I (mbgl) (confined) (Unconfined) down to in m 300 m. Akrabad 276 100 31 120 45 Atrauli 277 110 17 120 45 Bijauli 257 107 52 120 45 Chandaus 362 109 38 120 45 Dhanipur 307 109 33 120 45 Gangiri 364 114 27 120 45 Gonda 323 110 35 120 45 Iglas 234 114 34 120 45 Jawa Sikandairpur 287 109 35 120 45 Khair 306 91 21 120 45 Lodha 302 108 25 120 45 Tappal 426 93 29 120 45 Total 3721 106 31 120 45

Fig 2.24 Aquifer Disposition Section along Udaipur- Kakabegpur West-East, District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.25Aquifer Disposition Section along Kaseru- Sathni North-South, District Aligarh , U.P.

Fig 2.26 Fence Diagram showing Aquifer Disposition, District Aligarh , U.P

Fig 2.27 3-D Stratigraphic model showing the individual aquifer disposition in District Aligarh , U.P

Fig 2.28-D Stratigraphic model showing the individual aquifer disposition in District Aligarh , U.P

Fig 2.29 3D Stratigraphic model showing the individual aquifer disposition in District Aligarh , U.P

3.0 GROUND WATER RESOURCES ESTIMATION as on March 2013 Ground Water Resource estimation of Aligarh District has been carried out by the officers Ground Water Department of the corresponding field divisions according to the methodology recommended by the Ground Water Estimation Committee constituted by Government of India (GEC 1997). GEC’ 97.

3.1 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES Dynamic Ground Water Resource Estimation as on 31.3.2013 has been carried out with administrative blocks as ground water assessment units by GWD & CGWB. Due to lack of data on command, non-command and poor ground water quality areas, the resources could not be estimated separately and the administrative unit (block) as a whole without sub-dividing it into sub-units has been considered. The precise estimation of ground water reserves and irrigation potential is prerequisite for proper planning and execution for socio-economic development in the area. The ground water recharge has been estimated on the basis of water level fluctuation method which has been evaluated by significant change in water level during pre and post monsoon periods. Since the area is alluvium , the specific yield has been considered 16 % and of rainfall infiltration is 25 % for all blocks.

Recharge from Rainfall Precipitation is the principal source of recharge to ground water in the district. The quantity of recharge depends upon the intensity and duration of rainfall, nature and texture of soil, vegetation cover and land use pattern of the area. Recharge from rainfall has been computed separately for monsoon and non-monsoon periods. Recharge from rainfall is mainly a function of geographical area of the district, normal monsoon rainfall and lithology of the area. The recharge from rainfall during monsoon season has been computed using mainly Water Level Fluctuation Method & Rainfall Infiltration Factor Method, whereas recharge from rainfall during non-monsoon period has been computed using Rainfall Infiltration Factor Method. Block-wise recharge from rainfall is given in Table-3.1.Total recharge from rainfall in the Aligarh district is of the order of 50889.20 ham, with Gangiri Block having the highest recharge of 5873.33 ham and Khair Block has minimum recharge of the order of 3337.05 ham .

Recharge from Other Sources: Total Recharge to ground water has several components, rainfall being the major one. The other component include seepage from canals, return flow from surface water irrigation, return flow from ground water irrigation, seepage from Tanks and Ponds etc. for command area. Block recharge from other sources is given Table-3.2. Component of recharge from other sources is highest in Akrabad block (4682.83 ham) ham) followed 68 Dhanipur block (4083.00 ham) and Bijauli block (3913.09 ham). Lowest value of recharge from other source is recorded in Lodha (771.24ham). Recharge from All Sources: Total replenishable ground water resources including rainfall recharge and recharge from other sources have been computed on blockwise which is presented Table-3.1 respectively. Total annual recharge from all sources in the district is of the order 86849.56 ham with Gangiri block having the highest recharge of 9322.48 ham and Chandaus block has minimum recharge of the order of 4942.49 ham. The annual replenishable ground water resources in metre per unit area is maximum at Akrabad block (0.35 m/ area) followed Dhanipur block (0.28 m/ area) with minimum of 0.15 metre per unit area in Chandaus block. The average annual replenishable ground water resource of the District is 0.24 m/ area.

Table- 3.1: Block- wise Dynamic Ground Water Resource of Aligarh District as on March 2013 S. Block Recharge Recharge Recharge Recharge Total Natural Net Annual No From From From From Annual Discharge Ground replenishable . Rainfall Rainfall Other Other ground (ham) Water Groundwater during during Non Sources Sources water Availability resources Monsoon Monsoon during during Recharge (ham) (m/unit area) Season Season Monsoon Non (ham) (ham) (ham) Season Monsoon (ham) Season (ham) 1 Akbarabad 3554.45 844.74 1526.48 3156.34 9082.01 908.20 8173.81 0.35 2 Atrauli 4001.62 651.65 569.06 1066.34 6288.68 628.87 5659.81 0.23 3 Bijauli 3627.32 590.70 1334.29 2578.81 8131.11 813.11 7318.00 0.33 4 Chandaus 2903.31 550.81 507.56 980.81 4942.49 494.25 4448.24 0.15 5 Dhanipur 3299.70 983.59 1542.09 2540.90 8366.29 418.31 7947.97 0.28 6 Gangiri 5050.82 822.51 1248.55 2200.60 9322.48 932.25 8390.23 0.27 7 Gonda 3485.02 542.71 932.96 1806.51 6767.20 676.72 6090.48 0.23 8 Iglas 3052.79 475.40 854.15 2117.79 6500.13 650.01 5850.11 0.25 9 Jawan 3463.55 1028.85 1215.03 2410.49 8117.92 405.90 7712.02 0.26 10 Khair 2804.90 532.14 1143.31 2248.90 6729.25 672.93 6056.33 0.21 11 Lodha 3833.67 911.10 347.70 423.55 5516.01 551.60 4964.41 0.20 12 Tappal 3259.47 618.38 987.04 2221.11 7086.00 708.60 6377.40 0.19 Total 42336.61 8552.59 12208.23 23752.13 86849.56 7860.75 78988.81 0.24

Unaccounted Natural Discharge and Net Ground Water Availability The total annual ground water recharge of the area is the sum of monsoon and non- monsoon recharge. An allowance of 5-10 % of total annual ground water recharge has been kept for natural discharge in the non-monsoon season because WLF/RIF method 0.0respectively is employed to compute rainfall recharge during monsoon season. The balance of ground water available accounts for existing net ground water availability for various uses and potential for future development. Block wise unaccounted natural

69 discharge and net ground water availability is given in Table -3.2 . Total unaccounted natural discharge in the district is of the order of 7860.75 ham, with Gangiri block having the highest discharge of 932.25 ham and Jawan block with lowest of 405.90 ham. The net ground water availability in the District is 78988.81 ham with Gangiri block having the highest net ground water availability of 8390.23ham and Chandaus block with lowest of 4448.24ham.

Ground Water Draft: The ground water draft is the quantity of water withdrawn from ground water reservoirs. The principal ground water development structures for utilization of ground water in the district are open wells, dug cum borewells, private tubewells / government tubewells / government tubewells constructed under minor irrigation works and by other state government departments. On the basis of statistical data available on the number of various ground water structures, the block wise annual gross draft has been computed by multiplying its average discharge and annual working hours. The total draft from the district is 66569.24 ham. From the Table-9.5, it is seen that maximum ground water drawl for all uses is . 7541 ham in Gangiri block and minimum draft of ground water for all uses is 4611.493928207ham in Chandaus block. Comparison of ground water draft for various uses reveals that draft for irrigation accounts for more than 89% of total ground water draft, where as draft for domestic & industrial supply accounts for meager 11% of the total ground water draft in the district.

Stage of Ground Water Development and Categorization of Blocks The level of ground water development in Aligarh district has been worked out for each block as the ratio of gross annual draft to net ground water availability.

Gross Annual Draft×100 Level of Ground Water Development = Net Ground Water Availability

The distributions of various categorized blocks are shown in the Figure-3.1. Two blocks namely Iglas and Chandaus of the district are categorized as over-exploited. Remaining ten blocks in the district fall under ‘safe’ category. Overall level of ground water development in Aligarh district is 84.0 %. The summarized block wise estimate of ground water resources position in the district are given in Table-3.2. The overall ground water situation in the district is given below:

70 Table-3.2: Block wise Ground Water Draft and Stage of GW development as on March 2013 Block Net Annual Existing Existing Existing Provision Net Ground Stage of Category S. Ground Gross Gross Gross for water Ground No water Ground Ground Ground domestic, Availability water Availability water water water and for future Developm (ham) Draft for Draft for Draft for industrial irrigation -ent (%) Irrigation Domestic All uses requirementDevelopm (ham) & (ham) -nt -ent Industrial supply to (ham) water next 25 Supply year (ham) (ham) Akrabad 8174 4399 446 4845 646 3129 59 Safe Atarauli 5660 4694 355 5049 842 124 89 *Safe Bijauli 7318 5034 426 5460 635 1649 75 *Safe Chandaus 4448 4194 417 4611 492 0 104 Over-Exploited Dhanipur 7948 5843 532 6375 726 1380 80 *Safe Gangiri 8390 7089 452 7541 909 392 90 *Safe Gonda 6090 4234 421 4655 543 1313 76 *Safe Iglas 5850.11 5492 483 5974.33 776 0 102 Over-Exploited Jawan 7712 4825 448 5272 413 2474 68 Safe Khair 6056 4940 411 5351 690 426 88 *Safe Lodha 4964 3331 2685 6017 4824 0 121 *Safe Tappal 6377 4936 483 5419 658 784 85 *Safe Total 78989 59009 7560 66569 12154 11671 84 *Safe blocks are categorized as safe since no significant water level trend is observed.

Fig. 3.1: Block-wise category of ground water development in Aligarh District as on March, 2013

71 3.2 STATIC/IN STORAGE GROUND WATER RESOURCES

The In-storage availability of groundwater resources in the unconfined aquifers below the zone of fluctuation is computed based on groundwater storage concept using specific yield of the rock formations, which is as follows: - In-storage Ground Water Resources= Thickness of the granular zone (in the aquifer below the zone of water level fluctuation of the aquifer Down to exploitable limit) X Areal extent of the aquifer X Specific Yield

In the process of computing the In-storage (static) ground water resources the volume of granular zones in the aquifer has been worked out on the basis of ground water exploration carried out by CGWB. Estimations have been done blockwise on pro- rata basis because of occurrence of multilayered unconfined aquifer. Specific yield values which have been considered for estimating Dynamic Ground Water Resource of unconfined aquifers have been taken the same as that of values used . Apportioning the specific yield of 9.6% (60% of 16) and considering 70% of total thickness of Granular Zones in Un-Confined Aquifer as average due to increase in silt and clay content as depth increases. The ground water resources for fresh and brackish/saline water have been computed separately as far as possible in some blocks by apportioning ~40% of resources as given in Table 3.3. The Electrical conductivity values considered for classifying saline/ brackish aquifers have been adopted the same EC values as considered while computing Dynamic Ground Water Resource as on 31.3.2013, while computing ground water resource for unconfined and confined aquifers.

