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Burden of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Backyard Local Chickens in Selected Sites in East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

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Burden of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Backyard Local Chickens in Selected Sites in East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia ary Scien in ce r te & e T V e Shawu et al., J Vet Sci Technol 2019, 10:4 f c h o n l Journal of Veterinary o a l n o r g u y o J Science & Technology ISSN: 2157-7579 Research Article Open Access Burden of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Backyard Local Chickens in Selected Sites in East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia Getahun Shawu1, Hika Waktole2, Debella Taweya1, Yoseph Cherinet3*, Berhane Wakjira3, Hagos Ashenafi1, Dinka Ayana1 and Yemsrach Miressa4 1Department of Parasitology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia 3Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia 4Akaki Woreda Livestock and Fisheres Development, Akaki, Ethiopia Abstract This study was conducted on the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes of 100 chickens raised under traditional management (back yard) system and originated from three-selected town in East Shoa of central Ethiopia, namely Bishoftu, Dukem and Modjo. The study indicated an overall prevalence of 94% parasitic infection in the three towns Out of the total, 69%, and 73% of the examined chickens were harboring nematodes and cestodes respectively. The nematodes identified were Ascaridia galli (13%), Heterakis gallimarum (20%), Heterakis isolonche (4%), Heterakis dispar (12%), Alodapa sucturia (6%), Subura brumpti (5%), and Aucaria hamulosa (4%) and the cestodes were Raillietina tetragona (13%), R. Echinobothridia (34%), R. Cesticillus (15%), Choenetenia infundibulum (15%), Hymenolepis continana (12%) and Hymenolepis carioca (14%) and The present study revealed a high prevalence of helminthes infection/infestation in backyard chickens. Therefore, appropriate prevention and control methods are recommended. Keywords: Gastrointestinal; Prevalence; Helminthes; Bishoftu; practices and climatic conditions are favourable for the development of Modjo and Dukem; Ethiopia the parasites [12]. Raillietina echinobothrida and Raillietina tetragona are highly pathogenic while other species are not normally harmful Introduction unless the infection is extremely heavy, which cause significant decrease in production [14]. Ascaridia galli is the most important nematode Poultry are kept in backyards or commercial production systems in species of considerable economic importance. The large size of these most areas of the world. Compared to a number of other livestock nematode parasites may cause intestinal occlusion [15]. species, fewer social and religions taboos are related to the production, marketing and consumption of poultry products. For these reasons, Among the disease of poultry, gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) helminthes poultry products have become one of the most important protein plays an important role in reducing the total poultry production sources for man throughout the world [1]. potential of the country. However, there are currently a few information in Ethiopia that shows the prevalence and distribution The total poultry population in Ethiopia is estimated to be 38,127,504 [2] of Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) helminthes. According to reports, the and approximately 99% of chicken is raised under the traditional back prevalence of GIT parasitism reaches 91.01% [4,16], but it is limited by yard system of management [3,4]. In Ethiopia, endogenous chickens its coverage to certain region of Ethiopia, which is not representative of play important roles in the provision of poultry meat and eggs which the whole picture of the prevalence in the country. Therefore, this study are affordable sources of animal protein for the rural population [5]. was initiated to provide baseline information on the prevalence and In Ethiopia, the traditional production system is characterized by distribution of GIT helminthes of scavenging chickens rearing under minimum inputs from the owners, usually kept in small numbers and traditional system in three town in East Shoa and to identify species of feed leftovers including occasional grain feed and household wastes. the most prevalent gastrointestinal helminthes in the study area. They are kept in various types of houses and breed naturally. In some areas, primitive poultry houses are built with simple locally available Material and Methods materials. In most areas, the chickens share the same house with their Study area owners at night. Nesting materials are often provided to simplify the collection of eggs and control of brooding. Fertile eggs are hatched The study was carried out from October 2016 to May 2017 in Bishoftu, using broody hens and the hens attend the clutches of chickens often without human intervention [6-8]. Though commercial poultry plays a significant role today, the situation regarding the commercialization has not been developed in Ethiopia [9]. *Corresponding author: Yoseph Cherinet, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, The main constraints to the development of endogenous chicken Ethiopia, Tel: 911804383; E-mail: [email protected] production in rural Ethiopia include diseases, predation, lack of Received July 30, 2019; Accepted August 26, 2019; Published September 02, feed, poor housing, and to a lesser extent financial problems and 2019 management [10,11]. Besides, major causes of mortality in scavenging Citation: Shawu G, Waktole H, Taweya D, Cherinet Y, Wakjira B, et al. (2019) Burden chickens kept under traditional system of management in Ethiopia of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Backyard Local Chickens in Selected Sites in East include viral, protozoan and bacterial [10]. However, the less obvious Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol 10: 584. but ubiquitous losses due to reduce productivity caused by helminthosis Copyright: © 2019 Shawu G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under are economically very important to the scavenging chickens [12,13]. the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and Parasites are common in tropics where the standard of poor husbandry source are credited. J Vet Sci Technol, an open access journal Volume 10 • Issue 4 • 1000584 ISSN: 2157-7579 Citation: Shawu G, Waktole H, Taweya D, Cherinet Y, Wakjira B, et al. (2019) Burden of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Backyard Local Chickens in Selected Sites in East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol 10: 584. Page 2 of 6 Dukem and Modjo towns, East Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Bishoftu preserved with 10% formalin for identification. Larger parasites were is located 47 km south east of Addis Ababa at 9°N latitude, 40°E easily identified under stereomicroscope. However, parasites which longitude and at an altitude of 1850 meters above sea level. Bishoftu were not identified by stereomicroscope were transferred to slide experiences a bimodal pattern of rainfall with the long rainy season for further identification under light microscope with magnification extending from June to September and a short rainy season from March ranging from 10X to 100X. Then, the parasites were identified to May and dry season from October to February with an average depending on the size of the parasite using the characters described by annual rainfall of 800 mm. The mean annual minimum and maximum Olsen and Soulsby [19,20]. temperature is 12.3°C and 27.7°C, respectively, with an overall average of 18.7°C. The mean relative humidity is 61.3% [17]. Dukem is located Data analysis 37 km south east of Addis Ababa at 8°48′°N latitude 38°54°E longitude The data collected during the study were entered into a Microsoft Excel and an elevation of 2100 meters above sea level. Dukem experiences a database system and import to be analysed descriptively using statistical bimodal pattern of rainfall with the long rainy season extending from software STATA (version 13, USA). Many attribute data were imported June to September and a short rainy season from March to May and to database system includes; age, sex, site and laboratory result. The dry season from October to February with an average annual rainfall prevalence of infection/infestation was calculated by dividing number of 800 mm. The mean annual minimum and maximum temperature is of test positive chickens to total number of chickens examined. The 11.9°C and 25.83°C, respectively, with an overall average of 18.86°C. association of the risk factors such as age, sex, and origin with the The mean relative precipitation is 861 mm (% ) [17]. Modjo is located prevalence of infection was determined by using a chi-square (χ2) test. at 70 km from Addis Ababa in East Shewa zone of Oromia Region, A p-value of less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was considered Ethiopia. Lume is bordered on the south by the Koka reservoir, on the as statistically significant. west by Ada’a Chukala, on the northwest by Gimbichu, on the north by the Afar Region and on the east by Adama. Mojo is the capital of the Results district; other towns and cities include Ejere, Ejersa and Koka. Most of this District altitude ranges from 1500 to 2300 meters above sea In the present study, 100 indigenous chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) level (m.a.s.l), except for a small portion in the northern part, which were screened for the presence of gastrointestinal helminthes
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