International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Special Issue3-April, 2016, pp1046-1053 http://www.bipublication.com

Research Article

Extreme thought from the early years of to now

Seyyed Hussein Nezamdoost1 and Mohamadsadeghvahedifard2 1M.A student of Shiite history, Payame-noorUniversity, Mashhad unit [email protected] 2Assistant Professor of Shiite history, Payame-noor University [email protected] Department of history , payamenoor university , iran

ABSTRACT “ whoever learns from ancient history when facing with problems , piety prevents him/her from falling into doubts” ( Nahj-al-Balagha , sermon 16).This study has been related to one of the most important bases of diversionary movement of the early years of Islam ( Mareqin movement) and has compared this movement with the continuity of this movement in present and has analyzed it. It has been tried to raise theconditions of the words of Imam by using historical books and different explanations of Nahj-al-Balagha so that the depth of the words can be understood. In the parts of the study, objective examples and analysis related to Islamic revolution and historical appearance of Khawarij and foreignism thought have been mentioned so that the objectivity of the serious and epidemic movement can be received. On the other hand, Abadite is very important intellectually and ideologically. Ancient Abadite is the main evolutional production in foreign thought. Because primary extremist of Khawarij converted to rationality and moderation,moderation sects including Abadate trying to provide noticeable limitations without extremisms and clear faults of primary Khawarij have been resulted from it. Doubtlessly, there are weak points in this sect that the most important one is their position toward Imam Ali (p.b.u.h).

Keywords:extreme thought,Khawarij, deviational movement.

INTRODUCTION To explore the reasons of struggles and Studies. while this science is undeniable necessity friendships, ruing and cooperation and many to know Islam which has passed 1400 year history events that different Islamic groups and societies and record and included wide geographical range have seen, it is necessary to study the factors of and many nations, it profits from all Islamic belief and religious and sectarian views. If sciences( or almost all sciences). Science of assimilation of religions is discussed now, any religions and sects dependson other Islamic effort in this field requires the correct cognition of sciences – from history and geography to the religions and the development trend that interpretation, hadith, jurisprudence,._ it is groups believing it have had in their history; independent one in spite of using all of them and moreover, previous relations of these sects, their other sciences need its results and achievements communications ordifferences cannot be ignored. in return. Unfortunately, there is no course to Science of religions and sects with its different teach this branch of Islamic knowledge in aspects is the most important part of Islamic university. The rebels ( Khawarij) was extremist Extreme thought from the early years of Islam to now group who excluded from following Imam Ali of attitudes with special views in a special and committed violent acts being inconsistent religion. with principles and criteria of Quran and divine 2) A sect has common beliefswith its peer groups edicts. In Islam,moderation thought is based on in generalities and has differences in some theoretical principles that Quran has formed by issues. But, these issues are related to theology prophet and that Islamic prophet and imams have and beliefs and are not related to behaviors, the acted. Khawarij wasextremist group that broke conventional and prescriptive commandments. Islamic principles and disobeyed Imam Ali This characteristic separates sect from religion. (p.b.u.h) and there was a bloody war among them. Sources of Study of sects are considered the This group left an incorrect way that Islamic sect term as negative concept as if the nation never follow and develop it; thus, it did not followers of each sect separated from general lasted in the history other than it has appeared in body of Muslims. some periods. On the other hand, the Abadite(a 3) Sometimes, there is difference of beliefs in sect of Islamic among the rebels (Khawarij) was sectsand it sometimes indicates political party the minority among Muslims and has remained up (Khawarij, opponent political party). to now (contraryto Khawarij). Their history is that DefinitionSect is a group of people having of a nation having hardly tried to maintain their common religious beliefs and opinions or life and identity; history with ups and downs in common religious understanding and having different regions of Islamic world, and the history difference in some theological issues in spite of of thosewho sometimeswere in power and common belief with their fellows in religious sometimes failed and were ruined. But they didn’t generalities. The Islamic sect means a group desistnationalism; even they seclude themselves having been formed in society of Muslims and on by principles of belief and social terms in the the basis of abelief of their beliefs, whetherthis hardest condition. If they were controlled by belief is correct or not. Although , nations and people with different religion, they maintain their sects books have mentioned differences in age religion stubbornly. However, this study which of prophet, ( even in the time of his death) , wasanalytic, comparative and descriptive has these differences ,in fact, were not deep nor did introduced Khawarij on the basis of recitation of they motivated politically or religiously which Imams to compare the primary Khawarij with can be named sects- making differences. But the commentaryAbadite of Oman. first bigdifference which was occurred after death Thought- thought and beliefs of Khawarij (the of prophet formed the sects. This difference was rebels) about the succession of prophet (for example, Sect term Shahrestani mentioned the doubts of hypocrites in Sect term means to separate. This term has the the age of prophet, the difference after his death, same meaning in Quran and religious texts. But, in Osameh army). idiom, it means a group or society with special Why Khawarij(the rebel) was formed (the conditions and includes several points: reason of appearing Khawarij) 1) This term is referred to a group that its Khawarij war was different from Jamal and members are in a special religion and maintain Seffein wars, but its result and effect on making common views with their peer groups and difference in Islamic world was same. Jamal and have differences with their fellows in some Seffeinwars resultedfrom typeof power loving and issues and discussions. When nations and deviation. But,Khawarij resulted from intellectual, sects arediscussed in sources, nations mean the religious deviation and social and educational followers of religions and ritual separating base. This sect perception and view of religion from each other and sects mean the followers and religious patterns was different from otherMuslims, especially Imam Ali (p.b.u.h). The