3.3 IN-STORAGE GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF UNCONFINED AND CONFINED AQUIFERS The computations have been carried out block-wise. The aquifers have been broadly classified in two groups viz. Aquifer Group-I unconfined and Aquifer-II confined down to a depth of 300 m. The maximum depth of 300 m of exploration has been considered for extrapolation of confined aquifers and has been used for computation of ground water resource of confined aquifers. The average depth of predominant pre- monsoon water level (for last 5 years) of unconfined aquifers of each block has been considered as top of Unconfined Aquifer. The depth of bottom of Un-confined aquifers varies to some extent in the same block. In order to overcome such problem, an average depth of bottom of Un-confined aquifers of the each block has been considered for In- Storage ground water resource estimation of Un-confined Aquifers. Block wise thickness of unconfined aquifers considered for computations was thus arrived at by subtracting average bottom depth of unconfined aquifer from predominant pre-monsoon water levels . Block wise thickness of granular zones in unconfined aquifers was estimated based on the interpretations of lithological logs, electrical logs of the exploratory wells drilled by CGWB for the purpose. The inter-layering of clay in Unconfined and Confined aquifers have been subsumed and assumed as single unit for computation purpose. In 72 this exercise Ground water resources have been attempted utilising only storage concept have been taken into consideration since adequate information regarding ground water flow across various boundaries was not available. But it is suggested that ground water resource for development purposes should be determined by simulating various scenarios through ground water modeling techniques. Based on the Block wise area considered, Specific yield and thickness of granular zones the in-storage ground water resource of unconfined aquifers have been computed and presented in table 3.3 and confined aquifer in Table 3.4 and 3.5. Table 3.3: Block wise in-storage Ground water Potential of unconfined aquifers in Aligarh

District

in M in

ConfinedAquifer

oon Mbgl

ND ND IN WATER MCM

level level

OUND OUND ( WATER EC >

f f

TakenFor Estimating

Sr.

No.

Block

water

AreaIn Sq.Km.

3000 µ 3000 S) IN MCM

Dynamic Resource Dynamic

ConfinedAquifer InMbgl ConfinedAquifer In M

Average Bottom Average Depth Below

Thickness*Sp. Yield*0.60)

Average Pre Average Mo

Specific Yield Specific % As

ResourceIn Mcm (Area*Granular Zone

SALINE/ GR BRACKISH

Average Thickness Average Of Un

Average Thickness Average Granular Of Zones In Un FRESH & FRESH POTABLE GROU 1 Akrabad 276 3.9 100 96 31 16 819 819 0 2 Atrauli 277 11.3 110 99 17 16 460 460 0 3 Bijauli 257 10.8 107 96 52 16 1279 1279 0 4 Chandaus 362 15.48 109 94 38 16 1328 797 531 5 Dhanipur 307 11.46 109 98 33 16 981 589 392 6 Gangiri 364 13.8 114 100 27 16 933 560 373 7 Gonda 323 4.85 110 105 35 16 1090 654 436 8 Iglas 234 10.42 114 104 34 16 764 459 306 Jawa 9 Sikandairpur 287 6.7 109 102 35 16 950 950 0 10 Khair 306 8.1 91 83 21 16 614 368 246 11 Lodha 302 15.9 108 92 25 16 733 440 293 12 Tappal 426 11.64 93 81 29 16 1183 591 591 Total 3721 10 106 96 31 16 11135 7966 3169

Table 3.4 Block wise in-storage Ground water Potential of confined aquifers in Aligarh District

P)*S P)*S

–

Aquifer Aquifer

(A*Gr*Sy)

Considered Considered

Storativity (S) (S) Storativity

Avg.Piezometric

Specific Yield (Sy) (Sy) Yield Specific

Area (A) (sq. km.) (sq. km.) Area(A)

MCM A*(TII MCMA*(TII

(Gr) down to 300 m. m. 300 to down (Gr)

Considered 60% 16 of Considered

Total Storage Deeper in Total

Storage in Aquifer MCM in Storage

Storage under Pressure under Storage in

head (P) Considered (mbgl) Considered (mbgl) (P) head

Thickness of granular zones granular of zones Thickness

Avg Top Conf Aq (TII) (mbgl) (mbgl) (TII) Aq Conf AvgTop SALINE SALINE FRESH Akrabad 276.4 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 3.63 1194 1198 0 1198 Atrauli 277.0 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 3.64 1197 1200 0 1200 Bijauli 256.6 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 3.37 1108 1112 0 1112 Chandaus 362.5 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 4.76 1566 1571 0 1571 Dhanipur 307.1 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 4.03 1327 1331 0 1331 Gangiri 363.6 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 4.77 1571 1575 0 1575 Gonda 323.3 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 4.25 1397 1401 0 1401 Iglas 234.1 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 3.07 1011 1014 0 1014 Jawa Sikandairpur 286.7 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 3.76 1238 1242 0 1242 Khair 305.7 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 4.01 1320 1324 0 1324 Lodha 302.3 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 3.97 1306 1310 0 1310 Tappal 425.5 22 120 0.000134 45 0.096 5.59 1838 1844 0 1844 Total 3720.7 49 16074 16122 0 16122

Table 3.5 Total Ground Water Resources Upto To 300 m bgl

Block

(MCM) (MCM) (MCM)

Dynamic GW Dynamic

Confined aquifer

Resources(MCM) Resources(MCM)

Unconfined aquifer Unconfined aquifer

Total Resources GW

Static Static Resources GW Static Resources GW TotalUnconfined GW Fresh saline Fresh saline Fresh Fresh saline Fresh saline 1 AKRABAD 81.7 0 819.2 0.0 901.0 0.0 1197.9 901.0 1197.9 2 ATARAULI 56.6 0 459.8 0.0 516.4 0.0 1200.2 516.4 1200.2 3 BIJAULI 73.2 0 1279.3 0.0 1352.5 0.0 1111.7 1352.5 1111.7 4 CHANDAUS 44.5 0 796.8 531.2 841.3 0.0 1570.6 841.3 2101.8 5 DHANIPUR 79.5 0 588.6 392.4 668.1 0.0 1330.6 668.1 1723.0 6 GANGIRI 83.9 0 560.0 373.3 643.9 0.0 1575.3 643.9 1948.7 7 GONDA 60.9 0 653.8 435.9 714.7 0.0 1401.1 714.7 1836.9 8 IGLAS 58.5 0 458.6 305.7 517.1 0.0 1014.5 517.1 1320.2 9 JAWAN 77.1 0 949.8 0.0 1026.9 0.0 1242.2 1026.9 1242.2 10 KHAIR 60.6 0 368.5 245.7 429.1 0.0 1324.4 429.1 1570.1 11 LODHA 49.6 0 440.0 293.3 489.6 0.0 1309.9 489.6 1603.2 12 TAPPAL 63.8 0 591.4 591.4 655.2 0.0 1844.0 655.2 2435.3 Total 789.9 0.0 7965.7 3168.9 8755.5 0.0 16122.4 8755.5 19291.2

74 4.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES The major source of irrigation in the district is ground water irrigating 278196 ha contributing about 92% to the total irrigation potentials of the district. The contribution of ground water irrigation in Akrabad Block is 77.4% whereas in Atrauli block it 99.8%. Because of its being less susceptible to the influences of the changes in the weather phenomenon, which often cause drought and scarcity conditions, the reliance of the users on these resources is progressively increasing and new challenges are threatening the sustainability of the ground water resources. Negative impacts on replenishable ground water resources can be minimized by its proper and planned development. The major emerging issues in ground water resources in the district are discussed below.

4.1 GROUND WATER RESOURCES Ground water potential at any area mainly depends on the topography, rainfall and geology. The occurrence and movement of ground water depends in the hydrogeological characteristics of the sub surface geological formations. The salient feature of ground water resources of Aligarh Distrcit, as on March 2013, is given in Table 11.1. Table 4.1: Ground Water Resources of Aligarh District (As on March 2013) 1 Parameters Ground Water in MCM 2 Total annual replenishable ground water resources 868.50 3 Natural Losses 78.60 4 Net Annual Dynamic Ground Water Availability 789.88 5 Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for Irrigation 590.09 Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for Domestic & 6 75.60 Industrial water Supply 7 Existing Gross Ground Water Draft for all uses 665.69 Provision for domestic, and industrial requirement 8 121.54 supply to next 25 year Net Ground water availability for future irrigation 9 116.71 development 10 Stage of Ground water Development 84 11 Number of Safe Blocks 10 12 Number of Semi-Critical Blocks 0 13 Number of Critical Blocks 0 14 Number of Over Exploited Blocks 2 Fresh Static/in-storage Ground water Availability 7965.70 15 (only in alluvial area) 16 Total Ground Water Availability (4+15) 8755.59

As on March 2013, the Dynamic annual replenishable ground water resource is 868.40 MCM; net ground water availability (fresh) is 789.80 MCM in Aquifer group-I. Total annual recharge from all sources in the district is of the order 868.49 MCM with Gangiri

75 block having the highest recharge of 93.22MCM and Chandaus block has minimum recharge of the order of 49.42 MCM. The annual replenishable ground water resources in metre per unit area is maximum at Akrabad block (0.35 m/ area) followed Dhanipur block (0.28 m/ area) with minimum of 0.15 metre per unit area in Chandaus block. The average annual replenishable ground water resource of the District is 0.24 m/ area. In Aquifer Group I, Dynamic net ground water availability (fresh) is 789.80 MCM and static/in-storage (fresh) ground water resources are assessed to the tune of 7965.70 MCM. Thus the total ground water resources (fresh) available are estimated to be 8755.50 MCM in Aquifer Group I. The static/in-storage (saline) ground water resources in Aquifer Group I is 3168.9 MCM and in Aquifer Group II 16122.4 MCM. The total static/in-storage (saline) is 19291.2 MCM in Aquifer Group I&II.

4.2 AREA OF INTENSIVE GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT: The stage of ground water development of the district is 84 %. Out of 12 blocks, 2 blocks namely Iglas and Chandaus are falling in over exploited category whereas 10 blocks are in safe category. The block wise areas under agriculture activities vary from 77-88% with average of 82 % of area of the district . The over exploited blocks where ground water draft has increased many folds during past decades, is a biggest challenge because these are the blocks where in storage ground water resources is depleting very fast. There is a probability for adjacent block which may also be comes in water stressed category in future if proper effective intervention is not taken by stack holder.. The change in climatic pattern is also exerting withdrawal pressure on groundwater resource creating imbalance in groundwater resources.

4.3 WATER TABLE DEPLETED AREA: Long term water level trend are also analyzed in Ground Water Resource estimation as on 2013 taking data of monitoring wells of Ground Water Department for the period of 2004-2013. During pre monsoon, rise of 0.08 cm/year to 33.8 cm/year (Dhanipur and Akrabad Blocks) and fall of 0.19 cm/year to 24.92 cm/year (Jawan and Iglas Blocks) are recoded. During post monsoon rise of 3.7 to 28 .0 cm/year ( Khair and Akrabad Block) and fall of 2.27 to 20.02 cm/year. Thus significant decline trend is observed in Iglas and Chandaus blocks.

4.4 DEPENDENCY OF GROUND WATER IRRIGATION: The contribution of ground water for irrigation is 92% where as surface water is only 8%. The block wise contribution of ground water for irrigation is maximum of 99.8% in Atrali block and minimum of 77.4 %. Moreover, it envisaged from Fig 4.1 the gap between the irrigation by ground water and surface water is being widened over period from 1994-95 to 2013-14 leaving adverse impact on ground water resources. There is urgent need to increase the surface water irrigating to reduce the stressed on the ground water along with intervention practices.

