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Making European Citizens: Civic Inclusion in a Transnational Context

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Making European Citizens: Civic Inclusion in a Transnational Context Making European Citizens Civic Inclusion in a Transnational Context Edited by Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione and Jo Shaw One Europe or Several? Series Editor: Helen Wallace The One Europe or Several? series examines contemporary processes of political, security, economic, social and cultural change across the European continent, as well as issues of convergence/divergence and prospects for integration and fragmentation. Many of the books in the series are cross-country comparisons; others evaluate the European institutions, in particular the European Union and NATO, in the context of eastern enlargement. Titles include: Brian Ardy, Iain Begg, Dermot Hodson, Imelda Maher and David G. Mayes ADJUSTING TO EMU Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione and Jo Shaw (editors) MAKING EUROPEAN CITIZENS Civic Inclusion in a Transnational Context Sarah Birch ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE Sarah Birch, Frances Millard, Marina Popescu and Kieran Williams EMBODYING DEMOCRACY Electoral System Design in Post-Communist Europe Andrew Cottey, Timothy Edmunds and Anthony Forster (editors) DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF THE MILITARY IN POSTCOMMUNIST EUROPE Guarding the Guards Anthony Forster, Timothy Edmunds and Andrew Cottey (editors) THE CHALLENGE OF MILITARY REFORM IN POSTCOMMUNIST EUROPE Building Professional Armed Forces Anthony Forster, Timothy Edmunds and Andrew Cottey (editors) SOLDIERS AND SOCIETIES IN POSTCOMMUNIST EUROPE Legitimacy and Change Karen Henderson (editor) THE AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE IN THE ENLARGED EUROPE James Hughes, Gwendolyn Sasse and Claire Gordon EUROPEANIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION IN THE EU’S ENLARGEMENT TO CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE The Myth of Conditionality Andrew Jordan THE EUROPEANIZATION OF BRITISH ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY A Departmental Perspective Christopher Lord A DEMOCRATIC AUDIT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Valsamis Mitsilegas, Jorg Monar and Wyn Rees THE EUROPEAN UNION AND INTERNAL SECURITY Guardian of the People? Helen Wallace (editor) INTERLOCKING DIMENSIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION One Europe or Several? Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–94630–8 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Making European Citizens Civic Inclusion in a Transnational Context Edited by Richard Bellamy Professor of Political Science and Director of the School of Public Policy, University College London (UCL), University of London, UK Dario Castiglione Senior Lecturer in Political Theory University of Exeter, UK and Jo Shaw Salvesen Chair of European Institutions University of Edinburgh, UK © Editorial matter and selection © Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione and Jo Shaw 2006 Chapters 1–12 © Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2006 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–0–333–97377–6 hardback ISBN-10: 0–333–97377–1 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Making European citizens : civic inclusion in a transnational context / edited by Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione, and Jo Shaw. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–333–97377–1 (hardback) 1. Citizenship – European Union countries. I. Bellamy, Richard (Richard Paul) II. Castiglione, Dario. III. Shaw, Jo, 1961– JN40.M32 2006 323.6094—dc22 2005056587 10987654321 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne Contents Preface vii Notes on Contributors ix 1 Introduction: From National to Transnational Citizenship 1 Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione and Jo Shaw Part I Citizens’ Democratic Standing and Rights of Participation 2 The Contested Case of EU Electoral Rights 31 Anthea Connolly, Stephen Day and Jo Shaw 3 EU Citizenship and the Principle of Affectedness 56 Chris Hilson 4 We the Citizens? Representation and Participation in EU Constitutional Politics 75 Dario Castiglione Part II Citizens’ Voice and Interests 5 Transnational Political Parties 99 Stephen Day and Jo Shaw 6 Making Citizens from the Market? NGOs and the Representation of Interests 118 Alex Warleigh 7 Legitimising EU Regulation: Procedural Accountability, Participation, or Better Consultation? 133 Ian Bartle Part III Citizens’ Mobilisation and Opportunities 8 Lesson Learning and the ‘Civil Society of Interests’ 157 Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán 9 Local Mobilisation and Supranational Standards 177 Carl F. Stychin v vi Contents 10 Local Strategies for Civic Inclusion in a European Context: The Roma in the Czech Republic 196 Mita Castle-Kanerova and Bill Jordan Part IV Democratic Citizenship in a Democratic Europe? 11 Civic Competence and Identity in the European Polity 219 Dimitris N. Chryssochoou 12 Between Past and Future: The Democratic Limits of EU Citizenship 238 Richard Bellamy Index 266 Preface This volume is concerned with the idea, institutions and practices of citizenship beyond the nation state. It explores how this new political context has transformed the very categories of citizenship. Europe, and particularly the EU, provides the most developed example of transnational governance. However, discussions of European citizenship have tended to employ a somewhat passive understanding of the citizen. They have seen citizenship as either the result of a top-down granting of a common set of rights and political institutions, or focused on how far European integration has led Europeans to identify with each other or with Europe as an historical and cultural entity. This volume adopts a more active perspective. Citizens are not simply made by legal, political or social processes. They also make themselves through their exploitation and shaping of these processes. Such active citizenship involves more than simply voting. It entails the capacity to organise both socially and politically to promote certain ideals and inter- ests. Achieving such mobilisation at a transnational level involves different entitlements, opportunity structures, skills and levels of identification to those required at the local and national levels. As a result, the status and practices of citizenship are altered, though it remains to be seen whether we are witnessing the rise of a fully fledged postnational form of citizenship or, more modestly, just the establishment of a series of mixed forms, which tend to integrate national and transnational dimensions. This volume involves a multidisciplinary team of contributors drawn from law, political science, sociology and political economy. They examine the various ways in which European citizenship is changing our ideas of civic standing, providing opportunities for mobilisation and interest representa- tion, and re-defining the political space for democratic participation. They also look at the different institutional and social strategies that contribute to defining the role of citizens and their inclusion in European decision making. In the introduction, the editors offer an overview of the theoretical signifi- cance and legal and institutional development of European citizenship as a transnational practice. Throughout the volume, as the title indicates, we try to suggest that European citizenship is the (as yet uncertain and often contested) result of a process rather than a simple status. The volume is primarily the result of research undertaken by the editors and the contributors as part of an ESRC Project on ‘Strategies of Civic Inclusion in Pan-European Civil Society’ (Grant L213252022). That Project was part of the ESRC Research Programme on ‘One Europe or Several?’ We gladly acknowledge the ESRC’s financial support and the help we received from Professor Helen Wallace, the Director of the Programme. Throughout vii viii Preface our research and during the writing-up period, we benefited from discus- sions with other researchers involved in the ‘One Europe or Several?’ Programme in the course of numerous meetings and conferences.
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