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2003 Kyoto Prize Laureates Background Information (Pdf)

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2003 Kyoto Prize Laureates Background Information (Pdf) The 2003 Kyoto Prize Laureates BACKGROUND June 20, 2003 THE INAMORI FOUNDATION KYOTO JAPAN Laureates of the 2003 Kyoto Prizes Advanced Technology Category Fields Selected : Materials Science and Engineering Professor George McClelland Whitesides (U.S.A., b. 1939) Chemist, Professor, Harvard University “Pioneering a Technique of Organic Molecular Self-assembly and its Application to Nanomaterials Science” By developing technologies that combine organic, bio- and inorganic molecules using self-assembled organic monolayers, Professor Whitesides has succeeded in patterning and joining of organic materials, which is indispensable for organic nanotechnologies. Through his broad perspective from fundamental chemistry to applied technologies, he has made a major contribution to the development of new horizons in materials science. Basic Sciences Category Fields Selected : Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics Professor Eugene Newman Parker (U.S.A., b. 1927) Physicist, Professor Emeritus, The University of Chicago “Elucidation of the of the Solar Wind and Cosmical Magnetohydrodynamic Phenomena” Through his research on terrestrial, solar and cosmical magnetohydrodynamic phenomena, Professor Parker has produced numerous seminal physical concepts, not least among them the theory of the solar wind, opening new dimensions in earth and space sciences. His discoveries have made a significant contribution to the elucidation of various phenomena involving fixed stars, interstellar space and the galaxy, giving birth to a new perspective on space physics. Arts and Philosophy Category Fields Selected : Theater, Cinema Mr. Tamao Yoshida (Japan, b. 1919) Bunraku Puppeteer “The Foremost Master Puppeteer of Bunraku, a Major Classical Performance Art of Japan” Mr. Tamao Yoshida is at the summit of Bunraku puppet theater, one of Japan’s classical stage arts. Going beyond the mere transmission of puppetry techniques, he has added original and creative insight in puppet movement, with a virtuosity cultivated over the course of many years and a deep knowledge of the stories and essence of the roles. Capable of emotional depictions that surpass the abilities of human actors, Tamao has contributed to Bunraku’s current status as the world’s most highly developed and refined form of puppet theater. BIOGRAPHY OF THE 2003 KYOTO PRIZE LAUREATE IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Fields Selected: Materials Science and Engineering NAME: Professor George McClelland Whitesides DATE OF BIRTH: August 3, 1939 NATIONALITY: U. S. A. BRIEF BIOGRAPHY: 1939 Born in Louisville, Kentucky 1960 A.B., Harvard University 1964 Ph.D., California Institute of Technology 1963-1982 Member of the faculty, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1982 Department of Chemistry, Harvard University 1986-1989 Department Chairman, Harvard University Present Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry, Harvard University AWARDS AND HONORS: 1989 Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, American Chemical Society 1995 Arthur C. Cope Award, American Chemical Society 1998 United States National Medal of Science 2000 The Von Hippel Award, Materials Research Society 2001 World Technology Award for Materials, World Technology Network Honorary Memberships: National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences MAJOR WORKS: 1990 Wet Chemical Approaches to the Characterization of Organic-Surfaces- Self- Assembled Monolayers, Wetting, and the Physical Organic-Chemistry of the Solid Liquid Interface, Langmuir 6(1):87-96 (with P. E. Laibinis). 1991 Molecular Self-Assembly and Nanochemistry: A Chemical Strategy for the Synthesis of Nanostructures, Science 254(5036):1312-1319 (with J. P. Mathias and C. T. Seto). 1991 Comparison of the Structures and Wetting Properties of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Normal-Alkanethiols on the Coinage Metal-Surfaces, CU, AG, AU, J. American Chemical Society 113(19):7152-7167 (with P. E. Laibinis and others). 1994 Patterning Self-Assembled Monolayers-Applications in Materials Science, Langmuir 10(5):1498-1511 (with A. Kumar and others). 