300000

250000 200000 150000 Surface water irrigation (Ha ) 100000

Area in Hect in Area 50000

0 1994-95 1999-2000 2004Year-05 2009-10 2013-14

Year Fig 4.1 Area irrigated by Different sources in Aligarh District

4.5 GROUND WATER QUALITY ISSUES: The Quality of Ground water in shallow Aquifer of Aquifer Group I, are good. However In Gonda block, salinity starts from water table itself with lateral extent of poor quality groundwater zones. The deeper part of Aquifer Group I, below ~ 100 are infested with inland salinity problem of this aquifer group in Chandaus, Dhanipur, Gangiri, Gonda, Iglas, Khair, Lodha and Tappal blocks. It is manifested in construction of tube well which are constructed within 100 m depth. The occurrence of saline quality groundwater (> 2000  S/cm) has been established on the basis of geophysical logs of more than 8 exploratory /deposit wells and slim holes/ piezometers upto a depth ranging from 100 to 300 m. The Second Aquifer Group has inferior water quality in terms of salinity in entire district. Thus the scenario leaves little scope for ground water development in Aquifer Group in the district. Further, to ensure the quality of Aquifer Group II, five deep exploratory wells have been proposed. Fluoride concentration in the district ranges from 0.09 to 1.5 mg/l which is well within desirable limit. However, the fluoride concentration is slightly higher at Tochhigarh (1.6 mg/l), Sathni (2.2 mg/l) of Iglas block, Harduaganj, (2.5 mg/l,) of Dhanipur block, Palachand (2.8 mg/l) & Sujanpur (4.9 mg/l) of Khair block and Gahlau (5.0 mg/l) at Gonda Block. The nitrate concentration in the district ranges between 2 and 43 mg/l except at six (15%) samples of Gorai of Gonda block (270 mg/l, ) Jattari of Tappal Block (259 mg/l) , Barla & Hidramee a& Malsai (215, 123 & 55 mg/l) Iglas Block Hq (91 mg/l ) of have been noticed in water samples which may be due to mixing of sewerage into ground water. In city area due to above reason the higher nitrate concentration is more common. Overall the nitrate concentration is within permissible limit in the area.

4.6 EFFICIENT IRRIGATION PRACTICES: The flooding irrigation practices are in vogue. As per the prevailing flooding irrigation practices the actual water applied is more than the optimum crop water requirement. As per the prevailing flood irrigation practices the actual water applied is

77 100 to 200% more than the optimum crop water requirement. Proper and efficient irrigation practices and water saving techniques are not being adopted by the majority of farmers in the state for a variety of reasons. By adoption of micro irrigation practices such as sprinkler and drip irrigation method water can be saved between 30 to 40%. When properly maintained, application of water by drip irrigation can be as much as 60 percent efficient, which means there is very little loss due to evaporation, surface runoff or from percolation. Drip irrigation, wherever it has been implemented has dramatically increased crop yield by 20 to 40% higher than flood irrigation method. Consumption of fertilizers also gets reduced in such irrigation practices.

4.7 ISSUES IN PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT The numbers of land holding farmers and area hold by individual farmers are given table 4.2. The majority of farmers were small or marginal. Average size of land holding in the district was 1.13 hectare in 2013-14 as against the State of 0.83 ha. Total number of holdings in the district is 2,67,590 which cover an area of 3,02,535 hectares. The distribution is given in Fig 4.2 and Table 4.2 which shows that marginal and small farmers account for more than two third (84%) and hold one & half (49%) of total area. The small size of holding is one of the major constraints in increasing irrigation potential viz a viz agricultural productivity. As the land hold by small and marginal farmers is less therefore the financial status of these farmers is not good. The electricity supply has still not reached in all of the villages and where it is reached the supply of electricity is erratic. The problem of low voltage and its non availability during agriculture activities are the major problem faced by cultivators

Land Holding in Aligarh District- 2013-14 4.00 to10 4% 10 or more 0% 2.00 to 4.00 12%

Less than 0.50 1.00 to 2.00 43% 21%

0.50 to 1.00 20%

Fig 4.2 Distribution of Land Holding In Aligarh District 2013-14

Table 4.2: Land Holding and Area in Aligarh District. Source: Statistical Diary, Directorate of Economics and Statistics , Govt. U.P. -2015) Year / Unit in hectare Block Less than 0.50 0.50 to 1.00 1.00 to 2.00 2.00 to 4.00 4.00 to10 10 or more Total Number No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area Akrabad 8058 2560 8146 4877 5639 8050 5438 14025 2963 15179 89 1356 30333 46047 Atrauli 9673 2964 6603 4906 3530 5093 3348 7689 295 1953 5 48 23454 22653 Bijouli 11474 1945 2546 2198 10607 12181 3306 7736 258 1242 16 818 28207 26120 Chandaus 5239 1119 1869 1699 2042 2952 1153 4469 413 2316 16 174 10732 12729 Dhanipur 13440 1450 6012 4112 3648 6475 1760 5488 824 6255 72 729 25756 24509 Gangiri 16143 2555 8323 4147 5410 7129 3960 12458 2889 13647 102 1335 36827 41271 Gonda 7417 1310 3500 2342 3789 5334 2422 5491 572 3144 18 218 17718 17839 Iglas 12890 6100 3613 3302 7418 7877 1658 6161 331 1637 22 35 25932 25112 Jawa 5536 1887 1593 1938 3670 6830 1970 5487 812 6255 74 736 13655 23133 Khair 8510 1511 2693 2001 3417 5012 2185 6021 890 5011 35 468 17730 20024 Lodha 6912 2283 3802 3128 2769 5356 1338 3786 504 2787 46 543 15371 17883 Tappal 8480 2463 4965 3929 5301 7989 2440 7069 677 3609 12 156 21875 25215 Total 113772 28147 53665 38579 57240 80278 30978 85880 11428 63035 507 6616 267590 302535 District

5.0 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

5.1 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT The development of groundwater resources is increasing over the years in order to meet drinking water, industrial and irrigation requirements. The stage of ground water development had been changed to 84.03 % in 2004, 80.02 % in 2009, 82.13% in2011 and 84.28 in 2013. As on 31.03.2013, it shows that block wise level of development of ground water potential in Aligarh district varies from 59% in Akrabad to 121% in ‘Lodha’ block. This increase in ground water utilization, for agriculture activity through adaptation of bore wells/tube wells, has increased the ground water. The area irrigated by Ground water is seen in Fig 5.1 since 1994-95. It is observed that it was 2,41,253 ha in 1994-95 and steadily increase to 2,78,196 ha in 2013-14.The Fig 5.2 shows block wise irrigation from 1994-95 to 2013-14. It is observed that it is has been steadily increased over the period. The number ground water structures are 43,909 in 1994-45, 48,283 in 1999-2000, 54,250 in 2004-5, 60,519 in 2009-10 and 65,695 2013-14. It is seen from Fig 5.3, in recent years the number of ground water structures is increased at slower rate, Keeping in view the level of ground water development, growing needs, there is an urgent need for scientific approach for proper management of the available ground water resources for sustainability of this precious natural resource without having any adverse effect on the environment. At those places where water level is gradually going down we should restrict or minimized the ground water for irrigation needs. Planned ground water development is possible only when the availability of the ground water potential is precisely quantified and also the demand for various uses is properly estimated for the projected development scenario of urban as well as rural area for next 25 years.

Area Irrigated by Ground water in Aligarh District 290000 280000 270000 260000 250000

Area (Ha) Area 240000 230000 220000 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2009-10 2013-14 Year

Fig 5.1 Area irrigated by Ground water in Aligarh District

Block wise Area Irrigated by Ground Water - Aligarh District ( Ha.)

30000

25000 1994-95

20000 1999-2000 2004-05 15000 2009-10 2013-14 10000

Fig 5.2 Block wiseArea irrigated by Ground water in Aligarh District

No. of Ground Water Structures in Aligarh District 70000

60000

50000

40000 Number 30000

20000

10000

0 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2009-10 2013-14

Fig 5.3 Number of ground water structures in Aligarh District

81 5.2 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Block wise management plan is prepared considering the present water level, water level trend category of the block and further prioritized the blocks for interventions (Table 5.1). Two blocks namely Iglas and Chandaus are over exploited and declining trend of water level is recoded over the last ten years. Thus there is urgent need for taking up suitable water management interventions based on integrated approach, which on one hand includes augmentation of ground water resources through appropriate techniques, and on the other hand requires the adoption of suitable water conservation measures, such as ensuring water use efficiency through creation of additional water storage facility, maintenance/ renovation of existing water bodies etc. Water awareness and capacity building of the stakeholders are also the important attributes of water management interventions as envisaged in the National Water Policy.

5.3 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Ground water issues can be addressed mainly by focussing on measures to increase recharge and reducing the draft. It can be managed by a mix of measures such as supply side and demand side management: The blocks are prioritized for interventions. Remaining ten blocks are safe with rising or static trend of water level no interventions are required. As the net sown area and net irrigated area are same in theses ten block, no further ground water development is also required.

5.3.1 SUPPLY SIDE MANAGEMENT:

It includes Artificial Recharge to ground water, Water conservation and On Farm Activities to Increasing storage capacity and conservation of rain fall. Based on available information about the area such as ground water scenario, hydrogeology, hydrology, topography, rainfall pattern, drainage, soil cover, utilizable rainfall, etc., scope for various interventions has been studied and assessment of suitable areas, tentative design and costs of structures has been worked out. By and large the methodology such as estimation of sub surface storage potential and availability of surface water for harvesting used for ground water conservation in Master Plan 2011 is kept same in this plan. However, the specific yield taken in GWRE-13 in individual block is considered for surface storage potential. Since all blocks comes under as flat, partly cultivated-various soils hence runoff coefficient is taken as 15%. The non committed run Off is considered 90% of total run off.

82 Table 5.1 Prioritization of Block for Management Plan

S . No. Block Category Water level trend Average Water level Volume of Net area Net Management plan (cm/year) 2004-2013 post below 5 m sub surface sown (ha) irrigated monsoon potential area (ha) MCM Pre Post 1 IGLAS Over Declining Declining 10.42 5.42 203.02 21795 21716 Intervention Exploited 24.92 6.39 required – artificial Recharge and water conservation 2 CHANDAUS Over Declining Declining 15.48 10.48 607.7 28509 27713 Do Exploited 17.89 20.02 3 AKRABAD SAFE Rising 33.81 Rising 28.00 3.9 -1.1 -48.65 21406 21004 No intervention required & No ground water development since net sown and net irrigated area is nearly equal. 4 ATARAULI SAFE Rising 27.08 Rising 20.44 11.3 6.3 279.20 23217 23487 Do

5 BIJAULI SAFE Rising 3.36 Rising 6.10 10.8 5.8 238.09 18789 18883 Do 6 DHANIPUR SAFE Rising 0.08 Declining 11.46 6.46 317.38 23974 23592 Do 2.27 7 GANGIRI SAFE Declining Declining 13.8 8.8 511.89 29417 29450 Do 12.85 5.09 8 GONDA SAFE Rising 10.43 Rising 9.87 4.85 -0.15 -7.760 25108 25264 Do 9 JAWAN SAFE Rising 0.19 Rising 6.13 6.7 1.7 77.97 24580 24550 Do 10 KHAIR SAFE Rising 1.37 Rising 3.70 8.1 3.1 151.60 27748 27430 Do 11 LODHA SAFE Rising 13.95 Rising 17.32 15.9 10.9 527.19 21603 21867 Do 12 TAPPAL SAFE Rising 7.13 Rising 5.68 11.64 6.64 452.10 31102 31415 Do 83 Artificial Recharge to ground water Recharge / Water Conservation • Water conservation structures such as check dams, farm ponds, nala bunds etc result in ground water recharge to the tune of about 50% of the storage capacity considering 4-6 annual fillings. Further construction of recharge trenches in the upstream side of the check dams is also proposed to enhance rate of infiltration by about 30 to 40%. • The existing ponds and tanks lose their storage capacity as well as the natural ground water recharge due to siltation and encroachment by farmers for agriculture purposes. Through desilting, coupled with providing proper waste weir, the village tanks can be converted into recharge structure. The number of ponds are available for each block surveyed Fisheries Department Table 5.2. On 70% of total ponds are taken for management plan in Iglas and Chandauas blocks On Farm Practices • Leveling of crop field is essential for uniform distribution of water. Laser leveling has been found very effective ensuring saving of 10 to 30% of applied irrigation. • The in situ farm activities such as contour bunding, land leveling, bench terracing, water harvesting structures, afforestation and diversification of cropping pattern are other measures to increase recharge in the block. Table 5.2 details of Ponds in Aligarh District BLOCK NO. OF TANKS AREA RANGE (Ha) LOWER UPPER AVERAGE 1.LODHA 123 0.15 4.961 0.44 2.DHANIPUR 145 0.15 14.021 0.60 3.AKRABAAD 101 0.15 8.204 0.70 4.IGLAS 182 0.067 4.23 0.49 5.ATRAULI 143 0.066 10.29 0.60 6KHAIR 129 0.201 2.707 0.63 7.BIJAULI 86 0.046 3.308 0.66 8.JAWAAN 152 0.046 15.898 0.68 9.TAPPAL 212 0.023 3.664 0.66 10.GONDA 132 0.023 2.835 2.63 11.GANGIRI 125 0.023 2.835 0.52 13.CHANDAUS 162 0.207 6.603 0.68

5.3.2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT It mainly includes adoption of techniques to enhance water Use Efficiency for reducing draft of ground water. Efficient irrigation In flood/furrow irrigation method more than 50% of applied water is wasted through seepage to deeper level, localized inundation causes loss through evaporation and it leaches out the nutrients from the plant. While through drip & sprinkler irrigation wastage of irrigational water could be minimized. The conveyance losses (mainly seepage & evaporation) can be saved upto 25 to 40% through utilization of HDPE pipes.

