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Malaria Transmission in the Vicinity of Impounded Water: Evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia

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Malaria Transmission in the Vicinity of Impounded Water: Evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia IWMI RESEARCH REPORT Malaria Transmission in the 132 Vicinity of Impounded Water: Evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia Solomon Kibret, Matthew McCartney, Jonathan Lautze and Gayathree Jayasinghe International Water Management Institute Research Reports The publications in this series cover a wide range of subjects—from computer modeling to experience with water user associations—and vary in content from directly applicable research to more basic studies, on which applied work ultimately depends. Some research reports are narrowly focused, analytical and detailed empirical studies; others are wide-ranging and synthetic overviews of generic problems. Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI’s own staff and Fellows, and by external reviewers. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. About IWMI IWMI’s mission is to improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and environment. In serving this mission, IWMI concentrates on the integration of policies, technologies and management systems to achieve workable solutions to real problems—practical, relevant results in the field of irrigation and water and land resources. IWMI Research Report 132 Malaria Transmission in the Vicinity of Impounded Water: Evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia Solomon Kibret, Matthew McCartney, Jonathan Lautze and Gayathree Jayasinghe International Water Management Institute P O Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka The authors: Solomon Kibret is specialized in biomedical sciences and is currently a consultant at the University of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Email: [email protected]) and Matthew McCartney is a senior researcher specializing in hydrology and water resource management at IWMI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Email: [email protected]) both at the subregional office for the Nile Basin and East Africa of IWMI in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Jonathan Lautze is a postdoctoral fellow specializing in transboundary water management and water and health, currently based at IWMI HQ Colombo, Sri Lanka (Email: [email protected]). Gayathree Jayasinghe is a researcher (biometrician) formerly at the subregional office for the Nile Basin and East Africa of IWMI in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, currently an independent consultant based in Sri Lanka (email: [email protected]). Kibret, S.; McCartney, M.; Lautze, J.; Jayasinghe, G. 2009. Malaria transmission in the vicinity of impounded water: Evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute. 47p. (IWMI Research Report 132) / malaria / waterborne diseases / disease vectors / disease control methods / dams / epidemiology / entomology / surveys / case studies / reservoirs / Ethiopia / ISSN 1026-0862 ISBN 978-92-9090-706-0 Copyright © 2009, by IWMI. All rights reserved. IWMI encourages the use of its material provided that the organization is acknowledged and kept informed in all such instances. Cover photograph by Jonathan Lautze shows the shoreline of the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia. Please send inquiries and comments to: [email protected] A free copy of this publication can be downloaded at www.iwmi.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/index.aspx Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Beyene Petros, Paul Kirshen, Richard Pollack and Eline Boelee for their advice; and Tesfaye Abebe, Lemma Regassa and Asegid Taye for considerable assistance with the fieldwork and in the laboratory. They are also grateful to the late Andrew Spielman for the role he played during the early stages of this study. They thank the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, the Oromia Health Bureau, the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation and the National Meteorological Agency for the provision of data. Project This report presents findings from project number 36 entitled “Improved Planning of Large Dam Operation: Using Decision Support Systems to Optimize Livelihood Benefits, Safeguard Health and Protect the Environment” of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF). Partners The following organizations collaborated in the research conducted for this report: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia About the CPWF Water scarcity is one of the most pressing issues facing humanity today. The Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), an initiative of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), contributes to efforts of the inter-national community to ensure global diversions of water to agriculture are maintained at the level of the year 2000. It is a multi- institutional research initiative that aims to increase water productivity for agriculture-that is, to change the way water is managed and used to meet international food security and poverty eradication goals-and to leave more water for other users and the environment. The CPWF deals with complex agriculture-related systems, for which there are a growing number of stakeholders generating information. Its community-of-practice works in innovative ways to collate, unify, organize, extract, distill and share the ideas, information and knowledge to allow next-users to gain insights and deduce principles, concepts and cause-and-effect relationships from its research results. To help achieve this, the CPWF focuses on building multi-disciplinary north-south and south-south partnerships, as demonstrated by the work produced in this special journal of Water Policy. www.waterandfood.org Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms vi Summary vii Introduction 1 The Study Area 5 Materials and Methods 8 Results 14 Discussion 29 Concluding Remarks 33 Glossary 34 References 35 v Abbreviations and Acronyms CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention CI Confidence Interval CSA Central Statistics Authority, Ethiopia CSP Circumsporozoite protein DDT Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EIR Entomological Inoculation Rate ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay GIS Geographical Information System GPS Geographical Positioning System HBI Human Blood Index IRS Indoor Residual Spraying ITN Insecticide Treated Nets MoH Ministry of Health, Ethiopia NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NMA National Meteorological Agency, Ethiopia RBM Roll Back Malaria WCD World Commission on Dams WHO World Health Organization vi Summary The construction of dams in Africa is often observed in communities close to the reservoir; associated with adverse malaria impacts b) greater abundance of malaria vectors found in surrounding communities. However, the in community dwellings close to the reservoir degree and nature of these impacts are rarely as a consequence of breeding habitats created quantified and the feasibility of environmental along the reservoir shoreline; and c) the control measures (e.g., manipulation of association of faster falling water levels with reservoir water levels) to mitigate malaria lower mosquito larval abundance in shoreline impacts has not been previously investigated puddles. These findings confirm the role of the in Africa. This report describes entomological and epidemiological research conducted in reservoir in increasing malaria transmission the vicinity of the Koka Dam and Reservoir and suggest there may be potential to use in Ethiopia. Key findings of the study include: dam operation as a tool in integrated malaria- a) substantially higher malaria case rates control strategies. vii Malaria Transmission in the Vicinity of Impounded Water: Evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia Solomon Kibret, Matthew McCartney, Jonathan Lautze and Gayathree Jayasinghe Introduction Investment in hydraulic infrastructure, including large used as a malaria-control measure. Specifically, dams, is widely advocated as crucial for sustainable entomological and epidemiological surveys were economic growth and poverty reduction in many conducted to: parts of sub-Saharan Africa (World Bank 2004; NEPAD 2003). However, the cost these structures • Compare malaria case rates in villages at impose is much more than financial. Inadequate different distances from the reservoir (i.e., 0-9 consideration of both environmental and public health km). impacts can undermine the benefits to be gained • Compare mosquito breeding habitats in villages from such investments (McCartney et al. 2007). close to (< 1 km) the reservoir with those further Key among the potential negative effects of large away (> 7 km) and characterize breeding habitats dams is intensified malaria transmission, resulting associated with the dam and reservoir shore. from changes engendered by environmental and • Compare vector density in villages close to the socioeconomic transformations accompanying reservoir with that in villages further away. water resources development (Hunter et al. 1993; • Explore the degree to which rates of change Jobin 1999; Keiser et al. 2005; Birley 1995). in reservoir water levels correlate with the Although the potential health impacts of large abundance of Anopheles sp. larvae in shoreline dams are broadly understood, there is relatively sites and malaria case rates in the vicinity (within little systematic research into these impacts and 9 km) of the Koka Reservoir. almost no quantitative
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