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AC Power Systems Handbook, Third Edition AC Power Systems Handbook Third Edition Jerry C. Whitaker Technical Press Morgan Hill, California Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4034_Discl.fm Page 1 Friday, August 25, 2006 10:06 AM Published in 2007 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-4034-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-4034-5 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2006042620 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whitaker, Jerry C. AC power systems / Jerry C. Whitaker.--3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-4034-9 (alk. paper) 1. Electric power distribution--Alternating current--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Electric power systems--Protection--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TK3141.W45 2006 621.319’13--dc22 2006042620 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group and the CRC Press Web site at is the Academic Division of Informa plc. http://www.crcpress.com © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC For Jenny and Andy, very special people v © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................xvii About the Author ........................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1 AC Power Systems 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Defining Terms ...................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Power Electronics ...............................................................................................3 1.2 AC Circuit Analysis ......................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Power Relationship in AC Circuits ...................................................................4 1.2.2 Complex Numbers ............................................................................................4 1.2.3 Phasors ................................................................................................................6 1.2.4 Per Unit System ..................................................................................................6 1.3 Elements of the AC Power System ..............................................................................7 1.3.1 Transmission Circuits ........................................................................................7 1.3.1.1 Types of Conductors ............................................................................8 1.3.1.2 Overhead Conductors ...........................................................................8 1.3.1.3 Underground Cables ...........................................................................10 1.3.1.4 Skin Effect ...........................................................................................10 1.3.2 Dielectrics and Insulators ................................................................................11 1.3.2.1 Insulating Liquids ...............................................................................12 1.3.2.2 Insulating Solids ..................................................................................13 1.3.3 Control and Switching Systems ......................................................................14 1.3.3.1 Fault Protection Devices ....................................................................15 1.3.3.2 Lightning Arrester ...............................................................................16 1.4 Utility AC Power System Architecture ......................................................................16 1.4.1 Power Distribution ..........................................................................................18 1.4.2 Distribution Substations ..................................................................................18 1.4.2.1 Breaker Schemes .................................................................................20 1.4.3 Voltage Analysis ................................................................................................22 1.4.4 High-Voltage DC Transmission ......................................................................22 1.4.4.1 AC vs. DC Transmission ....................................................................24 1.4.4.2 DC Circuit Breakers ............................................................................25 1.4.5 Utility Company Interfacing ...........................................................................26 1.4.5.1 Phase-to-Phase Balance .......................................................................27 1.4.6 Load Fault Protection ......................................................................................27 1.4.6.1 Fuses .....................................................................................................28 1.4.6.2 Circuit Breakers ...................................................................................28 1.4.6.3 Semiconductor Fuses ..........................................................................28 vii © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1.4.6.4 Application Considerations ................................................................29 1.4.6.5 Transient Currents ..............................................................................29 1.4.6.6 Delay-Trip Considerations .................................................................30 1.4.7 Measuring AC Power .......................................................................................31 1.4.7.1 Digital Measurement Techniques ......................................................32 1.5 References ....................................................................................................................33 1.6 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 2 Power-Generation Systems 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................35 2.2 Fundamental Concepts ..............................................................................................35 2.2.1 Operating Principles ........................................................................................35 2.2.2 Control Techniques ..........................................................................................39 2.3 Power-Generating Systems .........................................................................................40 2.3.1 Fossil Fuel Power Plants ..................................................................................40 2.3.2 Nuclear Power Plants .......................................................................................44 2.3.3 Hydroelectric Power Plants .............................................................................45 2.4 References ....................................................................................................................48 2.5 Bibliography ................................................................................................................48 Chapter 3 Power Factor 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................49 3.2 Fundamental Principles .............................................................................................49 3.3 PF Correction Techniques ..........................................................................................52 3.3.1 On-Site Power Factor Correction ...................................................................53
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