Oke. APLIKASI KEUANGAN ISLAM DAN SISTIM PEREKONOMIAN

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Oke. APLIKASI KEUANGAN ISLAM DAN SISTIM PEREKONOMIAN APLIKASI KEUANGAN ISLAM SISTIM PEREKONOMIAN TURKI UTSMANI Dr. Desmadi Saharuddin, Lc., MA Dr. Meirison, MA APLIKASI KEUANGAN ISLAM DAN SISTIM PEREKONOMIAN TURKI UTSMANI i Aplikasi Keuangan Islam dan Sistim Perekonomian Turki Utsmani Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 113 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, sebagaimana yang telah diatur dan diubah dari Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002, bahwa: Kutipan Pasal 113 1. Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak melakukan pelanggaran hak ekonomi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf i untuk Penggunaan Secara Komersial dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 (satu) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp100.000.000 (seratus juta rupiah). 2. Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak dan/atau tanpa izin Pencipta atau pemegang Hak Cipta melakukan pelanggaran hak ekonomi Pencipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf c, huruf d, huruf f, dan/atau huruf h untuk Penggunaan Secara Komersial dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp500.000.000 (lima ratus juta rupiah). 3. Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak dan/atau tanpa izin Pencipta atau pemegang Hak Cipta melakukan pelanggaran hak ekonomi Pencipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf a, huruf b, huruf e, dan/atau huruf g untuk Penggunaan Secara Komersial dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp1.000.000.000 (satu miliar rupiah). 4. Setiap Orang yang memenuhi unsur sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) yang dilakukan dalam bentuk pembajakan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp4.000.000.000 (empat miliar rupiah). ii APLIKASI KEUANGAN ISLAM DAN SISTIM PEREKONOMIAN TURKI UTSMANI Penulis: Dr. Desmadi Saharuddin, Lc., MA Dr. Meirison, MA Editor: Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum Zulfikri Muhammad, M.Si Kontributor: Tim Peneliti Pada Center for Theorizing on Islamic Economics and Finance (CTIEF) FEB UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Dr. M. Arief Mufraini, Lc., M.Si Dr. Ade Sofyan Mulazid, MH Dr. Alimin, Lc., M.Ag Dr. Busman Edyar, MA Ade Suherlan, SE., MM, M.BA Supriyono, SE., MM Ahmad Tibrizi Soni Wicaksono, SE., ME iii Aplikasi Keuangan Islam dan Sistim Perekonomian Turki Utsmani APLIKASI KEUANGAN ISLAM DAN SISTIM PEREKONOMIAN TURKI UTSMANI Edisi Pertama Copyright@ 2021 Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) ISBN 978-602-278-095-3 Ukuran 15.5 cm x 23 cm; Hal xv + 243 Penulis: Dr. Desmadi Saharuddin, Lc., MA Dr. Meirison, MA Editor: Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum Zulfikri Muhammad, M.Si Desain Sampul / Penata letak Djunaedi. S. Kom Penerbit Kurnia Kalam Semesta Jl. Solo KM. 8 Nayan No. 108A, Maguwoharjo Yogyakarta 55282 Email: [email protected] Anggota IKAPI 067/DIY/2010 iv Kata Pengantar KATA PENGANTAR lhamdulillah, buku “Aplikasi Keuangan Islam dan Sistim Perekonomian Turki Utsmani”, yang ada dihadapan pembaca ini A adalah hasil penelitian pustaka yang dilakukan oleh penulis dengan menggunakan literatur-literatur dari buku-buku perpustakaan dan dokumen- dokeman sejarah serta manuskrip-manuskrip yang terkait dengan pembahasan yang didapat dari situs-situs internet. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan metode sejarah kritis- analitis dengan terlebih dahulu melakukan pengumpulan sumber (Heuristik). Selanjutnya sumber-sumber yang telah ada diverifikasi dengan melakukan analisis untuk menentukan otentisitas atau keaslian sumber serta untuk menemukan kandungan informasi (fakta sejarah). Pada tahap selanjutnya, sumber yang telah diyakini otentisitas/keaslian dan kredibilitas informasinya diinterpretasikan sehingga fakta-fakta sejarah yang ditemukan dapat tersusun dengan baik dan menjadi sebuah kisah peristiwa. Kisah peristiwa ini kemudian direkonstruksi dalam bentuk Historiografi. Pendekatan sejarah yang digunakan adalah tinjauan dari sisi sosiologi ekonomi, seperti adanya gerakan, pemberontakan, budaya, etnis setelah memberikan lukisan sistim sosial ekonomi dari kurun-kurun tertentu. v Aplikasi Keuangan Islam dan Sistim Perekonomian Turki Utsmani Pengkajian dari permulaan terbentuknya sebuah masyarakat sampai menjadi masyarakat yang kompleks juga disinggung dalam pembahasan. Adapun pendekatan politik ekonomi merupakan poin yang sangat penting dalam metode penelitian ini, karena sejarah konvensional identik dengan kekuasaan. Begitu juga dengan pola perilaku individu dan kelompok dapat membantu menjelaskan apakah sistim itu berfungsi dengan baik atau tidak, serta perkembangan hukum dan kebijakan sosial ekonomi yang meliputi etnis, agama, opini publik, birokrasi dan administrasi. Politik dalam hal