84 Aquifer Management Plan for Aligarh district has been prepared as block wise and shown in Table 5.3 and tentative financial out-lay plan is also shown in Table 5.4. Each Plan discusses the tentative framework of ground water situation in the block, status of water availability (both surface and ground water), identification of feasible areas for interventions, feasibility of artificial recharge and other water conservation structures, their design considerations, numbers and cost estimates. The expected outcomes of the proposed interventions have also been elucidated and given in table 5.5. Table 5.3 Proposed Interventions in Aligarh District Block No. Of Structures Check DamsDrain/stream Nala Bunds Revival of Ponds On-farm Water Use /Cost of 10000 development of 7500 cum with RW Average Activities Efficiency cum (Length in km Capacity area 0.49-0.68 ha (Area in ha) (WUE) Capacity x 10 to15m x x3m); deepening Measures 1.5m) by 0.5m (Area in ha) Iglas No. Of Structures 4 5 15 127 3400 3500 Cost Rs 40 39.38 30 444.5 476 2100 Chandaus No. Of Structures 4 10 30 113 5500 4000 Cost Rs 40 78.75 60 395.5 770 2400

Block Total cost 5% Provision for O & M 5% Provision for Impact Grand Total (Rs in (Rs in Lak ) (Rs in Lakh ) assessment (Rs in Lakh ) Lakh ) Iglas 3129.88 156.494 156.494 3442.87 Chandaus 3744.25 187.213 187.213 4118.68 District G Total 6874.13 343.7065 343.7065 7561.543

Table 5.4 Summarized Expected Benefits Iglas Block Chandaus Block District Total Total Expected Annual Recharge (MCM) 8.46 10.12 18.58 Provision for supplemental irrigation (MCM) 5.08 4.63 9.71 Total Saving from On-farm Activities & WUE Measures (MCM) 6.35 5.21 11.56 Total Saving from Recharge/ Conservation (MCM) 13.54 14.75 28.29 Total Recharge/ Saving (MCM) 19.89 18.56 39.85 Estimates based upon Resource Estimation as on 31.03.2013

5.4 Projected Impact on Status Of Groundwater Resource & Development in Aligarh District Block Net G.W. Additional Total Net Existing Saving of Net GW draft Present Projected Availability Recharge G.W. G.W Draft Ground after stage of stage of (Ham) from RWH Availability for all water interventions G.W. G.W. & after purpose through (ham) develop develop- Recharge intervention (ham) projects -ment ment (ham) (ham) (ham) (%) (%) Iglas 5850 846.9 6697 5974 1141.79 4832.54 102.12 72.16 Chandaus 4448 1013 5461 5974 983.70 4990.63 104.00 91.39 Estimates based upon Resource Estimation as on 31.03.2013

85 6.0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATION 6.1 CONCLUSION Aligarh district situated in the western part of Uttar Pradesh occupies a small part of the Ganga-Yamuna doab. It lies between latitude 27034'26" and 28010'46" N and longitudes 770289'17" and 78036'02" E falling in the survey of India Toposheet nos. 53H, L, 54E and I. The district encompasses a geographical about 3721 sq.km which of the Aligarh division for the administrative convenience the Aligarh district has been divided into 05 tehsils and 12 community development blocks It has 13 towns and 1210 villages (1170 inhabited and 40 uninhabited villages). As per census 2011, total population is 36,73,889 in which male is 19,51,996 & female is 17,21,893 with population density is 987 person/sq. km having 67 % of total rural population and decadal variation of 22.78 % . The normal annual rainfall of Aligarh district is 781.6 mm. The minimum temperature recorded in Aligarh district i.e. 7.40C in the month of January and maximum temperature recorded i.e. 410C in the month of May. A major part of the land in the district is utilized for agriculture purpose. 82% of land in the district is under active cultivation out of which in 68% of land, more than one crop is sown. The land under miscellaneous use is 3% and land other than agriculture use is 11% barren land is more than 2 %. The block wise land utilization pattern indicates that the percentage of the total area sown is maximum in Tappal block followed by Gangiri, Chandaus & Khair while in remaining blocks it is more or less evenly distributed where as in the Bijauli block it is minimum. The major source of irrigation in the district is ground water irrigating 2,78,196 ha contributing about 92% to the total irrigation potentials of the district. Total length of canal in the district is 1560 kms. These canals provide irrigation facilities in 25364 hectare which is about 8% of the total irrigation area of the district. Maximum canal irrigation is being carried out in the Akrabad block (covering 23% net irrigation of block) and minimum in Atrauli block (covering only 0.2 % of blocks net irrigation area). State government tube well covers only about 1.2% of the total irrigation area of the district. The private play the leading role in providing irrigation over the entire district is fed by ground water resources through these structures. All blocks except Akrabad utilize maximum ground water as a source of irrigation while Bijauli blocks does minimum. Pulses Wheat, Rice, Barley Millet and Maize are the principal crops of the area. In addition other crops such as Oil seed and Sugarcane are also grown in the district. The area under different cultivated season in the district is Rabi 2,84,882 ha Kharif 2,33,062 ha and Zaid 28,402 ha. The cropping pattern over years from 1994 to 2014 is also analyzed it is found that the cropping pattern has been changed and pulses are grown more in since 2010. The district is almost a flat country with a gentle slope from north to south. The drainage of the area is mainly controlled by Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries.

86 The tributaries flowing through the interfluvial area traverse the district more or less parallel in a roughly meridional direction towards south and south east. The eastern part of the district is mainly drained by the river Ganga, where as the western part by river Yamuna. Karwan and Sengar are the important tributaries of Yamuna. The western part of the district also drained by Dehar and Kharia nalas. The principal tributaries of Ganga are Nim and Kali nadi, the area also drained by Arind nadi, Chhoiya nala & Burhganga nala. The Yamuna sub-basin and the Ganga basin which are separate by a NNE-SSW water divide. The major type of soils found in the district is loamy and course silty. Further it is divided as Dumat (clay), Balui Dumat (sandy clay), Bhur (sandy), Reh (Alkaline) and loam soil. Rich Dumat soil is usually seen in the strength between the Ganga and Yamuna. Kali nadi traverses the entire district in a south easterly direction. The geologically the area is underlain by moderately thick pile of quaternary sediments which comprises sands of various grades, clays and kankar of older and newer alluvium. Older alluvium occupies the upland of the district while the newer alluvium occupies low land area along the courses of Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries and palaeo channels of Ganga and Kali rivers. Alluvial sediments overlie The quaternary sediments overlay the preexisting Vindhyan basement. The bed rock (shale & sand stone) have been encountered at Aligarh railway station at the depth of 380 mbgl. Ground water occurs under water table condition at shallow depths while the deeper aquifer is under confined state of disposition the confining layers are impermeable clay beds. The pre-monsoon depth to water level in the district generally ranges between 1.75 and 26.63 mbgl. Shallow water level conditions i.e. within 6.00 mbgl, generally occurs along the upper Ganga canal in the Jawan, Akrabad, Dhanipur block and also along the mat branch canal in the part of Khair, Tappal and Gonda blocks. In major parts of Tappal, Khair, Chandaus and Atrauli blocks water level rests within the depth range of 3 to 9.0 mbgl. While in the 40% area of Chandaus, Lodha and Gangiri blocks water level rest within the depth range of 10 to 15 mbgl. Deepest water level i.e. 26.63 mbgl have been observed at Jawahar Park Lodha blocks in Aligarh City area. Isolated patches of 18-21 mbgl are notices mainly in city area o Aligarh and Tappal and Chandaus Blocks. The depth to water level in post-monsoon period generally ranges between 0.35 m. & 27.57 metres below ground level. Shallow water level within 2.00 mbgl and between 2 to 5 mbgl is noticed along the main canals and their distributaries. The shallowest water level of 0.35 metres was observed at Singhpur in Akrabad block. It has been observed at AMU farm has maximum ( Rise) of 4.07 m at village Harduaganj of Dhanipur blocked. In canal command area a rising trend of water level has been observed. An average fluctuation (Rise) of up to 0.90 metres has been observed during the year in the district.

87 Long term water level data from the existing 12 nos. of National Ground Water monitoring wells were statistically analyzed to study the behaviour of ground water regime in space and time. out of 12 existing NGWMW where the long term water level trends have been studied 6 (50 %) show a rising trend and the rest 6 (50%) register a decline trend during pre monsoon period and 3 (27 %) show a rising trend and the rest 8 (73%) register a decline trend during post monsoon period . Long term water level trend are also analyzed in Ground Water Resource estimation in 2013 taking data of monitoring wells of Ground Water Department for the period of 2004-2013. During pre monsoon, rise of 0.08 cm/year to 33.8 cm/year (Dhanipur and Akrabad Blocks) and fall of 0.19 cm/year to 24.92 cm/year (Jawan and Iglas Blocks) are recorded. During post monsoon rise of 3.7 to 28 .0 cm/year ( Khair and Akrabad Block) and fall of 2.27 to 20.02 cm/year The ground water flow is north-west to south-east which correspondence with the general topography of the area and also conforms to and coincides Ganga basin. The elevation of water table in the district varies from 165 to 185 metres above mean sea level. The gradient of water table varies from 0.16 to 4.0 m/km. This indicates that the slope of water table is very gentle depicting the permeable nature of shallow aquifer zone. The aquifer disposition map have been prepared based on the lithological and geophysical log information obtained through existing exploratory well data of CGWB in conjunction with the tube wells of State department such as Minor Irrigation , Ground Water Department , U.P. Jal Nigam Out of 55 wells only two drilled by CGWB are 300 m bgl and all wells are constructed upto 120 m bgl. Hence no much information are gathered below 120 m bgl and taken as data gap. The aquifer material is fine to medium sand, kankar variably occurs associated with clay formation. The aquifer groups are separated by confining clay layers of thickness more than 10 m. First Aquifer Group is the most potential aquifer group covering almost the entire below the soil capping, occurs generally down to depth of 114.00 mbgl. The aquifer material is fine to medium sand, kankar variably occurs associated with clay formation. The thickness granular zone varies between 17-52 m with average of 31 m. Ground water occurs under water table condition & depth to water varies between 2 and 26 m bgl . The quality of the formation water of this aquifer group is generally fresh but in few block quality is inferior as moving deeper. The First aquifer group forms the main source of water supply to the open wells, hand pumps & shallow tube wells. About 90% of the state tube wells of 100-140 metres depth are parts of this aquifer group. The discharge of private tube wells of 40-60 metres depth varies from 8 to 10 lps at moderate draw-downs of about 2-4 meters between 20-40 lps at drawdown of 5 to 12 metres. Being the only fresh water aquifer in the area it holds almost the entire ground water developmental activities and thus is overstressed.

