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Masonería Y Sociedades Secretas En México Masonería y sociedades secretas en México José Luis SOBERANES FERNÁNDEZ Carlos Francisco MARTÍNEZ MORENO Coordinadores Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas MASONERÍA Y SOCIEDADES SECRETAS EN MÉXICO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES JURÍDICAS Serie DOCTRINA JURÍDICA, nm. 837 COORDINACIÓN EDITORIAL Lic. Ral Márquez Romero Secretario Técnico Lic. Wendy Vanesa Rocha Cacho Jefa del Departamento de Publicaciones Amaranta Luna Castillejos Cuidado de la edicin Álvaro Luna Castillejos Formacin en computadora Óscar Martínez González Apoyo editorial Mauricio Ortega Garduo Elaboracin de portada MASONERÍA Y SOCIEDADES SECRETAS EN MÉXICO JOSÉ LUIS SOBERANES FERNÁNDEZ CARLOS FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ MORENO Coordinadores UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES JURÍDICAS MÉXICO, 2018 Primera edicin: 4 de octubre de 2018 DR © 2018. Universidad Nacional Autnoma de México INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES JURÍDICAS Circuito Maestro Mario de la Cueva s/n Ciudad de la Investigacin en Humanidades Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México Impreso y hecho en México ISBN: 978-607-30-0755-9 CONTENIDO Presentación ............................................ XI José Luis SOBERANES FERNÁNDEZ Carlos Francisco MARTÍNEZ MORENO Luces y sombras de la masonería: las incongruencias del discurso masnico regular ............................. 1 Javier ALVARADO PLANAS Las logias lautaro, los caballeros racionales y el movimiento independentista americano .................. 41 JOSÉ Antonio FERRER BENIMELI Prohibiciones masnicas papales, reales y la Constitución de Cádiz ............................... 71 JOSÉ Antonio FERRER BENIMELI Las sociedades secretas de Los Guadalupes y de Jalapa, y la independencia de México ............................. 87 VIRGINIA GUEDEA RINCÓN-GALLARDO La imperial Orden de Guadalupe, precedente de las primeras corporaciones masnicas del México nacional ................ 109 MARÍA Cristina TORALES PACHECO Iglesia católica y masonería. Las condenas pontificias ............ 127 EMILIO MARTÍNEZ ALBESA La mirada de la Santa Sede sobre la masonería mexicana ......... 219 PAOLO VALVO El liberal moderantismo durante el gobierno de Ignacio Comonfort ................................... 243 SILVESTRE VILLEGAS REVUELTAS VII VIII CONTENIDO La lucha entre masones y catlicos en el Porfiriato. La creación de la Gran Dieta Simbólica de México en 1890 ............... 271 SALVADOR CÁRDENAS GUTIÉRREZ Masones: ¿ideólogos y fundadores de la Constitución mexicana de 1917? ..................................... 313 CARLOS Francisco MARTÍNEZ MORENO Masonería y anticlericalismo en la década de 1920 .............. 351 JEAN MEYER Juristas masones del exilio republicano espaol en México ......... 365 EVA Elizabeth MARTÍNEZ CHÁVEZ La educación después de las reformas de 1833 .................. 385 ANNE STAPLES Esta obra forma parte del acervo de la Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM www.juridicas.unam.mx Libro completo en: https://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/bjv https://goo.gl/NwLmVx PRESENTACIÓN El ao de 2017 ha sido rico en conmemoraciones –no siempre celebracio- nes– y nos ha permitido recordar acontecimientos del pasado que, de una u otra forma, han colaborado en la conformacin de nuestra sociedad contem- poránea. Dichas conmemoraciones son una forma de asumir nuestro pasado y todo lo que éste representa en la construccin de nuestro presente; es una manera de no mostrarnos ingratos, pues, para bien o para mal, ese pasado ya forma parte de nuestro ser. Quinientos aos de la Reforma protestante, trescientos de la masonería, ciento cincuenta del triunfo de la Repblica (varias instituciones lo hicieron, incluidas facultades, institutos y dependencias de la UNAM), cien de la Cons- titucin mexicana, cien de la Revolucin Rusa, etcétera. Cuando se llevan a cabo este tipo de conmemoraciones, siempre traen consigo la oportunidad de reflexionar respecto al significado y la trascenden- cia del hecho o acontecimiento cuyo aniversario estamos evocando. La masonería es una institucin fundamental en la historia moderna y contemporánea del mundo occidental, así como en la formacin del Estado liberal y democrático de derecho, y, por ende, en la configuracin de nuestro país como una nacin libre y soberana en los siglos XIX y XX. Por supuesto, la masonería ha generado muchas pasiones, alabanzas y críticas feroces, pero no es una institucin que pase desapercibida ante cual- quier persona que observe nuestra realidad política, presente y pretérita. ¿En el siglo XXI ya existe la serenidad suficiente para contemplar de manera objetiva a dicha institucin fundamental de nuestra histrica patria? Pensamos que sí, por ello nos hemos animado a organizar este volumen co- lectivo, aprovechando el tricentenario de la creacin de la Gran Logia de Londres, el 24 de junio de 1717, primera obediencia masnica aceptada es- peculativa, madre de todo el movimiento masnico mundial, así como al bicentenario de las primeras logias masnicas regulares en la Nueva Espaa. Para colaborar en este volumen hemos invitado a muy distinguidos espe- cialistas de México y el extranjero, con lo que hemos conseguido –modestia V DR © 2018. