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Ibita, Ma. Marilou S. "Exploring the (In)Visibility of the Christ-believers’ ‘Trans-ethnicity’: A Lowland Filipina Catholic’s Perspective." : Identities and Ideologies in Early Jewish and Christian Texts, and in Modern Biblical Interpretation. Ed. Katherine M Hockey and David G Horrell. London: T&T CLARK, 2018. 183–201. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 28 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567677334.0019>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 28 September 2021, 07:28 UTC. Copyright © Katherine M. Hockey and David G. Horrell 2018. You may share this work for non- commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. Ethnicity, Race, Religion 10 Exploring the (In)Visibility of the Christ- believers’ ‘Trans-ethnicity’: A Lowland Filipina Catholic’s Perspective Ma. Marilou S. Ibita Recently some Western scholars have problematized the issue of the alleged ‘trans- ethnicity’ or universalism of the earliest Christ-believers based on new interpretations of biblical texts.1 From the perspective of my predominantly Roman Catholic upbringing in the Philippines, in this essay I shall argue that the Western-influenced view of trans-ethnic Christianity in relation to issues of ethnicity, race, and religion can be seen not only in the biblical text but also in relation to the identity of the Catholic biblical interpreter(s) and their choice of particular hermeneutical approaches and methods.2 Given these interrelated factors, I will explore the question of the possibility and/or desirability of ‘breaking out’ of these Western assumptions and offer suggestions for a way forward through a dialogical method. 1 The lowland Filipino Catholic interpreter Let me begin with the interpreters. Currently about 80 per cent of Filipinos are Catholics.3 Most live in the ‘lowland’ setting which is generally influenced by 1 For a recent discussion, see David G. Horrell, ‘Ethnicisation, Marriage and Early Christian Identity: Critical Reflections on 1 Corinthians 7, 1 Peter 3 and Modern New Testament Scholarship’,NTS 62, no. 3 (2016): 439–60. 2 For a critical view, see R. S. Sugirtharajah, ‘Introduction, and Some Thoughts on Asian Biblical Hermeneutics’, BibInt 2, no. 3 (1994): 251–63; R. S. Sugirtharajah, The Bible and Asia: From the Pre-Christian Era to the Postcolonial Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); Heikki Räisänen et al., Reading the Bible in the Global Village: Helsinki (Reading the Bible in the Global Village 1; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000); Fernando F. Segovia and Mary Ann Tolbert, eds, Reading from This Place. Vol. 2: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation in Global Perspective (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995). 3 This means about 74,211,896 in 2010. See Philippine Statistics Authority, Philippines in Figures 2015 (Quezon City: Philippine Statistics Authority), 28. Available online: https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/ files/2015%20PIF%20as%20of%20June%202016.pdf (accessed 29 April 2017). Ethnicity, Race, Religion.indb 183 18-04-2018 12:44:23 Exploring the (In)Visibility of the Christ-believers’ ‘Trans- ethnicity’ 184 Ethnicity, Race, Religion Catholicism brought by the Spanish colonizers in 1521.4 The riverine or coastal areas of the various islands are occupied by the major ethnic and linguistic groups of Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Visaya, Hiligaynon, Waray, and Bicol. The other ethnic groups and earlier Islamic groups that did not convert to Spain’s brand of Roman Catholicism have been forced to go up into the mountains or live near the sea or on boats due either to Christian–Muslim conflict or because of the Christians’ exploitative relationship with them.5 While consciousness of the varied ethnic and linguistic groups in the Philippines persists, the identity of being ‘Filipino’ and ‘Catholic’ was also embraced as a new way of affirming communal identity. The character of Filipino Catholics’ trans- ethnic identity was influenced by centuries of Spanish colonization (1521–1898), followed by American Christian missions (1898–1946),6 and, thus, is of a Western character. The changes brought about by Vatican II and the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines, particularly the shift from the model of Christendom to the Church of the Poor, emphasized this shared and dominant Filipino Catholic identity.7 In my observation, the perception of being a Filipino Catholic moves within a complex continuum of visibility–invisibility. The sense of being Filipino highlights our ethno-racial identity. Being a Catholic underscores our religious trans-ethnic identity of belonging to a more universal group, that is, the Roman Catholic Church, which often eclipses our awareness of other