Seyyed Hussein Nezamdoost, et al. 1047 Extreme thought from the early years of Islam to now members of this sect have defined the sin and society. People of this sect saw the political atheism strictly and they were extremist not only game of Qoraish for andknew theirIslam in its definition but also in its proofs. The first as aristocratic one. In other words, they thought issue was that internal difference among Muslims, that they did not profit; why Bani-Omayeh or especially indefinition of atheism and faith, Bani-Hashim always is in power? They felt that appeared in the event of Othman. In protesting to they can be in power on the basis of Islam, him, he had been accused of atheism and had although they did not believe political power and introduced as innovator (heretic). Even, some of centrality of governance in the beginning and the most famous companions considered him as thought about obtaining their primary freedom. infidel. Ofcourse, this difference of opinion was Why do some tribes dominate them under the proposed in the conflict with apostates limitedly. banner of Islam? What does the governance But the event ended soon and caused the caliph to mean? If it has such meaning, why is there a be killed. The result was that people who agreed condition to be Qoreish?We must not forget that and disagreed with Othman established two Khawarij did not accept the condition to be religious sects named Shiite and Sunny. Further Qoreish. This could be one of the main developments increased this difference. Sunny components of their rebellion. Primary tribes had was based on Othman and previous caliphs, and shown their power to rebel against Othman Shiite was based on Imam Ali (p.b.u.h) and Islam. andconsidered Imam and became Intellectually, this question is raised by many rebellious immediately and revealed their Muslims that can a person be the caliph of independent. This is a trend which must be Muslims while being accused to atheism? We considered important in advent of Khawarij. One know that Khawarij knew Othman as infidel of the main groups placed in Khawarij structure forreasons,as they knew Imam Ali as infidel due was a group named Qarra. This group was present to governance. However, it can be said that in the rebellion against Othman. Depending on theevent began from that time. The second issue Quran was one of the main procedures of is existed after the defeat of followers of Jamal; Khawarij movement which was related to Qarra because many Iraqi nations expected to take group. Their superficial observing toward Quran possession of booty. But, by preventing from had affected the perception of their religion study taking booty, they were firstly faced with and this mainly influenced their extremism.. question whether killed people were Muslims or However, the main problem of Khawarij advent infidels, secondly they took the booty ( on the was based on two concepts related to each other basis of previous tradition) and it was their habit from Quran and religion viewpoints. First, edict( in victories and they must have returned without which is given in Quran) only is monopoly of booty. Intellectually, their question was that how God and it is incorrect to leave arbitration to is it possible that it is lawful to kill a person, but it distinguished men. Second, this incorrectness is is illegal to take his/her property? The main not simple , but it is atheism and those who give difference between Khawarij and other Muslims the arbitration to distinguished men are infidel. was that the Khawarij would not consider This atheism was firstly proposed about Imam anaverage for atheism and faith. From their Ali. By this thought , it was natural that Othman viewpoint, people are either infidel or Muslim. was considered as infidel. Also ,Talheh and Muslims committing major sin is infidel not the Zobeir were infidel. However, atheism concept lewd Muslim which is the average from the played important role in their thought. About the viewpoint of others. Socially, the rebellion of issue of “ there is no edict other than edict of Khawarij was type of excluding from political God”, the problem was the meaning of edict. game of main Arabian tribes. There is no doubt According to indications, it is understood that that Khawarij was theinvaluabletribe in that they ( Khawarij) had meant “ arbitrator “ as

