Chapter 27 Flight Controls
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Use of Rudder on Boeing Aircraft
12ADOBL02 December 2011 Use of rudder on Boeing aircraft According to Boeing the Primary uses for rudder input are in crosswind operations, directional control on takeoff or roll out and in the event of engine failure. This Briefing Leaflet was produced in co-operation with Boeing and supersedes the IFALPA document 03SAB001 and applies to all models of the following Boeing aircraft: 707, 717, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777, 787, DC-8, DC-9, DC-10, MD-10, md-11, MD-80, MD-90 Sideslip Angle Fig 1: Rudder induced sideslip Background As part of the investigation of the American Airlines Flt 587 crash on Heading Long Island, USA the United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued a safety recommendation letter which called Flight path for pilots to be made aware that the use of “sequential full opposite rudder inputs can potentially lead to structural loads that exceed those addressed by the requirements of certification”. Aircraft are designed and tested based on certain assumptions of how pilots will use the rudder. These assumptions drive the FAA/EASA, and other certifica- tion bodies, requirements. Consequently, this type of structural failure is rare (with only one event over more than 45 years). However, this information about the characteristics of Boeing aircraft performance in usual circumstances may prove useful. Rudder manoeuvring considerations At the outset it is a good idea to review and consider the rudder and it’s aerodynamic effects. Jet transport aircraft, especially those with wing mounted engines, have large and powerful rudders these are neces- sary to provide sufficient directional control of asymmetric thrust after an engine failure on take-off and provide suitable crosswind capability for both take-off and landing. -
Glider Handbook, Chapter 2: Components and Systems
Chapter 2 Components and Systems Introduction Although gliders come in an array of shapes and sizes, the basic design features of most gliders are fundamentally the same. All gliders conform to the aerodynamic principles that make flight possible. When air flows over the wings of a glider, the wings produce a force called lift that allows the aircraft to stay aloft. Glider wings are designed to produce maximum lift with minimum drag. 2-1 Glider Design With each generation of new materials and development and improvements in aerodynamics, the performance of gliders The earlier gliders were made mainly of wood with metal has increased. One measure of performance is glide ratio. A fastenings, stays, and control cables. Subsequent designs glide ratio of 30:1 means that in smooth air a glider can travel led to a fuselage made of fabric-covered steel tubing forward 30 feet while only losing 1 foot of altitude. Glide glued to wood and fabric wings for lightness and strength. ratio is discussed further in Chapter 5, Glider Performance. New materials, such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, glass reinforced plastic (GRP), and Kevlar® are now being used Due to the critical role that aerodynamic efficiency plays in to developed stronger and lighter gliders. Modern gliders the performance of a glider, gliders often have aerodynamic are usually designed by computer-aided software to increase features seldom found in other aircraft. The wings of a modern performance. The first glider to use fiberglass extensively racing glider have a specially designed low-drag laminar flow was the Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-24 Phönix, which first flew airfoil. -
Touring Rudder Sit-On Top Kit Kit to Fit Rudder Enabled Sit-On Tops with a 10Mm Rudder Fixing Point
touring rudder sit-on top kit Kit to fit rudder enabled sit-on tops with a 10mm rudder fixing point. Note: It is easier to fit the Touring Rudder System if you have a screw hatch fitted to the rear stowage area of the kayak. If your kayak does not have this screw hatch and you wish to fit one, please contact a Perception dealer for advice. These instructions explain how to fit the rudder kit to a kayak with or without a rear screw hatch in place. Please make sure you follow the correct steps for your version of sit-on top kayak. This kit should contain the following: 1x rudder assembly with up-haul rope & split ring 4x deck fittings 4x length of rudder hose 5x self tapping screws 2x Dyneema control line - with cord end assembly 2x oval toggle 1x pair of Tip-Toes control footrests with foam washers 1x length of 4mm shock cord 6x footrest screws, washers and nuts - pre-fitted 1x rudder park - inc. hook, shock cord & fixing block You will also require some tools to fit this kit: Drill with 3mm, 5mm and 6mm drill bits Marker pen Short phillips screwdriver Wire cutters Small adjustable spanner or pair of pliers Lighter Tape measure Small amount of sticky tape Please read these instructions carefully before fitting! Step 1 - Control line entry points The rudder will need to have two control lines attached, each one running through hose sections inside the kayak from the rudder to the Tip-Toes footrests. This kit has four hose sections (two pairs) as two sections are needed per control line. -
