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Breeding Behaviour of the Restless Flycatcher Near Armidale, New South Wales

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Breeding Behaviour of the Restless Flycatcher Near Armidale, New South Wales 22 AUSTRALIAN FIELD ORNITHOLOGY 2005, 22, 22- 28 Breeding Behaviour of the Restless Flycatcher near Armidale, New South Wales S.J.S. DEBUS and G. LOLLBACK Division of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351 Summary A pair of Restless Flycatchers Myiagra inquieta was observed in eucalypt woodland near Arm idale, New South Wales, fo r 10.2 hours over 5 days during the nest-building (6 h) and early incubation phases ( 4.2 h) in spring 2000. Male and female had similar rates of nest-building visits (7 and 4.5 visits/h respectively) and contributions to incubation (60% and 46% of incubation time respectively) , covering the eggs for 52% of observation time. Male and female also called from the nest during both phases, including while incubating, at simi lar rates; the whistle and grate call types were given at similar rates by both sexes. Incidental observations of two pairs over 2 years, on nesting chronology, nest-sites, fl edgling behaviour and nest success (14%, n = 7), are given. Introduction The Restless Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta is a common and familiar bird in rural Australia where remnant bushland remains, yet its biology is little documented. There is a brief study of its breeding behaviour (Roberts 1942), and there are unquantified and unsourced general statements on its biology in bird handbooks and field-guides: its nest, eggs, clutch-size and fledgling morphology are described; nest -building takes 4-7 days, incubation and nestling periods are about 14 days each, both sexes build the nest, incubate, brood and feed the nestlings, and pairs may be multi-brooded (Schodde & Tidemann 1986, Boles 1988). As the Restless Flycatcher is one of the declining passerines in fragmented woodlands of the sheep-wheat belt in Australia (Cogger et al. 2003), there is a need for quantified information on its ecology as a basis for conservation. Furthermore, quantified information on its parental behaviour and breeding biology is of general ecological interest, with regard to the interplay between social monogamy, sexual dimorphism, sex roles and parental breeding investment, and the possibility of extra-pair paternity (Goodey & Lill1993, Tremont & Ford 2000). The aim of this study was primarily to quantify male and female contribution to nest-building and incubation in the Restless Flycatcher, a sexually almost monomorphic species. Other behavioural observations, and data on nest success, are included. Study area and methods The study site was Imbota Nature Reserve (formerly Eastwood State Forest), 10 km south­ east of Armidale (30°30' S, 151°40' E) on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales. This woodland patch of about 270 ha, including contiguous woodland on private property, has been described by Ford eta!. (1985, 1986), Tremont & Ford (2000) and NPWS (2002). The physiography and climate of the New England region are described elsewhere (Heatwole & Simpson 1986; Heatwole eta!. 1995, 2003). Two pairs of Restless Flycatchers in habited Imbota in 2000. The pair in territory A was observed for approximately 2 hours per day, between 0730 and 1600 h (standard time), on five VOL. 22 (1) MARCH 2005 Breeding Behaviour of Restless Flycatcher 23 non-consecutive days between 17 October and 3 November 2000 (total 10.2 h). The adults were initially sexed by the black Iores of the male versus grey Iores in the female (Schodde & Tidemann 1986); they were colour-banded by SD on 19 October, before the second observation day (20 October). Data on calling rates were collected on the four observation days after the birds could be positively sexed by their colour-bands. Two observers (GLandS. Teale) stood 20m from the nest with 8 x binoculars, one dictating events while the other scribed the details and times. The birds appeared unaffected by the proximity of observers. The fema le of the pair in territory B was also colour-banded in spring 2000. Nest-watches in territory A in 2000 were conducted from the late nest-building stage (final placing of plant fibres and cobweb on the cup) to early incubation stage. Incubation was inferred from prolonged sitting on the nest (>6 minutes without other activity), lack of nest-building or maintenance, and egg-turning behaviour by the sitting bird. Nest-building occurred on the first two and the fifth observation days (the last being a repeat nest after failure), and incubation was in progress on the third (24 October) and fourth (27 October) observation days. Nest-building days were pooled for analysis, as the same birds of pair A were involved at the two nests. Other nests in 2000 and 2001 were monitored opportunistically