ini dikaitkan dengan kemampuan pemerintah dalam menerapkan sistim keuangan Islam yang merupakan prinsip dasar dari sistim Daulah Utsmaniyah. Sebuah sistim yang dijalankan oleh pemerintah sebagai bentuk pengelolaan masalah-masalah umum yang diukur dengan Syari’at Islam secara menyeluruh. Penyusunan naskah buku ini dapat memberikan gambaran tentang aplikasi sistim ekonomi Islam yang pernah berhasil pada masa lalu tanpa mengadopsi ekonomi kapitalis Barat yang muncul setelah itu. Sebuah sistim yang dapat mendatangkan kemakmuran bagi masyarakat. Walaupun demikian, dalam penyusunan naskah ini penulis juga menjelaskan bagaimana proses pembentukan sistim kapitalis Barat bekerja setelah terjadinya revolusi industri bersama sistim perbankan yang sebelumnya tidak dikenal dalam skala yang luas. Lebih jauh lagi, dibahas pula karakteristik politik ekonomi kapitalis Barat yang selalu mempunyai standar ganda dalam melakukan kerja sama dengan negara-negara lain. Juga dibahas berbagai hal yang menjadi titik kelemahan pelaksanaan sistim ekonomi Islam pada masa Turki Utsmani. Buku ini terdiri dari tiga bab dan sub-sub bab: Bab I: Pendahuluan; yang terdiri dari Latar Belakang, Permasalahan, Literatur Riview, Tujuan dan Signifkansi Penulisan, serta Metodologi Penelitian vi Kata Pengantar Bab II: Kebijakan Ekonomi, Kapitulasi dan Westernisasi A. Sistem perekonomian Islam. Berbicara tentang negara dan hubungannya dengan ekonomi serta sejauh mana negara dapat campur tangan dalam ekonomi menurut syariat Islam. B. Turki Utsmani dan Kapitulasi Asing. Membahas tentang Turki Utsmani, dari mulai sejarah pembentukan, masa kejayaan sampai kemunduran dan struktur pemerintahan Turki Utsmani. C. Sistem Perekonomian dan Keuangan Turki Utsmani. Jika bab sebelum- nya berbicara secara umum tentang Turki Utsmani, maka bab ini berbi- cara tentang hal yang lebih spesifik yaitu sistem perekonomian dan keuangan Turki Utsmani. Tercakup dalam pembahasan ini adalah kebija- kan dan struktur ekonomi Turki Utsmani serta keseimbangan faktor produksi dan uang yang beredar. D. Perubahan Sistem Keuangan Turki Utsmani. Membicarakan tentang Kapitulasi asing di Turki Utsmani dan bagaimana dampaknya di kemu- dian hari, baik pada sistem ekonomi maupun dalam pemerintahan dan politik. E. Westernisasi Ekonomi Turki Utsmani. Dipaparkan bagaimana peruba- han sistem keuangan di Turki Utsmani perlahan mengarah kepada Westernisasi ekonomi yang kemudian mengarah kepada kemunduran Turki Utsmani di berbagai bidang. Di bagian akhir dibahas bagaimana respon masyarakat Turki terhadap berbagai upaya Barat dalam mengua- sai dan mendominasi Turki secara ekonomi. F. Respon Masyarakat Terhadap Reformasi Turki Utsmani. Pada bagian ini dipaparkan usaha dan perjuangan penduduk Turki Utsmani menghadapi tantangan yang tidak mudah. Mereka berusaha sekuat daya dan upaya untuk mempertahankan serangan-serangan yang datang dari luar, terutama yang berkaitan dengan kondisi ekonomi, serta tekanan-tekanan vii Aplikasi Keuangan Islam dan Sistim Perekonomian Turki Utsmani politik lainnya yang tidak mudah. Mereka harus berhadapan dengan kekuatan asing yang datang silih berganti. G. Indonesia dan Refleksi atas Turki Utsmani Abad 19-20. Menghadirkan refleksi kondisi ekonomi Indonesia saat ini dengan membandingkan kondisi tersebut dengan kondisi Turki Utsmani ketika terjerat Kapitulasi dan Westernisasi Barat. Bab III: Penutup yang berisi Kesimpulan dan Saran Bagi para pembaca yang tertarik untuk menelaah lebih jauh tentang perkembangan Turki Utsmani, khususnya dalam bidang perekonomian dan pergulatannya dalam menghadapi dan beradaptasi dengan kapitalisme yang muncul dan kemudian mendominasi dunia, dapat merujuk kepada sumber- sumber berikut ini dimana penulis jadikan sebagai rujukan utama dalam penulisan buku ini: Jonathan S. Mc Murray daam Distant Ties: Germany, The Ottoman Empire, and the Construction of Baghdad Railway. Buku ini mencerita- kan tentang investasi langsung yang dilakukan oleh Barat yang tidak begitu banyak memberikan keuntungan dan kontribusi untuk pemasokan bahan mentah kepada Turki Utsmani. Hal itu lebih menguntungkan masyarakat dalam aspek transportasi lokal, adapun penyebaran kekuatan militer untuk membasmi gerakan separatis Arab yang dipimpin oleh Syarif Husein bin Ali yang akhirnya ditipu oleh Inggris dan dibuang ke Cyprus. Donald Quataert, Ottoman Manufacturing ini the Age of The Industrial Revolution. Buku ini menceritakan tentang keberadaan industri Turki Utsmani yang terus bertahan pada masa krisis bahkan sanggup bersaing dengan industri Barat. viii Kata Pengantar Pada waktu itu German adalah negara yang sedang mengadakan percobaan pembuatan kapal selam sebelum perang dunia pertama terjadi. Stanfor J. Shaw & Ezel Kural Shaw, History of The Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Buku ini bercerita tentang toleransi kekaisaran Ottoman terhadap kelompok minoritas, dalam
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