Aerosport Modeling Rudder Trim
AEROSPORT MODELING RUDDER TRIM Segment: MOBILITY PARTS PROVIDERS | Engineering companies Application vertical: MOBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION | AircraFt Application type: FINAL PART: Short runs THE CUSTOMER FINAL PART: SHORT RUNS AEROSPORT MODELING RUDDER TRIM COMPANY DESCRIPTION APPLICATION TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING Some planes are equipped with small tabs on the control surfaces (e.g., rudder trim Assembly of 26 different machined and standard parts Aerosport Modeling & Design was established in tabs, aileron tabs, elevator tabs) so the pilot can make minute adjustments to pitch, September 1996, and since then, they have worked to yaw, and roll to keep the airplane flying a true, clean line through the air. This produce the highest-possible quality prototypes, improves speed by reducing drag from the larger, constant movements of the full appearance models, working models, and machined rudder, aileron, and elevator. parts, and to meet or exceed client expectations. The company strives to be seen as a partner to their Many airplanes also have rudder and/or aileron trim systems. On some, the rudder clients and an extension of their design and trim tab is rigid but adjustable on the ground by bending: It is angled slightly to the development team, not just a supplier of prototyping left (when viewed from behind) to lessen the need for the pilot to push the rudder services. pedal constantly in order to overcome the left-turning tendencies of many prop- driven aircraft. Some aircraft have hinged rudder trim tabs that the pilot can adjust Aerosport Products spun off from sister company in flight. Aerosport Modeling & Design in 2009 to develop products for experimental aircraft, the first of which When a servo tab is employed, it is moved into the slipstream opposite of the was the RV-10 Carbon Fiber Instrument Panel. -
Anti-Servo/Trim Tab Drive Pin Replacement
Anti-servo/trim tab drive pin replacement Classification - Mandatory Applicability All Europa aircraft (stage1 kits supplied prior to 1st December 2000) Compliance Inspection - before the next flight Incorporation - Within the next 15 flying hours Parts pro vided 1 x TP16P tab drive pin, 1 x TP16S tab drive pin In tro duc tion An incident occurred to the company demonstrator aircraft G-GBXS where one of the TP16 anti-servo/ trim tab drive pins became detached due to the plate it was welded to fracturing. The aircraft was on the ground when the failure occurred, probably during engine starting, and the resulting behaviour of the aircraft in flight was to pitch nose up. The pitch up force was containable by the pilot and a circuit and landing was successfully flown. The fracture was established to have been caused by fatigue due to repeated bending of TP16’s plate. The bending that this plate had been subjected to was likely to have been in excess of normal due to vibrations caused by an engine starting problem. The aircraft had completed 426 hours of flight which included 895 take-off and landings. It is important that the cause of unusual vibrations, for example engine starting problems or an unbalanced propeller, are resolved at the earliest opportunity. Samples of the TP16 component were taken from six aircraft which had flight times up to approximately 600 hours, and analysis revealed no cracking. However, since there has been a failure of part of the aircraft control system, it is necessary that the tab pin drive plates are replaced by a stronger design than the original. -
Static and Dynamic Performance of a Morphing Trailing Edge Concept with High-Damping Elastomeric Skin
aerospace Article Static and Dynamic Performance of a Morphing Trailing Edge Concept with High-Damping Elastomeric Skin Maurizio Arena 1,*, Christof Nagel 2, Rosario Pecora 1,* , Oliver Schorsch 2 , Antonio Concilio 3 and Ignazio Dimino 3 1 Department of Industrial Engineering—Aerospace Division, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli (NA), Italy 2 Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, Wiener Straße 12, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; [email protected] (C.N.); [email protected] (O.S.) 3 Smart Structures Division Via Maiorise, The Italian Aerospace Research Centre, CIRA, 81043 Capua (CE), Italy; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (I.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (R.P.); Tel.: +39-081-768-3573 (M.A. & R.P.) Received: 18 November 2018; Accepted: 14 February 2019; Published: 19 February 2019 Abstract: Nature has many striking examples of adaptive structures: the emulation of birds’ flight is the true challenge of a morphing wing. The integration of increasingly innovative technologies, such as reliable kinematic mechanisms, embedded servo-actuation and smart materials systems, enables us to realize new structural systems fully compatible with the more and more stringent airworthiness requirements. In this paper, the authors describe the characterization of an adaptive structure, representative of a wing trailing edge, consisting of a finger-like rib mechanism with a highly deformable skin, which comprises both soft and stiff parts. The morphing skin is able to follow the trailing edge movement under repeated cycles, while being stiff enough to preserve its shape under aerodynamic loads and adequately pliable to minimize the actuation power required for morphing. -