by SO. Vocalisations of the pair in territory A in 2000were quantified as discrete bouts of the repeated whistle calls (1 bout = 1 call), and as single grate calls (the monosyllabic harsh call), from the second observation day so that the individuals were accurately sexed on the basis of colour­ bands. Variations on the whistle calls (upslurred versus downslurred) and grate calls (abrupt versus slightly extended, cf. Buckingham & Jackson 1992) were not separated for the purpose of analysis. Paired t-tests were used to compare sex roles in nest-building, and to compare calling rates on the nest within and between the sexes according to call type. Results Territories and occupancy Imbota was occupied by two pairs of Restless Flycatchers in 2000, 1 km apart: territory A (o' red/yellow, 9 red/blue = dRY, 9 RB) and B (o' unhanded, 9red/green = o'U, 9RG). During 2001 9RG disappeared and 9RB moved to pair with aU; an unhanded pair (o' subsequently metal-banded= o'Me) then arrived, ousted mateless RY and occupied his territory. In August 2001 RY was seen once in Imbota, remote (1 km) from either territory, then disappeared. A pair (o'Me, 9U) continued to occupy territory A to autumn 2003, but the pair in territory B (o'U, 9RB) had one unsuccessful nesting attempt in spring 2001 then disappeared. In autumn 2001 the pair in territory A ranged out into surrounding paddocks 1 km from the nesting area. Ten-itmy and mate defence The female of the pair in territory A (9RB) was captured during the nest­ building phase, and while she was being removed from the mist-n et the male (dRY) was captured when he defended her by swooping and 'scolding' the handler with the grate call. In 2001 the new male in territory A ( o'Me) was captured for banding when he vigorously attacked his reflection in the mirrors of a vehicle, and entered the vehicle through an open door (B. Chaffey pers. comm.). Nesting chronology The pair in territory A (pair A) commenced breeding activity in September 2000, laid in early October, and had repeat attempts until December, with no re­ laying in January 2001 (Table 1). The pair in territory B (pair B) followed a similar pattern, but a first attempt in 2000 may have been missed and the pair disappeared before a second attempt in spring 2001. Pair B fledged a brood of four in early AUSTRALIAN 24 DEBUS & LOLLBACK FIELD ORNITHOLOGY Table 1 Nesting chronology of two pairs of Restless Flycatchers in two territories (A and B) near Armidale, NSW (see page 23 for identity of individual birds of each pair). Date (day.month) Event(s) Pair A, 2000-01: 13.9 Nest-building; half-built (N1) 14.9 Nest storm-damaged, abandoned. Further attempt(s) over next 2 weeks not detected. 29.9 Pair selecting new nest-site 2.10 Sitting on completed nest (taken as N2) 11.10 Incubating 13.10 Nest vacant; adults selecting new site (N2 damaged 17.10) 17-22.10 Building and finishing new nest (N3) 24-27.10 Incubating 30.10 Broken eggs on ground (predation); building new nest (N4) 3.11 Building 8-17.11 Incubating 21.11 Eggs taken by predator 11-12.12 Building new nest (N5) 18.12.00-1.1.01 Incubating/brooding 2-5.1 Nest vacant (failed); no further nesting activity Pair B, 2000-01: 1.11 Selecting nest -site 8.11 Nest-building 13.11 Sitting; finishing nest 17-21.11 Incubating 26.11 Broken eggs on ground (predation); building new nest (N2) 7-22.12 Incubating/brooding 24-29.12 Nestlings visible 30.12.00-1.1.01 Near-fledged 2-3.1 1 fledgling out of nest 10.1 4 fledglings Pair A, 2001: 2.10 Nest-building (N1) 4.10 N1 destroyed, building new nest (N2) to 11.10 12.10 Sitting (laying?) 15-31.10 Incubating/brooding 2-8.11 Nestlings (2+) visible, half-grown 6.11 12.11 Nest empty (predation), adults selecting new nest-site (no further monitoring; no fledglings in summer) Pair B, 2001: 2-19.10 Incubating/brooding; no further activity, adults disappeared VOL. 22 (1) MARCH 2005 Breeding Behaviour of Restless Flycatcher 25 January 2001, asynchronously over 2+ days, suggesting either that incubation started before the clutch was complete or that the nest was too crowded for all four large chicks. Pair A fledged no young. Nest-sites and nest-building Known nest-sites of pair A were in live Blakely's Red Gums Eucalyptus blakelyi (n = 6) or Manna Gum E. viminalis (n = 1) near or beside water, within about 50 m of an earth dam. The birds often perched on and foraged from fallen branches protruding from the water. Nest-sites were typically a fork in a horizontal live or dead branch, <1m beneath a near-horizontal live branch of similar orientation, in an open situation in the tree canopy. The pair appeared to nest in loose association with a pair of Magpie-larks Grallina cyanoleuca that had active nests in neighbouring Red Gums beside the dam, and with a pair of Willie Wagtails Rhipidura leucoph1ys that nested successfully in the same area.
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