Seyyed Hussein Nezamdoost, et al. 1048 Extreme thought from the early years of Islam to now governor”. The result was that not only did they Analysis of 60th sermon of Nahj-al-Balagha as reject arbitration of Abu-Musa Ashari and a divine tradition Amro-ibn As but also they hesitated the About above speech ,there is question why did existence and necessity of Islamic ruler. Such Imam Ali kill Khawarij and caused their misery issue seemed unnatural , but it was mentioned and in Nahravan war but he advised other that they denied by Imam Ali. Imam Ali said: they say that did not kill Khawarij after him? And he said about Imamate is not required , while people need the continuity of their deviant thought. Is there Imam , whether holy Imam or not. This word of “ any discrepancy between the act and word of there is no edict other than edict of God “ is right Imam Ali ?mainly , what is the interpretation of word that they interpret it invalid. We pointed out this speech of Imam Ali? In respond to above the imagination of Khawarij about lack of question and ambiguity , different books and necessity of Imam resulted from their tribalism explanations of Nahj-al-Balagha have responded sense. It must be known that they had Quran it. But the most complete and comprehensive reasons , but hasty perception resulting from respond is the paper written by famous researcher their rough morale caused them to distance from and historian , Jafar-MortezaAmeli , in the book agreed meanings of verses. of “ discussions and lessons on history and Islam Thoughts and opinions of Khawarij –first part”, that we write its translation due to its 1) Excommunication : one of the primary beliefs generalities: he writes : the answer of above of Khawarij was that they considered a person question is that there is no contradiction between committing a major sin as infidel and they the act and word of Imam Ali. Because , accused Imam Ali ( p.b.u.h) of infidel and regardless of the belief of Shiite that Imam Ali is from their viewpoint , it is necessary to rebel Imam and innocent and does not act other than against sinful governor ( contrary to Morjae). right and truth and justice, it must be said that Later their view about a person committing Imam Ali sees the depth of issues which will major sin had changed and divided. happen in future by his foresight of future 2) Caliphate : caliph is determined by election centuries and times ; thus he knew that it was not by determination and evidence ( text). It is advisable to kill them in that time , it was not condition to be from Qoreish tribe. The advisable to avoid killing them in future times.so , caliphate of Abu-Bakr , Omar and Othman ( there is no contradiction between two views of first years) was correct and killing Othman Imam Ali , but both of them were correct and the was correct , Imam Ali was correct until the best course of action that Imam considered. But arbitration , he became infidel by accepting killing Khawarij was due to this fact that they the arbitration and he must be killed. were corruptor of the earth and disobeyed His Gradually , other thoughts were added to order , rebelled and excluded from the Islam; these. Khawarij was attacked by other sects however, correct Islam must have been presented due to opposite political performance and to them on the basis of perception of imam Ali special theological opinions. and its symbol and pattern. If they did not accept This issue was implemented not only in , they would be stopped so that ignorant people practice but also in theory and many hadiths were not deceived and intellectual and just people about their condemn the belief were presented did not suffer from doubt. But, he prevented and conflicting with them was considered people from killing them due to special condition divine reward so that Ahmad Amin believes of that time and cruel governance of Bani- that one of the weapons used by Mahlabibn Omayeh that explaining that condition refer to Abu-Safreh against Khawarij was to scold following issues: them. 1) Leaders and governors of that time ( after Imam Ali was killed) were of damned

Seyyed Hussein Nezamdoost, et al. 1049 Extreme thought from the early years of Islam to now