Second Aquifer Group is separated with the overlying shallow aquifer group by thick clay and occurs between the depth range of 120 to 300 metres below ground level. The aquifer material is generally medium sand but at place it is an admixture of fine and coarse grained sand. The thickness of granular zones varies from 20 to 100 metres with average of 45 m and total clay content in this aquifer group is 40 to 50%. This aquifer group inferior water quality in terms of E.C. and The quality of grouped water is brackish to saline in entire area except in Jawan , atrauli, Bijauli and Gangiri blocks. Since the quality of formation water in the district is generally deteriorating below the depth of 115 m.bgl. and becomes saline further below the depth of 150 mbgl. Down to bed rock, the total depth of irrigation of water supply tube wells are generally down 40 to 140 mbgl. The prevailing hydrogeological conditions in the area favour the construction of tubewells with 50 metres housing length 1.58 mm size slot opening and 3.14 mm to 4.34 mm size of gravels, 356×203 mm and 305×152 mm integrated well assemblies are generally found suitable for irrigation and water supply tube wells respectively, depending upon the water requirement. A number of caving boring (30-40m deep) have also been constructed by the farmers. To evaluate the aquifer parameters hydrogeological test were conducted on exploratory tubewell of CGWB at Mohsinpur Sofa of Aligarh district with observation wells. Transmissivity ‘T’ ranges from 503 to 1300 m²/day. Storativity ‘S’ is to the order of 1.34×10-4 showing confined state of aquifer , As all wells constructed in Aquifer Group I and Only one well tested some more wells are proposed to be constructed for refinement of Aquifer mapping and Aquifer demarcation in the area. As on March 2013, the Dynamic annual replenishable ground water resource is 868.40 MCM; net ground water availability (fresh) is 789.80 MCM in Aquifer group I. Total annual recharge from all sources in the district is of the order 868.49 MCM with Gangiri block having the highest recharge of 93.22MCM and Chandaus block has minimum recharge of the order of 49.42 MCM. The stage of ground water development of the district is 84 %. Out of 12 blocks, 2 blocks namely Iglas and Chandaus are falling in over exploited category whereas 10 blocks are in safe category. The annual replenishable ground water resources in metre per unit area is maximum at Akrabad block (0.35 m/ area) followed Dhanipur block (0.28 m/ area) with minimum of 0.15 metre per unit area in Chandaus block. The average annual replenishable ground water resource of the District is 0.24 m/ area. In Aquifer Group I, Dynamic net ground water availability (fresh) is 789.80 MCM and static/in-storage (fresh) ground water resources is assessed to the tune of 7965.70 MCM. Thus the total ground water resources (fresh) available are estimated to be 8755.50 MCM in Aquifer Group I. The static/in-storage (saline) ground water resources in Aquifer Gr I is 3168.9 MCM and in Aquifer Gr II 16122.4 MCM. The total static/in-storage (saline) is 19291.2 MCM and static/in-storage (fresh) ground water

89 resources is assessed to the tune of 7965.70 MCM. In Aquifer Group I, the total ground water resources (fresh) available are estimated to be 8755.50 MCM. The static/in-storage (saline) ground water resources in Aquifer Gr I is 3168.9 MCM and in Aquifer Gr II 16122.4 MCM. The total static/in-storage (saline) is 19291.2 MCM in Aquifer Gr I&II. The Quality of Ground water in shallow Aquifer of Aquifer Group I, are good however In Gonda block, salinity starts from water table itself with lateral extent of poor quality groundwater zones is about 114 m. The deeper part of Aquifer Group I, below ~ 100 are infested with inland salinity problem of this aquifer group in Chandaus, Dhanipur, Gangiri Gonda Iglas Khair Lodha, Tappal blocks. It is manifested in construction of tube well which are constructed within 100 m depth. The occurrence of saline quality groundwater (> 2000  S/cm) has been established on the basis of geophysical logs of more than 8 exploratory /deposit wells and slim holes/ piezometers upto a depth ranging from 100 to 300 m. The Second Aquifer has inferior water quality in terms of salinity in entire district. Thus The scenario leaves little scope for ground water development in Aquifer Group in the district. To ensure the quality of Aquuier Group II five deep exploratory wells have been proposed. Fluoride concentration in the district ranges from 0.09 to 1.5 mg/l which is well within desirable limit. However, the fluoride concentration is slightly higher at TOCHHIGARH (,1.6 mg/l),, Sathni (2.2 mg/l) of Iglas block, Harduaganj , (2.5 mg/l,) of Dhanipur block, Palachand (2.8 mg/l) & Sujanpur (4.9 mg/l) of Khair block and Gahlau (5.0 mg/l) at Gonda Block. The nitrate concentration in the district ranges between 2 and 43 mg/l except at eight (15%) samples of Gorai of Gonda block (270 mg/l, ) Jattari of Tappal Block (259 mg/l) , Barla & Hidramee a& Malsai (215, 123 & 55 mg/l) Iglas Block Hq (91 mg/l ) of have been noticed in water samples which may be due to mixing of sewerage into ground water. In city area due to above reason the higher nitrate concentration is more common. Overall the nitrate concentration is within permissible limit in the area. The SAR values in the formation water generally ranges from 0.2to 14.5with average value of 4.53 indicating good to excellent class of water except at Palachand, Sujanpur, Andla (Khair block) and Gahlau, Gorai, Gonda and Gonda block where the SAR values have been detected as 10.15 and 14.66 . A perusal of analytical results shows that E.C. values ranges between 242 and 2249microsiemens/cm at 250C with some exceptions. The maximum E.C. of 6150 & 5445 micro siemens/cm at 250C have been observed at Gorai of Gonda block and Jattari of Tappal block respectively. Irrigation waters classified into four categories on the basis of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and EC.

The maximum water samples (68%) falls under C2S1 and C3S1 low alkalinity and medium to high salinity classes. 17% water samples falls under C3S2 and C4S2 medium alkalinity and higy to very high salinity classes Rest of the samples fall under 90 C3S3, C4S3 and C4S4 classes. This water can be used for plants with good salt tolerance.Thus by the above standard, indicating medium to high salinity and low medium alkali ground water in the district is in generally free from salinity hazards and is suitable for irrigation purposes. The concentration of copper range from ND to 0.065 mg/l. In the study area, 100% of the analysed samples fall in the desirable limit of 0.05 mg/l.The concentration of iron in the ground water of the study area ranges from 0.033 to 3.66 mg/l with an average of 0.274 mg/l. The Bureau of Indian Standards has recommended 0.3 mg/l as the as the maximum permissible limit for iron in drinking water (BIS, 2012). It is evident from the result that 17 % samples of the study area exceeded the maximum permissible limit.The concentration of manganese in the ground water of the study area ranges from 0.079to 0.396 mg/l. The Bureau of Indian Standards has recommended 0.1 mg/l as acceptable and 0.3 mg/l as the as the maximum permissible limit for Mn in drinking water (BIS, 2012). It is evident from the results that 98% are below permissible limit and only 2% samples of the study area exceed the maximum permissible limit . The concentration of Zinc in the ground water of the study area ranges from 0.009-1.18. The Bureau of Indian Standards has recommended 5.0 mg/L as the desirable and 15.0 mg/L as the maximum permissible limit for drinking water (BIS, 2012). It is evident from the results that zinc concentration in all the samples were well within the desirable limit. The formation water of part of Aquifer Group I In some blocks and Aquifer Group II in almost all blocks aquifer group is brackish to saline and is not fit for domestic and irrigation purposes. If was confirmed by electrical logging of the boreholes, a zone test was conducted in the depth range of 297 to 303 mbgl. the E.C. value in water samples collected during zone test, was found to be 5140 microsiemens/cm at 250C and the concentration of other constitution were above permissible limits. The development of groundwater resources is increasing over the years in order to meet drinking water, industrial and irrigation requirements. The stage of ground water development had been changed to 84.03 % in 2004, 80.02 % in 2009, 82.13% in2011 and 84.28 in 2013. As on 31.03.2013 shows that block wise level of development of ground water potential in Aligarh district varies from 59% in Akrabad to 121% in ‘Lodha’ block. This increase in ground water utilization, for agriculture activity through adaptation of bore wells/tube wells, has increased the ground water. The area irrigated by Ground water is seen steadily increased to rom 1994-95 to 2013-14.The number ground water structures are 43909 in 1994-45, 48283 in 1999-2000, 54250 in 2004-5 60519 in 2009-10 and 65695 2013-14. It is observed that in recent years the number of ground water structures is increased at slower rate. Block wise management plan is prepared considering the present water level, water level trend category of the block and prioritized the blocks for interventions (.

91 Two blocks namely Iglas and Chandaus are over exploited and declining trend of water level is recoded over the last ten years. Thus there is urgent need for taking up suitable water management interventions based on integrated approach, which on one hand includes augmentation of ground water resources through appropriate techniques, and on the other hand requires the adoption of suitable water conservation measures, such as ensuring water use efficiency through creation of additional water storage facility, maintenance/ renovation of existing water bodies etc.

6.2 RECOMMENDATION On the basis of the present study of the area the following recommendations have been made. 1. Ground water issues can be addressed mainly by focussing on measures to increase recharge and reducing the draft. It can be managed by a mixing of measures such as supply side and demand side management. In view of it, the management plan is prepared and recommended for implementation two Over Exploited blocks namely Igals and Chandaus . 2. In remaining ten blocks as such intervention is required for for increasing the ground water availability and reducing draft except we need be little more vigilant. On farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices may be recommended in the having higher stage of ground water development. The roof top rain water harvesting is recommended in Lodha Block where Urban areas of Aligarh fall in this block . 3. Artificial Ground Water recharge should be not taken where polluted surface water is available 4. It is observed that the contribution of ground water for irrigation in this district is more than surface from 77.4% ( Akrabad block) to 99.6 % ( Gangiri block). So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented in all blocks by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . 5. Blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends. It will just cause blending without affecting EC of water beyond usable limit. 6. Additional ground water development should have under taken by supply side only replace slippage factors and in suitable areas water divides between two major canals and the tail end areas of the canal by appropriate without structures to stabilize ground water level. 7. The present aquifer mapping is done based the existing data of CGWB in conjunction with the tube wells of State department such as Minor Irrigation

92 , Ground Water Department , U.P. Jal . As two drilled by CGWB are 300 m bgl and all wells are constructed upto 120 m bgl. Hence it recommended that proposed five number of exploratory wells be taken for refinement of the Aquifer groups, aquifer geometry, and aquifer parameters, ground water resources and to ascertain the quality of each aquifer. 8. Further for refinement of aquifer disposition, the proposed 60 VES required & 2D Line Imaging should be taken up. 9. The data gap for soil infiltration is also observed. For soil infiltration rate study should be carried out. 10. National Monitoring wells optimization may be taken up in the district particularly in Jawan Block and duplicated wells showing similar trends and Wells very close to surface water bodies may be replaced and located at appropriate place. It is essential to bring out as genuine situation of ground water development.