1997 Geometric Control of Cell Life and Death, Science 276(5317):1425- 1428_(with C. S. Chen and others). ACHIEVEMENTS OF PROFESSOR GEORGE MCCLELLAND WHITESIDES THE 2003 KYOTO PRIZE LAUREATE IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Fields Selected: Materials Science and Engineering “Pioneering a Technique of Organic Molecular Self-assembly and its Application to Nanomaterials Science” Professor Whitesides has made major contributions to pioneering of organic molecular nanomaterial fabrications and advancement of new horizons in materials science. He focused on specific interaction between molecules or atoms and molecular self-assembled function, on purpose for searching the new possibility on material functions of organic molecules and metals. Also, He has systematically investigated the method of arraying, bonding and manipulating organic molecules on the inorganic materials at a molecular layer level. Then, he established the technique of fabricating self-assembled monolayer. In addition, through these unique studies, he has showed that the technique can be applicable as a new strategy fabricating nanoscopic structure. The computers in use every day contain a large number of LSI (large scale integrated circuit) chips. The nano-processing technology has been continually studied for downsizing and higher performance of computers. Such processing technology has been not only required to the LSI, but also the development of organic functional devices and DNA chips, where the technique of manipulating and bonding organic materials in nano scales is integral for advanced nanomaterials. Professor Whitesides has researched into the molecular interactions between organic and inorganic materials using organic molecules, bio-molecules, inorganic substances and metals. Noting the fact that organic thiolates (alkanethiolates), hydrocarbon molecules with sulfur atom at one end, adsorb well to gold and silver substrates, he developed the technique to fabricate the self-assembled monolayers(SAM). These monolayers are capable of self-assembly as a stable layer and possess a high degree of order. The layer is an indispensable material as a protecting layer of inorganic material and for arraying and manipulating several organic molecules and bio-molecules on the layer. Therefore, this ultra-thin SAM, only 1 to 2 nm thick, occupies a very important place among the materials currently employed in organic nanotechnology. In the lithography for LSI production, photo resist, an organic substance, is coated on silicon used as a semiconductor. It had been thought that it would be difficult to use other organic substances in this process, until Professor Whitesides advanced SAM technology and proposed his Micro-Contact Printing Method (µ-CP method) that employed an organic substance as a fine stamp. This method, known as soft lithography, involves exploiting self-assembled layer techniques during semiconductor processing to create complex circuit patterning at scales of less than a micron. In addition, the method can be utilized for patterning organic molecules and bio-molecules, which exhibit a diverse range of properties, and it can also be considered a sort of molecular printing, to opens the way to innumerable potential applications. Today, the method discovered by Professor Whitesides has been further miniaturized, and is garnering the attention of the molecular device field. A broad spectrum of applications for this technology is likewise unfolding in the field of bio-devices. To date there have been particular developments in the application to optical devices and sensors using manipulation of the two-dimensional configuration and patterning of bio-molecules like proteins, to DNA hybridization, and to DNA chips using a combination of micro fluid circuits and the interaction between proteins, among other avenues, creating expectations for rapid future growth in the field. As can be seen from the above, Professor Whitesides’ activities cover a wide spectrum, from fundamental chemistry to its related applications and technologies. He has made significant contribution to establish the concept for the broad application of self-assembly, through exhaustive investigations of the variety of chemical combinations and physicochemical characterization of the specific self-assembly in organic molecules. Nanotechnology and Self-Assembled Layers The computers we use contain large numbers of integrated circuits (ICs). On the surface of these very small ICs, which have a width of 100nm, are placed the more than one billion semiconductor elements, such as transistors and capacitors, that electronic circuits require. Furthermore, the IC manufacturing process is very complex, involving 300 to 500 steps to produce one chip. The IC manufacturing process requires repeating the processes of (1) forming a thin layer on the silicon wafer, a thin semiconductor substrate to be finished as an IC, and (2) patterning using lithography and etching to form shapes in the thin layers. Nearly all microelectronic circuits are currently formed using photolithographic technology, but, as the requirements of mass-production become increasingly advanced, more efficient and economical methods are being sought. Photolithography is basically an extension of photographic technology. A master – what would be termed a “negative” in photography – of the desired microchip circuits is created. This master is then used to transfer the circuit pattern
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