generation of Omavian ; that is , yesterday’s 3) According to characteristic which Imam said polytheists and today’s deviate Muslims with to them , The continuity of conflicting whom Khawarij conflicted and were the thorn Khawarij with Bani-Omayeh was equal to in their side and conflicting with them was to decreasing cruelty of Baniomayeh and defend cruelty rulers and to confirm them and engaging in conflicting with Khawarij causes this was not advisable for Muslim and Islam people to be free from their cruelty. and spending the power of Shiite power in 4) Continuous conflict of Baniomayeh with conflicting with them was equal to betraying Khawarij was the most important collapse Islam world and future generations and history. factor of Baniomayeh; thus, Nasr ibnSayar ( 2) In that time ,Shia were few and were under commander of Moavieh) requested forces pressure of cruelty leaders of Omavian. They from MarvanHemar when conflicting with did not have shelter , place to take refuge , Abu-Muslim Khorasani and seeing his power. power to rely on it, and the governance that But Marvan did not send forces due to support themand it is clear that ordering Shia conflicting with Khawarij ;as a result, Abu- to attack Khawarij means the complete Muslim advanced until causing Bani-Omayeh destruction of Shiite and engaging in to collapse. ( KamilibnAthir , Volume 5 , p Khawarig event that both of them were 366). common enemy of Bani-Omayeh , and 5) Although Khawarij remained misled , their Omavian wanted this issue. The power of cruelty undoubtedly was less than Bani- Omavian was secured and their enemies Omayeh, because Khawarij thought that they attacked each other and became weak and attack for religious and holy issue and their weaker. Accordingly, Omavian slyly were immorality was due to the doubt made for attempting to cause them to attack each other them, they request right and truth , but they and were confirming their position and caused went astray unconsciously and they wanted society to ruin. We see Moavieh when he happiness but they deviated. Bani-Omayeh enters and Khawarijare provoked against mainly was untruth and tried to govern and him and say:” now, a person came that there is lead and had achieved it by their dirty and no doubt about his deviation and atheism”. wicked spirits. They send a messenger with a letter to Imam Khawarij thought that they were trying to obtain Hassan who is going to Medina and they ask happiness of nation , but Omavian did not Imam to conflict with Khawarij. The have anything other than personal goals and messenger reaches Imam in Qadesia or a place wicked purposes. And Imam Ali ( p.b.u.h) has near it and gives a letter to Him < imam writes emphasized this characteristic and prevented : if it is possible to attack one of the deviate from killing Khawarij due to this of Muslim , I will begin to conflict with you.( characteristic. ( but ,other aspect was KamilibnAthir , Volume 3 , p 409). When determined by Imam Ali). army of Moavieh escaped from attacking 6) In that time, there were two reasons that Khawarij in Kufa , he said to Shia of Kufa :” I Khawarij event was not danger for Islamic swear that you will not be secured until attack world: Khawarij and kill them. People of Kufa a) They were not cultured and tactful in order to excluded from city and conflicted with cause danger by their deviations and doubts. Khawarij. Khawarij said them: “ is Moavieh But they mainly were undignified ,unscholarly our common enemy ? release us to attack them, people and initial Arabs who conflicted with if we reach the goal , we will kill your enemy each other quickly. and if they win , you will reach your goal. b) B) inviting them was not compatible with human nature and common sense did not

Seyyed Hussein Nezamdoost, et al. 1050 Extreme thought from the early years of Islam to now

accept it. special times might attract people , other than killing them, the duty ,finally, is but they hate it when returning to their nature that Imam Ali ( p.b.u.h) did during his and common sense and their sects were caliphate and if there is different condition, removed. But ,Bani-Omayeh attracted people the position of imam in Kufa or his command more because this group was based on after killed must be considered. passion and many people were weak in this issue and naturally tended to this world. Foreignismthought is the problem of history 7) Imam Ali said: “ I removed the sedition and After Nahravan war, one of followers of imam Ali no one had a courage to do such act other than supposing that the thought of Khawarij has been me( sermon 93). The point which is obtained ended for ever by their death and he will be not is that ( Khawarij were ascetic and devout. faced with foreign people asked : “ O , imam Ali They fasted in the day and worshiped God , were Khawarij killed and died ? Imam said: ( from night to morning and no one had a sermon 59) :” No , never, I swear to God that they courage to conflict with them and if there was will be in their father’s hard part ( sperm) and someone to protest them ( after Imam Ali was mother’s womb and a generation from them will killed) , other people reprimanded him. be born over time and removed until the last But,distrusting the positions of Imam Ali ( one will be highwaymen. In above sermon, p.b.u.h) was difficult and his conflict with Imam Ali has said that Khawarij will finally be Khawarij was the reason of their deviation not pillager and robber. what is analysis that Imam Ali his deviation due to his status among Muslims has said for the future of Khawarij? How is it and words that prophet had said about him and possible that the trend beginning from reciters of his records in Islam. Holy Quran and the ascetic whose forehead Here, the paper of JafarMorteza is ended and became callous from worship reaches the what must be added to complete and confirm banditry and theft, the trend whose slogan was “ it is that the main issue of Islamic society was there is no edict other than edict of God” had the conflict with governance of Baniomayeh known Imam Ali as infidel, violates the clear and Moavieh in that time and if Khawarij did edicts of Quran and occupies property of people not cause corruption and did not prevent unjustly? It is not surprising, because a trend people from war , even Imam Ali did not separating from Imamate and Islamic conflict with them , but imam Ali was forced guardianship and acting on the basis of to remove them from the way of Islam when egocentrism and losing support of people , will they conflicted with him , and after ending not have destiny other than anarchism. Always, Nahravan War and weakening their power , the the destiny of going to extremist ( immoderation) main issue must have been engaged and it was will lead to improvidence and fecklessness. incorrect to follow their issue, on the other Although they as a political trend were gradually hand, Baniomayeh was in power and they overthrown in the end of Baniomayeh determined the destiny of Islamic nation. But governance, Marqi thought results from egotism Khawarij were a scattered forces that their quality of human and from worship without issue simply was solvable if the issue of perception to religion and exists over times and Moavieh had been solved correctly and the we will be faced with it ( personally or movement) origin of this damned generation was ruined. in any time. According to martyr Motahari , Of course, this issue must be mentioned that Khawarij school was not one that can remain but if thought of Mareqin is against Islamic its effect has remained and thoughts and opinions government systematically so that it stops of foreignism has influenced other Islamic sects Islam and Islamic government from and there are many people of Nahravan and they advancing and reaching them is not possible