REFERENCES CGWB, NR: Report on Status of Ground Water Exploration, Uttar Pradesh 2012 GWD UP &CGWB Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Uttar Pradesh (As on March, 2004). GWD UP &CGWB Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Uttar Pradesh (As on March, 2009). GWD UP &CGWB Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Uttar Pradesh (As on March, 2011). GWD UP &CGWB Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Uttar Pradesh (As on March, 2013exel sheet). Gautam J.P. Ground Water Management Studies (Reappraisal Hydrogeological Studies) of Aligarh District, U.P 2005 Jal Nigam, U.P. Construction division U.P. Jal Nigam Kumar Arun & Bhargava A.K., Ground water Recourse & Development Potential of Aligarh , U.P.,2002 Mahmood Kamal & Bharthawal Hydrogeology And Ground Water Potential Of Aligarh District Uttar Pradesh ,1996 Nigam Neelam et. al A Report On Ground Water Quality Of Some Industrial Clusters of Uttar Pradesh June 2016 Nigam Neelam et. al. Hydrochemical chemical report o Uttar Pradesh Jan 2017 Trivedi B.B.& Chandra P.C., Inland Ground Water Salinity In Uttar Pradesh 2010 Trivedi B.B.& Chandra P.C., Inland Ground Water Salinity In Uttar Pradesh 2010 Trivedi B.B.& Srivastava,M M & Bhowmic M.K U.P. State Geophysical Report ,2010 Trivedi B.B.& Srivastava,M M & Bhowmic M.K U.P. State Geophysical Report ,2010 www.updes.nic.in/‎

Aquifer Maps and Management plan

of Blocks

Aligarh District U.P.

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Iglas Block Aligarh District U.P. 1. Salient Information Area : 234.1 sq km

Population Total 192628, Male 103013, Female 89615 Decadal Growth rate 24.25 %, Density 875/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm

Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi .20115 ha kharif 13379 ha and Zaid 5089 ha . Total Cropped area is 38583 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -25866 ha, Wheat-10837 ha, Rice-4060 ha Barley -271 ha Millet-30 ha and Maize . Net sown area is 21795 ha and Gross cropped area 38583 ha with cropping intensity of 177% Net Irrigated area is 21716 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -33145 ha with Irrigation Intensity-153% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 20898 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 818 ha The Canal length is 101 km. Govt. Deep tube well -49 number and Shallow Tube well private- 6364.

Water level behavior Ten observation well monitored.. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 7.5to 17.65 mbgl with and Post monsoon 3.65 to16.9 mgl with fluctuation of -0.1 to 1.63m. Declining trend 24.92 cm/year and post monsoon declining trend of 6.39 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

The area falls in central Ganga and lies in the interfluvial tract of the Ganga plain. The area is underlain by moderately thick pile of quaternary sediments which comprises sands of various grades, clays and kankar. Ground water occurs under water table condition at shallow depths while the deeper aquifer is under confined state of disposition the confining layers are impermeable clay beds.

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 114 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 34 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. The lithological section and 3D aquifer disposition and hydrogeoloclal map are shown in Figures below.

3.Ground water resource, extraction, contamination and other issues Ground Water Resources Aquifer wise resource availability and extraction First Aquifer Dynamic Resources MCM: 58.50 Static Resources MCM : 458.6 GW Draft GW Draft Irrigation :MCM 54.92 Drinking &Industries: MCM 4.83 MCM : 59.74 First Aquifer (Saline) MCM 305.7 Total First Aquifer (Fresh) MCM 517.1 Total Resources MCM :822. 8 Second Aquifer (Saline) Static Resources MCM : 1014.5 Total GW Resources MCM : 1837.3 Total Ground Water Draft MCM 59.74 Stage of Ground Water Development : 102% Category :Over exploited Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Intensive Ground Water Development, and Declining trend of water level, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity. 4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 8 8.8 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 625 1941

3. CO3 mg/l 0 42 4. HCO3 mg/l 244 488 5. Cl mg/l 14 184 6. F mg/l 0.9 2.2

7. NO3 mg/l 6.4 91 8. SO4 mg/l 18 107 9. SiO2 mg/l 26 30 10. PO4 mg/l 0 0 11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 190 570 12. Ca mg/l 20 88 13. Mg mg/l 34 84 14. Na mg/l 58 245 15. K mg/l 3.6 10 Heavy metals: Cu 0-.015, Zn 0.081-0.373 Fe0.095-0.274 and Mn 0.096-0.143mg/l. SAR 1.7-6.7 C2 S1 and C3S2. All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit. Ground water suitable for Drinking and irrigation. However F is higher (2.2 mg/l) at Sathni. First Aquifer Group is Partly saline and Second Aquifer Group is Saline

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Surface water available for harvesting Runoff Iglas block Area Avg Mon. Runoff coefficient Utilizable runoff Runoff used for storage/ Sq.km Rain fall % (utilizable Water Recharge/ other (mm) rainfall) (MCM) interventions after excluding committed component MCM a b c d (axbxc/105) 50% of d 234.00 667 15 21.07 10.53 (2107 ham)

Volume of unsaturated aquifer zone available for recharge: 203 MCM

 Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions are tabulated below and tentative proposed Plan shown in Figure below.  In addition, blending of water with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends.

Feasible Artificial Tentative Quantity Total Total Tentative Total Expected benefits through Recharge & Water Design (in nos. runoff volume unit cost tentative implementation of plan (considering Conservation or area in available considering (in Rs cost (in 80% of total storage) structures/ ha) (ham) 6 times lakh) Rs lakh) Expected Provision Expected activities filling Annual GW for conservati annually recharge supplemen on of (ham) (ham) tal ground irrigation, water saving of through GW draft efficiency (ham) enhancem ent measures (ham) a b c d e f 40% of d d e Recharge structures/ activities Masonry Check Crest- 10 -15 4 24 10 40 9.6 9.6 dams (~ 10000 m; Height- 1 m3 capacity) to 2 m Drain/stream Widening of 5 km 47.3 0.5/1000 39.38 18.9 18.9 development channel m3 (Length in km x upto 10- 10 to15m x 1.5m) 15m (Avg 12m) and 1.5m deepening

Feasible Artificial Tentative Quantity Total Total Tentative Total Expected benefits through Recharge & Water Design (in nos. runoff volume unit cost tentative implementation of plan (considering Conservation or area in available considering (in Rs cost (in 80% of total storage) structures/ ha) (ham) 6 times lakh) Rs lakh) Expected Provision Expected activities filling Annual GW for conservati annually recharge supplemen on of (ham) (ham) tal ground irrigation, water saving of through GW draft efficiency (ham) enhancem ent measures (ham) a b c d e f 40% of d d e Nala bunds/ Width: 5 to 15 68 2 30 27.2 27 Gabion (~7500 15 m and 1 m3 capacity) to 1.5 m height Revival, repair of Average 127 1128 3.5 444.5 451.2 451.2 water bodies with area 0.49 ha Recharge well x3m); deepening by 0.5m Total 1267.3 15.5 553.88 506.92 506.7 0 Water Conservation Activities

On farm activities 3400 0.14/ha 476 340 68.09 (proposed in 15% of total catchment area) (in ha) Sprinkler/ drip/ for 3500 0.60/ha 2100 567 HDPE pipes for ha 3500 ha select area Total 2576 340.0 0 635.1 Grand Total 3129.88 846.9 506.7 635.1 1141.8 5% Provision for O & M 156.494 5% provision for Impact 156.494 Assessment Grand Total 3442.87

100

Projected Impact on Status of Groundwater Resource & Development

Net G.W. Additional Total Net Existing G.W Saving of Net GW draft Present stage Projected Availability Recharge G.W. Draft for all Ground after of G.W. stage of (Ham) from RWH Availability purpose water interventions development G.W. Dev. & Recharge after (ham) through (ham) (%) (in %) (ham) intervention projects (Ham) (ham)

5850 846.9 6697 5974 1141.79 4832.54 102.12 72.16

101

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Chandaus Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area: 362.5 sq km

Population Total 186726, Male 99621, Female 87105 Decadal Growth rate 7.11 %, Density 668/sq km Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi . 26510 ha kharif 21875ha and Zaid 1355ha . Total Cropped area is 49740 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -45735 ha, Wheat-20985 ha, Rice-10717 ha Barley -663 ha Millet-7790 ha and Maize . Net sown area is 28509 ha and Gross cropped area 49740 ha with cropping intensity of 174% Net Irrigated area is 27713 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -41605 ha with Irrigation Intensity-150% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 26863 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 850 ha

102

The Canal length is 61 km. Govt. Deep tube well -57 number and Shallow Tube well private- 5212.

Water level behavior Three observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 13.55 to 15.24 mbgl and Post monsoon 13.36 to 14.8 mgl with fluctuation of -0.25 to 0.68 m. Declining trend 17.89cm/year and post monsoon declining trend of 20.02 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 109 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 38 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

103

Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Intensive Ground Water Development, Declining trend of water level, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

104

4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination

S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 8.2 8.9 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 920 3435

3. CO3 mg/l 0 48

4. HCO3 mg/l 280 470 5. Cl mg/l 21 539 6. F mg/l 0.5 0.6

7. NO3 mg/l 14 42

8. SO4 mg/l 9.8 560

9. SiO2 mg/l 22 29

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 145 585 12. Ca mg/l 16 56 13. Mg mg/l 26 108 14. Na mg/l 148 488 15. K mg/l 6 88

Heavy metals: Cu 0-.015, Zn 0.067-0.537 Fe0. 0.061-0.088 and Mn 0.079-0.135mg/l SAR 4.3-8.8 C3S1 and C4S4 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit .In general Ground water suitable for Drinking and irrigation. EC 3435 µS/cm at 25 ºC is higher at Kaseru. First Aquifer Group is partly Saline. Second Aquifer Group is Saline.

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions : Surface water available for harvesting Runoff Chandaus block Avg Mon. Runoff coefficient Utilizable runoff Runoff used for storage/ Recharge/ Area Rain fall % (utilizable Water other Sq.km (mm) rainfall) (MCM) interventions after excluding committed component MCM a b c d (axbxc/105) 50% of d 362.50 667 15 32.64 16.32 (3264 ham)

Volume of unsaturated aquifer zone available for recharge: 607 MCM 105

Feasible Artificial Tentative Quantity Total Total Tentativ Total Expected benefits through Recharge & Water Design (in nos. or runoff volume e unit tentative implementation of plan (considering Conservation area in available considering cost (in cost (in Rs 80% of total storage) structures/ ha) (ham) 6 times Rs lakh) lakh) Expected Provision Expected activities filling Annual GW for conservati annually recharge supplemen on of (ham) (ham) tal ground irrigation, water saving of through GW draft efficiency (ham) enhancem ent measures (ham) a b c d e f 40% of d d e Recharge structures/ activities Masonry Check Crest- 10 - 4 24 10 40 9.6 9.6 dams (~ 10000 15 m; m3 capacity) Height- 1 to 2 m Drain/stream Widening 10 km 94.5 0.5/100 78.75 37.8 37.8 development of channel 0 m3 (Length in km x upto 10- 10 to15m x 15m (Avg 1.5m) 12m) and 1.5m deepening Nala bunds/ Width: 5 to 30 135 2 60 54 54 Gabion (~7500 15 m and 1 m3 capacity) to 1.5 m height Revival, repair of Average 113 903 3.5 395.5 361.2 361.3 water bodies area with Recharge 0.68ha well x3m); deepening by 0.5m Total 1156.5 15.5 574.25 462.6 462.7 0

106

Feasible Tentative Quantity Total Total Tentative Total Expected benefits through Artificial Design (in nos. runoff volume unit cost tentative implementation of plan Recharge & or area available considering (in Rs cost (in Expected Provision Expected Water in ha) (ham) 6 times lakh) Rs lakh) Annual for conservation- Conservation filling GW supplement on of ground structures/ annually recharge al irrigation, water through activities (ham) (ham) saving of efficiency GW draft enhancement (ham) measures (ham) Water Conservation 15% of Activities area On farm 5500 0.14/ha 770 550 113 activities (proposed in 15% of total catchment area) (in ha)

Sprinkler/ for 4000 0.60/ha 2400 408 drip/ HDPE ha pipes for 4000 ha select area

Total 3170 550 0 521

Grand Total 3744.25 1012.6 462.7 521

983.7

5% Provision for O & M 187.213

5% provision for 187.213 Impact Assessment

Grand Total 4118.68

Projected Impact On Status Of Groundwater Resource & Development Impact

4448 1013 5461 5974 983.70 4990.63 104.00 91.39

107

108

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Akrabad Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 276.4sq km

Population Total 171056, Male 91105, Female 79951 Decadal Growth rate 17.94 %, Density 860/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 21475ha kharif 18725 ha and Zaid 1743 ha . Total Cropped area is 41943 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -43006 ha, Wheat-18697 ha, Rice-13054 ha Barley -417hs Millet-5254 ha and Maize 881. Net sown area is 21406 ha and Gross cropped area 41943 ha with cropping intensity of 195 %

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Net Irrigated area is 21004 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -37605 ha with Irrigation Intensity-179% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 16268 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 4736 ha The Canal length is 141 km. Govt. Deep tube well -39 number and Shallow Tube well private- 5776.