Christian rites and denominations worldwide. The relationship between ‘Filipino’ and ‘Catholic’ is also very complicated, without necessarily being directly proportional. Within the country, the Catholic and Filipino identities are visible even if being a Filipino tends to be dissected into the various ethno-linguistic identities. The identities ‘Filipino’ and ‘Catholic’ also strengthen each other in situations like a papal visit, pilgrimaging or working abroad, or when helping others during environmental disasters. Abroad, ‘being Filipino’ becomes more prominent (although regionalism persists) because Catholicity is often presupposed among Filipinos unless outward signs indicate otherwise. Yet, the two identities may also clash. For example, the issue of extra-judicial killings related to the government’s so-called war on drugs contrasts with the official Catholic Church’s teaching and stance on the sacredness of everyone’s life.8 Being Catholic seems to be secondary to Filipinos who consider supporting the current administration’s drug 4 See Renato Constantino and Letizia R. Constantino, A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 17–23. The issue of ethnicity, race, and religion in southern Philippines, particularly the Christian-Muslim and Lumads conflicts, is beyond the scope of this chapter. See Stuart J. Kaufman, ‘Symbols, Frames, and Violence: Studying Ethnic War in the Philippines’, International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2011): 937–58. 5 See Edgar Javier, Building Christian Community: A Case Study of the Ethnic Minority Communities of Mindoro, Philippines (Rome: Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana, Facultas Missiologiae, 1985). 6 For a concise treatment of Philippine history and its impact on biblical interpretation, see Niceta Vargas, Word and Witness: An Introduction to the Gospel of John (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2013), 287–90. 7 See Julio X. Labayen, Revolution and the Church of the Poor (Quezon City: Claretians, 1995); William Holden, ‘From the Church of the Powerful to the Church of the Poor: Liberation Theology and Catholic Praxis in the Philippines’, in The Changing World Religion Map, ed. Stanley D. Brunn (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015), 3095–114. 8 See Roy Lagarde, ‘Church and gov’t should collaborate, not clash – Cardinal Rosales’, CBCP News Online. Available online: http://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/church-and-govt-should-collaborate-not- clash-cardinal-rosales/ (accessed 29 April 2017). Ethnicity, Race, Religion.indb 184 18-04-2018 12:44:23 Exploring the (In)Visibility of the Christ-believers’ ‘Trans-ethnicity’ 185 ‘war’ as being patriotic, without taking into account the Church’s teaching on the sacredness of life. Focusing on the influence of being Filipino and Catholic in interpreting the Bible, the degree of understanding of Filipino Catholics’ trans-ethnicity (i.e. the blurring of Filipino ethnicity) differs slightly depending on the different groups of lowland Filipino Catholic Bible interpreters and their exposure to other ethnic, racial, and religious groups within the Philippines and in the global diaspora. Trained exegetes, Filipinos and non-Filipinos, who are in the Philippines and who are largely trained in Western universities and guided by mostly Western-born or Western-educated mentors tend to be more aware of the varied ethnicities in the Bible. Yet, since most of them belong to international religious orders or are members of the clergy, they either facilitate the recognition of the various ethnicities in the Bible in their academic work or unconsciously promote the trans-ethnicity of the Catholics in their pastoral engagement. This is a point that I will take up again below. The fluidity in recognizing and promoting the Christ-believers’ global trans- ethnicity can also be found among the Filipinos and the international theology students (mostly Asians) as they prepare for priesthood or as part of their formation as religious/ consecrated persons, lay church workers, religion teachers, or catechists. They receive biblical formation mostly through formal studies in seminaries and formation centres, some of which are multi-ethnic settings. Groups like the Episcopal Commission on the Biblical Apostolate provide additional help to other biblical interpreters. The use of various media of communication also promotes Bible knowledge which does not necessarily delve into the issues of ethnicity, race, and religion and their intersections. Recent academic research on the Bible, including on these topics, is not necessarily accessible, distributed, or discussed by these various groups of interpreters, much less shared with the larger Catholic community. However, while the knowledge-sharing
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