Seyyed Hussein Nezamdoost, et al. 1051 Extreme thought from the early years of Islam to now are the most dangerous and serious internal is a thought based on ignorance and has opposed enemies of Islam like period of imam Ali(p.b.u.h). the comprehensively and completely regenerative Findings: content of Islam by resorting to superficial Characteristics of foreignisms thought meaning of edicts and has appeared against 1) Incorrect attitude to Imam ( personality of Islamic revolution by inducing doubt from secret Imam) and evil enemies. It is the thought that Islamic 2) Damaging the unity and congregation of enemies and colonist politicians have performed Muslims their colonial purposes in Islamic countries by 3) Disobeying the guardianship and imamate relying on it and have begun the war of religion 4) Incorrect perception of the word against religion by proposing secondary issues 5) Conflicting with Imam in form of war and forged religions attaché to them and have 6) Misunderstanding and disobeying the religion prevented the unity of Islamic world. and their attitude to personality of Imam Deceptive England , the old fox of policy , and 7) Ignorance, dogmatism , misunderstanding , the Amroas of this time , tries prevent activate superficial knowledge in understanding the forces of society from conflicting with itself and religion , doubt , braveness, courage, injustice keep them busy to conflict with the ignorant by in arbitration and violence. causing people to be indifferent to Islam and 8) Separating intelligence from religion and increasing religious and sectarian and religion from policy and looking at Islamic establishing political parties in different countries issues from one dimension. under control of religions such as Baha’I in Iran 9) The desire to obtain Islam without imamate and Wahhabi in Saudi Arabia and Qadianieh in system India and Shekhiyh in and other sect in 10) To enjoin good and forbid evil without different countries when it finds the religious perception toward time ,limitation and style of power of Islamic countries and it cannot speaking dominate people by penetrating in the regime 11) Thinking superficially and being the and signing political contracts and buying pawn of evil and secret people authorities of Islamic countries and feels that it is 12) Immoderation in worship without subjected to danger from Muslims and religious perception and expecting to solve all problems leaders. And the criminal U.S.A highly tries to by pressing the forehead on Mohr ( Muslim strengthen sectarian and nationalism feeling and prayer) present forged American Islam instead of Islamic 13) Being sensitive toward practical laws of republic in different countries and propose to Islam and fundamentals of Islam limit Iran and to arouse sectarian and religious 14) Felling behind time and opposing all differences by holding conferences like as Taef new thing conference held by reactionary authorities and 15) Speaking generally and thinking attaché to Persian Gulf in the presence of absolutely and not attending practical ways of Kissinger , the prime minister of foreign affairs. issues It wants to begin civil war of religion on the 16) Preventing Islam from advancing and basis of this thought in Lebanon , Pakistan, India , keeping forces busy to themselves in spite of and other Islamic countries and to conflicting with enemies establish American system of Saudi Arabia. It tries to develop Wahabi thought against Shiite DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION and Islamic revolution in the world by many One of the main problems with which Islamic facilities that it has thereby it prevent the revolution is faced in its world advance , penetration of Islamic revolution in Islamic especially in Islamic world , is Mareqi thought. It country of the region.

Seyyed Hussein Nezamdoost, et al. 1052 Extreme thought from the early years of Islam to now

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