Water level behavior Nine observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 1.75 to 8.3 mbgl and Post monsoon 0.25 to 8.0 mgl with fluctuation of -0.3to 1.6 m. Rising trend 33.81 cm/year and post monsoon Rising trend of 28.0 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2. Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 100 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 31 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

110

3.Ground water resource, extraction, contamination and other issues Ground Water Resources Aquifer wise resource availability and extraction

First Aquifer Dynamic Resources MCM: 81.74 Static Resources MCM : 819.2 GW Draft Irrigation :MCM 43.99 Drinking &Industries:MCM4.46 MCM : 48.45 First Aquifer (Saline) MCM 00 Total First Aquifer (Fresh) MCM 901 Total Resources MCM : 901 Second Aquifer (Saline) Static Resources MCM : 1197.9 Total GW Resources MCM : 2098.9 Total Ground Water Draft MCM 48.45 Stage of Ground Water Development : 59% Category :Safe Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

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4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 8.1 8.4 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 485 1287

3. CO3 mg/l 0 12

4. HCO3 mg/l 256 622 5. Cl mg/l 7 78 6. F mg/l 0.4 1.5

7. NO3 mg/l 7 41

8. SO4 mg/l 31 48

9. SiO2 mg/l 26 27

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 185 380 12. Ca mg/l 34 80 13. Mg mg/l 17 80 14. Na mg/l 15 150 15. K mg/l 5 8.3

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.019, , Zn 0.811-0.882 Fe0.192-1.636 and Mn 0.12-0.23 mg/l SAR 0.4-3.3 C2 S1 and C3S1 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit . Ground water suitable for Drinking and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is fresh. Second Aquifer Group is Saline.

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 77.4%. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends. 112

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Atrauli Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 277 sq km

Population Total 210787, Male 111620, Female 99167 Decadal Growth rate 16.52 %, Density 854/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 21369 ha kharif 19243 ha and Zaid 2479 ha . Total Cropped area is 43091 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -37738 ha, Wheat-17491 ha, Rice-5763 ha Barley -6506 ha Millet-753 ha and Maize 2107. Net sown area is 23217 ha and Gross cropped area 43091 ha with cropping intensity of 185%

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Net Irrigated area is 23487 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -37107ha with Irrigation Intensity-158% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 23451 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water 36 ha The Canal length is 149 km. Govt. Deep tube well -10 number and Shallow Tube well private- 4914.

Water level behavior Five observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 6.8 to 13.6 mbgl and Post monsoon 6.2 to 12.55 mgl with fluctuation of 0.6 to 1.46 m. Rising trend 27.08cm/year and post monsoon Rising trend of 20.44cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 110 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 17 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

114

Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

115

4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 7.9 8.1 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 365 630

3. CO3 mg/l 0 0

4. HCO3 mg/l 201 329 5. Cl mg/l 18 43 6. F mg/l 0.1 0.4

7. NO3 mg/l 1.8 7.1

8. SO4 mg/l 5.6 36

9. SiO2 mg/l 29 31

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 170 220 12. Ca mg/l 48 50 13. Mg mg/l 11 23 14. Na mg/l 13 73 15. K mg/l 3.5 6.1

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.0.024, , Zn 0.054-0.953 Fe 0.033-0.455and Mn 0.079-0.261mg/l SAR 0.4-2.2 C2 S1 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit . Ground water suitable for Drinking g and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is fresh. Second Aquifer Group is Saline.

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 99.8%. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends. 116

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Bijauli Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 256.6sq km

Population Total 185680, Male 99583, Female 86097 Decadal Growth rate 19.57 %, Density 975/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 17637ha kharif 15455 ha and Zaid 1147 ha . Total Cropped area is 34239 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -29085 ha, Wheat-14745 ha, Rice-997 ha Barley -753 ha Millet-8717 ha and Maize 2107. Net sown area is 18789 ha and Gross cropped area 34239 ha with cropping intensity of 182%

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Net Irrigated area is 18883 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -24573 ha with Irrigation Intensity-131% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 18018 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 865 ha The Canal length is 160 km. Govt. Deep tube well -66 number and Shallow Tube well private- 5067.

Water level behavior Four observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 7.5 to 14.3 mbgl and Post monsoon 6.5 to 15.5 mgl with fluctuation of -0.8to 1.23 m. Rising trend 3.36 cm/year and post monsoon Decline trend of 6.10 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 107 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 52 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

118

• Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

119

4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 8.1 8.4 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 380 1150

3. CO3 mg/l 0 12

4. HCO3 mg/l 195 573 5. Cl mg/l 18 50 6. F mg/l 0.1 0.8

7. NO3 mg/l 0.4 9.3

8. SO4 mg/l 10 34

9. SiO2 mg/l 23 31

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 155 330 12. Ca mg/l 24 60 13. Mg mg/l 15 43 14. Na mg/l 7.5 117 15. K mg/l 5.7 9.8

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.065, , Zn 0.407-1.18 Fe0.063-3.66 and Mn 0.088-0.182 mg/l SAR 0.2-3.4 C2 S1 and C3S1 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit. Ground water suitable for Drinking g and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is fresh. Second Aquifer Group is Saline.

5.0 Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 95.4%. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends 120

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Dhanipur Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 307.1sq km

Population Total 200445, Male 106734, Female 93711 Decadal Growth rate 14.53 %, Density 859 sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 20404 ha kharif 17144 ha and Zaid 2541 ha . Total Cropped area is 40089 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -43012 ha, Wheat-17038 ha, Rice-12653 ha Barley -12653 ha Millet-5012 ha and Maize 814. Net sown area is 23974 ha and Gross cropped area 40089 ha with cropping intensity of 167%

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Net Irrigated area is 23592 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -37149 ha with Irrigation Intensity-257% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 18774 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 4818ha The Canal length is 115 km. Govt. Deep tube well -31 number and Shallow Tube well private- 5212.

Water level behavior Fifteen observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 4.0 to 26 mbgl and Post monsoon 1.1 to 26.98 mgl with fluctuation of -1.54 to 4.07 m. Rising trend 0.08cm/year and post monsoon declining trend of 2.27cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 109 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 33 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

122

3.Ground water resource, extraction, contamination and other issues Ground Water Resources Aquifer wise resource availability and extraction First Aquifer Dynamic Resources MCM: 79.8 Static Resources MCM : 588.6 GW Draft Irrigation :MCM 58.43 Drinking &Industries:MCM 5.32 MCM : 63.75 First Aquifer (Saline) MCM 392.4 Total First Aquifer (Fresh) MCM 668.1 Total Resources MCM : 1060.5 Second Aquifer (Saline) Static Resources MCM : 1330.6 Total GW Resources MCM : 2391.8 Total Ground Water Draft MCM 63.75 Stage of Ground Water Development : 80% Category :Safe Issues: Static Water Levels in the block, Net sown and net irrigated area are same • Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

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4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 7.9 8.4 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 720 1436

3. CO3 mg/l 0 36

4. HCO3 mg/l 366 580 5. Cl mg/l 18 184 6. F mg/l 0.4 2.5

7. NO3 mg/l 2.2 42

8. SO4 mg/l 39 114

9. SiO2 mg/l 25 33

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 190 380 12. Ca mg/l 20 48 13. Mg mg/l 29 34 14. Na mg/l 71 217 15. K mg/l 5.8 11.0

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.0, , Zn 0.47-1.48 Fe0.076-0.693 and Mn 0.096-0.119 mg/l SAR 2.1-6.8 C2 S1 and C3S2 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit . However F (2.5 mg/l) is higher at Haduaganj Ground water suitable for Drinking and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is partly Saline. Second Aquifer Group is Saline.

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 79.5%. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends 124

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Gangiri Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 363.6sq km

Population Total 269975, Male 143696, Female 126279 Decadal Growth rate 18.76 %, Density 891/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 25862ha kharif 23759 ha and Zaid 1976 ha . Total Cropped area is 51597 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -46106 ha, Wheat-21539 ha, Rice-1132 ha Barley -1627hs Millet-14828 ha and Maize 3729ha. Net sown area is 29417 ha and Gross cropped area 51597 ha with cropping intensity of 175%

125

Net Irrigated area is 29450 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -36757 ha with Irrigation Intensity-151% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 29300 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 2310 ha The Canal length is 164 km. Govt. Deep tube well -115 number and Shallow Tube well private- 6130.

Water level behavior Six observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 13.8 to 16.72 mbgl and Post monsoon 13.1 to 16.21 mgl with fluctuation of 0.1to 1.3 m. Declining trend 12.85 cm/year and post monsoon Declining trend of 5.09cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 114 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 27m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

126

Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

127

4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 7.9 8.2 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 646 1986

3. CO3 mg/l 0 0

4. HCO3 mg/l 262 227 5. Cl mg/l 50 78 6. F mg/l 0.4 0.7

7. NO3 mg/l 55 215

8. SO4 mg/l 27 102

9. SiO2 mg/l 26 32

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 240 440 12. Ca mg/l 36 80 13. Mg mg/l 22 78 14. Na mg/l 34 230 15. K mg/l 5.2 86

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.0, , Zn 0.065-0.42 Fe0.078-0.279 and Mn 0.079-0.182 mg/l SAR 0.9-4.8C2 S1 and C3S2 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit .Nitrate at Hidramee and Barla is high. Ground water suitable for Drinking and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is partly Saline. Second Aquifer Group is Saline.

5.0 Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing no significant declining trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 99.4%. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends

128

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Gonda Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 323.3 sq km

Population Total 186341, Male 99875, Female 86466 Decadal Growth rate 11.64` %, Density 739/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 24590ha kharif 18084 ha and Zaid 3083 ha . Total Cropped area is 45757 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -43006 ha, Wheat-18697 ha, Rice-13054 ha Barley -417hs Millet-5254 ha and Maize 881. Net sown area is 25108 ha and Gross cropped area 45757 ha with cropping intensity of 182%

129

Net Irrigated area is 25264 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -38103 ha with Irrigation Intensity-125% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 18774 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 4818ha The Canal length is 130 km. Govt. Deep tube well -9 number and Shallow Tube well private- 7877.