The «Active Aeroelasticity» Concept – the Main Stages and Prospects of Development
THE «ACTIVE AEROELASTICITY» CONCEPT – THE MAIN STAGES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT 1 G.A. Amiryants, 2 A.V. Grigorev, 3 Y.A. Nayko, 4 S.E. Paryshev, 1 Main scientific researcher, 2 Junior Scientific researcher, 3 Scientific researcher, 4 Head of department Central Aero-hydrodynamic Institute – TsAGI, Russia Keywords: active aeroelasticity, multidisciplinary investigations, elastically scaled model From the very beginning of static aeroelasticity supervision by A.Z. Rekstin and research it’s important part was searching for V.G. Mikeladze. However, the common rational ways of providing airplanes’ safety drawback of these control surfaces too was from aileron reversal and divergence as well as negative influence of structural elasticity on providing weight efficiency and high these surfaces’ effectiveness. aerodynamic performance of airplanes. The studies by Ja.M.. Parchomovsky, G.A. Amiryants, D.D. Evseev, S.Ja. Sirota, One of the most promising directions of aircraft V.A. Tranovich, L.A. Tshai, Ju.F. Jaremchuk design worldwide today is related to the term of performed in 1950-1960 in TsAGI “exploitation of structural elasticity” or the systematically demonstrated the possibilities to “active aerolasticity” concept. The early 1960s increase control surfaces effectiveness (and faced the urgent need to increase stiffness of solving other static aeroelasticity problems) thin low-aspect-ratio wings of supersonic M-50 using “traditional” approaches: rational increase and R-020 airplanes to diminish negative of wing stiffness (by changing wing skin influence of structural elastic deformations on thickness distribution, airfoil thickness, roll control. As it turned out, even with the choosing the position of stiffness axis, wing optimal increase of structural stiffness to solve spar stiffness), variation of position and shape severe aileron reversal problem the increase of of conventional ailerons and rudders, the airframe weight was unacceptable. -
January 2012 Alerts
ADVISORY CIRCULAR 43-16A AVIATION MAINTENANCE ALERTS ALERT JANUARY NUMBER 2012 402 CONTENTS AIRPLANES BOMBARDIER...........................................................................................................................1 CESSNA ......................................................................................................................................4 DIAMOND ................................................................................................................................13 HELICOPTERS BELL..........................................................................................................................................15 POWERPLANTS PRATT & WHITNEY ...............................................................................................................18 ACCESSORIES AEROSEKUR FLOATS ...........................................................................................................19 KELLY ALTERNATOR...........................................................................................................19 AIR NOTES INTERNET SERVICE DIFFICULTY REPORTING (iSDR) WEB SITE...............................21 IF YOU WANT TO CONTACT US.........................................................................................22 AVIATION SERVICE DIFFICULTY REPORTS ...................................................................22 January 2012 AC 43-16A U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, DC 20590 AVIATION MAINTENANCE ALERTS The Aviation Maintenance -
09 Stability and Control
Aircraft Design Lecture 9: Stability and Control G. Dimitriadis Introduction to Aircraft Design Stability and Control H Aircraft stability deals with the ability to keep an aircraft in the air in the chosen flight attitude. H Aircraft control deals with the ability to change the flight direction and attitude of an aircraft. H Both these issues must be investigated during the preliminary design process. Introduction to Aircraft Design Design criteria? H Stability and control are not design criteria H In other words, civil aircraft are not designed specifically for stability and control H They are designed for performance. H Once a preliminary design that meets the performance criteria is created, then its stability is assessed and its control is designed. Introduction to Aircraft Design Flight Mechanics H Stability and control are collectively referred to as flight mechanics H The study of the mechanics and dynamics of flight is the means by which : – We can design an airplane to accomplish efficiently a specific task – We can make the task of the pilot easier by ensuring good handling qualities – We can avoid unwanted or unexpected phenomena that can be encountered in flight Introduction to Aircraft Design Aircraft description Flight Control Pilot System Airplane Response Task The pilot has direct control only of the Flight Control System. However, he can tailor his inputs to the FCS by observing the airplane’s response while always keeping an eye on the task at hand. Introduction to Aircraft Design Control Surfaces H Aircraft control -