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México- Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas Esta obra forma parte del acervo de la Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM www.juridicas.unam.mx Libro completo en: https://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/bjv https://goo.gl/NwLmVx VI PRESENTACIÓN aparte– un libro bastante bien logrado; vaya, pues, nuestro agradecimiento a todos ellos por su muy valiosa colaboracin. Queremos agradecer al Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la Uni- versidad Nacional Autnoma de México, y a su director, el doctor Pedro Salazar Ugarte, por haber patrocinado este proyecto académico. José Luis SOBERANES FERNÁNDEZ Carlos Francisco MARTÍNEZ MORENO DR © 2018. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México- Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas Esta obra forma parte del acervo de la Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM www.juridicas.unam.mx Libro completo en: https://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/bjv https://goo.gl/NwLmVx LUCES Y SOMBRAS DE LA MASONERÍA: LAS INCONGRUENCIAS DEL DISCURSO MASÓNICO REGULAR Javier ALVARADO PLANAS* SUMARIO: I. Introducción. II. Acusaciones infundadas contra la masonería. III. Acusaciones fundamentadas contra la masonería. IV. Reflexión final. I. INTRODUCCIÓN Fue y sigue siendo un notable hallazgo el que una asociacin civil asumiera como finalidad la mera reunin fraternal de personas de cualquier religin, raza, clase social e ideología política, y que, convencidos de la existencia de Dios y de la inmortalidad del alma, acordaran respetar unas reglas ceremo- niales o un orden más o menos cerrado para debatir sobre todo tipo de asun- tos relacionados con el mundo del pensamiento, el arte, la filosofía… en fin, la cultura, con prohibicin expresa de tratar asuntos políticos o religiosos. Como es sabido, la masonería medieval se transform en el siglo XVIII al calor de las modas novatoras e ilustradas de dicho siglo, las cuales practi- caban una socialibilidad culta más abierta y flexible que la de las academias, pero alejada de la frivolidad imperante en las tertulias, cafés y cenáculos de la época. En efecto, mientras las academias eran corporaciones especializadas por razn de la materia y en las que imperaba una incmoda censura, en las logias se podía discurrir sobre diversas materias de filosofía, moral, arte, historia, ciencia y, además, hacerlo sin más censura que la obligada por la cortesía y educacin. Aunque lamentablemente no disponemos todavía de un estudio de con- junto sobre el exacto papel desempeado por las logias masnicas en el * Catedrático de Historia del Derecho y de las Instituciones, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (Espaa). 1 DR © 2018. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México- Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas Esta obra forma parte del acervo de la Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM www.juridicas.unam.mx Libro completo en: https://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/bjv https://goo.gl/NwLmVx 2 JAVIER ALVARADO PLANAS desarrollo de la Ilustracin y del pensamiento liberal, la mayoría de los historiadores coinciden en que tuvo una influencia decisiva.1 Por citar algunos ejemplos de logias seeras, cabría mencionar a la pari- sina Las Nueve Hermanas, fundada en 1765,2 verdadero motor cultural de la época, que fue frecuentada por el filsofo Helvetius; el astrnomo Lalande; Benjamin Franklin (1779-1781) –embajador en París de Estados de Unidos–; Adrien-Nicolas, marqués de la Salle; Emmanuel de Pastoret, criminalista; el historiador Antoine Court de Gébelin; Jacques Montgolfier; Emmanuel-Jose- ph Sièyes, etcétera. En Alemania, uno de los ncleos de la Ilustracin fue la logia Amalia de las Tres Rosas de Weimar, de la que fueron miembros el príncipe soberano Carlos Augusto de Weimar y sus consejeros y principales protagonistas del re- nacimiento cultural del ducado: Goethe, Herder, Wieland, Schiller, etcétera. Gracias a la labor de esta logia, la corte de Weimar se convirti en uno de los principales y más celebrados centros culturales de Europa. En Viena, una de las más famosas fue la logia La Verdadera Concordia (Zur wahren Eintracht), que se inspiraba en los principios de la cultura ilustrada y regalista.3 Entre sus miembros y visitantes encontramos a mecenas, escritores, filsofos, artistas, científicos e intelectuales,
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