Water level behavior Seven observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 4.17 to 12.34 mbgl and Post monsoon 1.8 to 11.12 mgl with fluctuation of 1.22 to 2.82 m. Rising trend 10.43cm/year and post monsoon Rising trend of 9.87cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

• Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 110 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 35 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

130

3.Ground water resource, extraction, contamination and other issues Ground Water Resources Aquifer wise resource availability and extraction First Aquifer Dynamic Resources MCM: 60.90 Static Resources MCM : 653.8 GW Draft Irrigation :MCM 42.34 Drinking &Industries: MCM 4.21 MCM : 46.55 First Aquifer (Saline) MCM 435.9 Total First Aquifer (Fresh) MCM 517.1 Total Resources MCM : 953. 0 Second Aquifer (Saline) Static Resources MCM : 1014.5 Total GW Resources MCM : 1837.3 Total Ground Water Draft MCM 46.55 Stage of Ground Water Development : 76% Category :Safe Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity. At few locations fluoride is higher.

131

4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 7.8 8.6 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 1107 6150

3. CO3 mg/l 0 24

4. HCO3 mg/l 342 549 5. Cl mg/l 92 971 6. F mg/l 0.4 5.0

7. NO3 mg/l 11 270

8. SO4 mg/l 60 970

9. SiO2 mg/l 26 27

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 110 811 12. Ca mg/l 16 56 13. Mg mg/l 17 162 14. Na mg/l 280 718 15. K mg/l 3 677

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.019, , Zn 0.811-0.882 Fe0.192-1.636 and Mn 0.12-0.23 mg/l SAR 6.7-14.7 C2 S1 and C4S4. In general All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit. However F (5.0 mg/l) is higher at Gahlau. Ground water suitable for Drinking and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is partly Saline. Second Aquifer Group is Saline.

5.0 Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions : Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 90.8%. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends.

132

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Jawan Sinkandarpur Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 286.7sq km

Population Total 204891, Male 108576, Female 79951 Decadal Growth rate -3.07 %, Density 884/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 21873ha kharif 19875 ha and Zaid 1762 ha . Total Cropped area is ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -43006 ha, Wheat-18697 ha, Rice-13054 ha Barley -417hs Millet-5254 ha and Maize 881. Net sown area is 24580 ha and Gross cropped area 43510 ha with cropping intensity of 177%

133

Net Irrigated area is 21716 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -40268 ha with Irrigation Intensity-164% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 21889 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 2661 ha The Canal length is 123 km. Govt. Deep tube well -49 number and Shallow Tube well private- 4051.

Water level behavior Six observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 1.75 to 21.0 mbgl and Post monsoon 0.85 to 20.7 mgl with fluctuation of -0.2to 2.03 m. Declining trend 0.19 cm/year and post monsoon Rising trend of 6.13 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 109 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 35 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

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3.Ground water resource, extraction, contamination and other issues Ground Water Resources Aquifer wise resource availability and extraction

First Aquifer Dynamic Resources MCM: 77.12 Static Resources MCM : 949.8 GW Draft Irrigation :MCM 48.25 Drinking &Industries:MCM 4.48 MCM : 52.72 First Aquifer (Saline) MCM 00 Total First Aquifer (Fresh) MCM 1026.9 Total Resources MCM : 1026.9 Second Aquifer (Saline) Static Resources MCM : 1242.2 Total GW Resources MCM : 2269.1 Total Ground Water Draft MCM 52.72 Stage of Ground Water Development : 68% Category :Safe Issues: Rising Water Levels in the block, Net sown and net irrigated area are same Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

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4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 7.8 8.2 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 242 670

3. CO3 mg/l 0 0

4. HCO3 mg/l 146 403 5. Cl mg/l 7.1 14 6. F mg/l 0.2 0.8

7. NO3 mg/l 0.15 4.9

8. SO4 mg/l 16 44

9. SiO2 mg/l 20 27

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 120 260 12. Ca mg/l 32 48 13. Mg mg/l 18 41 14. Na mg/l 6 73 15. K mg/l 2.6 6.8

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.019, , Zn 0.139-0.897 Fe0.093-0.294 and Mn 0.096-0.127mg/l SAR 0.2-1.5 C1 S1 and C2S1 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit. Ground water suitable for Drinking g and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is fresh. Second Aquifer Group is Saline .

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 89.0 %. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends.

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Aquifer Map and Management plan of Khair Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 305.7sq km

Population Total 189350, Male 100790 Female 88560 Decadal Growth rate 14.06 %, Density 654/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 28475 ha kharif 18578 ha and Zaid 2139 ha . Total Cropped area is 49192 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -38104 ha, Wheat-20414 ha, Rice-7560ha Barley -637ha Millet-5610 ha and Maize 300. Net sown area is 27748 ha and Gross cropped area 49192 ha with cropping intensity of 177%

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Net Irrigated area is 27430 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -41408 ha with Irrigation Intensity-151% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 22662 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 4768 ha The Canal length is 197 km. Govt. Deep tube well -43 number and Shallow Tube well private- 7060.

Water level behavior Eight observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 4.75 to 14.67 mbgl and Post monsoon 3.75 to 13.1 mgl with fluctuation of 0.1to 1.57 m. Rising trend 1.37 cm/year and post monsoon Rising trend of 3.70 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 91 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 21 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

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Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group have inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

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4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 8.2 8.6 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 1245 2784

3. CO3 mg/l 0 60

4. HCO3 mg/l 512 671 5. Cl mg/l 35 390 6. F mg/l 0.7 4.9

7. NO3 mg/l 2.6 82

8. SO4 mg/l 24 32

9. SiO2 mg/l 26 27

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 70 490 12. Ca mg/l 4 48 13. Mg mg/l 12 113 14. Na mg/l 270 404 15. K mg/l 2.1 32

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.015, , Zn 0.033-1.09 Fe0.88-0.108 and Mn 0.088-0.238 mg/l SAR 5.7-14.0 C2 S2 and C4S4 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit . However F (2.8 mg/l & 4.9) is higher at Palacahnd and Sujanpur respectively. Ground water suitable for Drinking g and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is partly Saline. Second Aquifer Group is Saline

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 82.6 %. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends. 140

Aquifer Map and Management plan of Lodha Block, Aligarh District U.P.

1.0 Salient Information Area 302.3sq km

Population Total 264567, Male 140740, Female 123827 Decadal growth rate 31.86 % Density 1217/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 20559ha kharif 15733 ha and Zaid 2141 ha . Total Cropped area is 38433 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -43006 ha, Wheat-18697 ha, Rice-13054 ha Barley -417hs Millet-5254 ha and Maize 881. Net sown area is 21603 ha and Gross cropped area 38433 ha with cropping intensity of 168%

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Net Irrigated area is 29065ha and Gross Area Irrigated -30546 ha with Irrigation Intensity-114% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 27433 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 1623 ha The Canal length is 82 km. Govt. Deep tube well -72 number and Shallow Tube well private- 3055.

Water level behavior Eight observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 9.7 to 19.8 mbgl and Post monsoon 7.85 to 19.95 mgl with fluctuation of -0.67to 2.25 m. Rising trend 33.81 cm/year and post monsoon Rising trend of 28.0 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

2.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 108 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 25 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

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Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group has inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity.

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4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 8.0 9.0 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 650 1698

3. CO3 mg/l 0 72

4. HCO3 mg/l 281 537 5. Cl mg/l 35 213 6. F mg/l 0.1 0.7

7. NO3 mg/l 16 131

8. SO4 mg/l 13 89

9. SiO2 mg/l 30 49

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 170 300 12. Ca mg/l 8 144 13. Mg mg/l 33 56 14. Na mg/l 56 238 15. K mg/l 10 23

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.012, , Zn 0.008-0.497 Fe0.093-0.159 and Mn 0.104-0.175 mg/l SAR 1.6-7.8 C3 S1 and C3S2 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit . Ground water suitable for Drinking g and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is partly Saline. Second Aquifer Group is Saline

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Roof top rain water harvesting is recommended as Urban areas of Aligarh fall in his block. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 94.4 %. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . Blending with First and /or second aquifer water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends.

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Aquifer Map and Management plan of Tappal Block, Aligarh District U.P.

3.0 Salient Information Area 425.5 sq km

Population Total 194252, Male 91105, Female 103570 Decadal growth rate 14.46 % , Density 608/sq km

Rainfall (2015) The normal annual rainfall - 781.6 mm., Normal monsoon - 667.6 mm, Normal non monsoon rainfall is 113.6 mm Monsoon rainfall (2015)-366 mm Non-monsoon Rainfall(2015)-- 147.8 mm Agriculture and Irrigation 2013-14 The area of Rabi 30122ha kharif 25369 ha and Zaid 1811 ha . Total Cropped area is 57302 ha. The principal crops of the area Pulses -43006 ha, Wheat-18697 ha, Rice-13054 ha Barley -417hs Millet-5254 ha and Maize 881. Net sown area is 31102 ha and Gross cropped area 57302 ha with cropping intensity of 184 %

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Net Irrigated area is 31415 ha and Gross Area Irrigated -51999 ha with Irrigation Intensity-166% Net Irrigated area under groundwater is 29686 ha and net Irrigated area under surface water – 1729 ha The Canal length is 121 km. Govt. Deep tube well -17 number and Shallow Tube well private- 4140.

Water level behavior Nine observations well monitored. Pre monsoon-16 ranges between 4.60 to 22.6 mbgl and Post monsoon 2.28 to 21.6 mgl with fluctuation of 1.0 to 2.32 m. Rising trend 33.81 cm/year and post monsoon Rising trend of 28.0 cm/year. Due to lack of data piezomteric head is not available. However from few wells of district, it is 22 m bgl.

4.0 Aquifer Disposition, Number of aquifers First Aquifer Group Second Aquifer Group

Average Thickness of aquifers aquifer group I is 93 m bgl with thickness of granular zone of 29 m. Data of aquifer group II not available. However it is between 120-300mbgl with thickness of granular zone of 45 m as per ground water exploration data of other block. . The 3D and Hydrogeological map aquifer disposition is shown in Figure below.

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Issues: Dependency of Ground Water Irrigation, Second Aquifer Group & part of First Aquifer Group have inferior ground water quality in terms of salinity. At few locations fluoride is higher

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4. Chemical quality of ground water and contamination S. No. Constituents Minimum Maximum 1. pH 7.7 8.5 2. EC µS/cm at 25 ºC 432 5445

3. CO3 mg/l 0 24

4. HCO3 mg/l 195 415 5. Cl mg/l 7.1 120 6. F mg/l 0.4 1.4

7. NO3 mg/l 5.7 295

8. SO4 mg/l 20 724

9. SiO2 mg/l 26 27

10. PO4 mg/l 0 0

11. TH (as CaCO3) mg/l 220 1491 12. Ca mg/l 40 248 13. Mg mg/l 27 80 14. Na mg/l 7.1 638 15. K mg/l 3.2 19

Heavy metals : Cu 0-.012, , Zn 0.054-0.519 Fe0.093-0.341 and Mn 0.104-0.214 mg/l SAR 0.2-7.2 C2 S1 and C4S3 All the chemical constituents are within permissible limit . Ground water suitable for Drinking g and irrigation. First Aquifer Group is partly Saline. Second Aquifer Group is Saline

5. Ground water resource enhancement & Demand side interventions: Block is safe showing rising trend of water level hence no intervention is required. However, on farm activities and Water Use Efficiency practices are recommended. Since net sown area and net irrigated area is nearly equal, no further ground water development is required. The contribution of ground water for irrigation in this block is 82.0 %. So surface water irrigation system should be planned and effectively be implemented by increasing the canal network, which will help in reducing the stress on Ground Water withdraw directly as well as recharge of ground water . In addition blending with First and /or second aquifer group water is proposed for irrigation. Limited and

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controlled quantity of Saline ground water may be put in canal to enhance supply in canal so water can reach upto tail ends.

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For Restricted/ Authorized Official Use Only