COURSE INFORMATION M1
AII/1 Standard Wheel Orders All wheel orders given should be repeated by the helmsman and the officer of the watch should ensure that they are carried out correctly and immediately. All wheel orders should be held until countermanded. The helmsman should report immediately if the vessel does not answer the wheel. When there is concern that the helmsman is inattentive s/he should be questioned: "What is your heading ?" And s/he should respond: "My heading is ... degrees." Order Meaning 1. Midships Rudder to be held in the fore and aft position. 2. Port / starboard five 5° of port / starboard rudder to be held. 3. Port / starboard ten 10°of port / starboard rudder to be held. 4. Port / starboard fifteen 15°of port / starboard rudder to be held. 5. Port / starboard twenty 20° of port / starboard rudder to be held. 6. Port / starboard twenty-five 25°of port / starboard rudder to be held. 7. Hard -a-port / starboard Rudder to be held fully over to port / starboard. 8. Nothing to port/starboard Avoid allowing the vessel’s head to go to port/starboard . 9.Meet her Check the swing of the vessel´s head in a turn. 10. Steady Reduce swing as rapidly as possible. 11. Ease to five / ten Reduce amount of rudder to 5°/10°/15°/20° and hold. / fifteen / twenty 12. Steady as she goes Steer a steady course on the compass headin g indicated at the time of the order. The helmsman is to repeat the order and call out the compass heading on receiving the order. -
DESIGN and ANALYSIS of PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS of WING with FLAPERONS Debanjali Dey, R.Aasha #Department of Aeronautical Engineering , KCG College of Technology
International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF WING WITH FLAPERONS Debanjali Dey, R.Aasha #Department of Aeronautical Engineering , KCG College Of Technology. 1. [email protected] 2. [email protected] ABSTRACT- The main objective of this project is to design a flaperon for a wing and compare the performance characteristic of this flaperon-wing combination with that of conventional wing design that makes use of separate flap and aileron. Theoretical analysis and comparison is performed following which the computational analysis is carried out to validate the results. Further aim is to give a clarity on the fact that the use of this high lift device aids in improvising the aerodynamic characteristics of a wing by experimental testing of the wing design incorporated with flaperon, which is designed using a special methodology. Then, modification of wing design can be done to overcome the drawbacks of flaperons if any. INTRODUCTION - When looking at an aircraft, it is easy to observe that they have a number of common features: wings, a tail with vertical and horizontal wing sections, engines to propel them through the air, and a fuselage to carry passengers or cargo. If, however, you take a more critical look beyond the gross features, you also can see subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, differences. The reasons for these differences, why the designers configured them this way, is quite an intriguing study. Today, 100,000 flights will safely crisscross the planet. At no time in history have our lives been so global and full of possibility. -
Phoenix Supplement
CONSUMER AEROSPACE Phoenix Rocket Launched R/C Aerobatic Glider Assembly and Operation Manual Supplement HIS sheet contains some recent additions to the Phoenix instructions. Please read them before you Tbegin construction of your Phoenix rocket glider. The following three items are very important, and must be done before you fly your Phoenix. Mandatory Additions Trim Rudder Horn Screws OU must trim the screws that Ymount the rudder horn flush with the outside of the nylon plate. If the screws are not trimmed, it is possible for them to hit the L-7 guides on the launcher during lift off. The rudder may be damaged if this happens. The screws may be cut after assembly with a razor saw or a cut off disc in a Moto-Tool. If you use a cut off disc, be very careful to keep the heat generated by the cut off disc from melting the nylon plate. Trim these screws flush with nylon plate Elevator Pushrod Stiffness HERE are 8 pieces of 3/16” square balsa strip provided in the kit. Before you start assembly, examine all T8 pieces. Due to the high speeds encountered during a Phoenix launch, the pushrods need to be both straight and stiff. The stiffest one should be used for the elevator pushrod, and the next stiffest one for rud- der. The remaining pieces are used for the fuselage corner stock. We use the stiffest balsa that we can obtain for the pushrods, but if you feel the pushrods provided in your kit are not stiff enough, please contact us and we will provide substitutes.