‘ 16G

CHAPTER V

COMPONENTS OF SJiRVODAYA MOVEMENT

1• Components of Sarvedaya Movement.

Along vith the Bhoodan movement, and his associates had launched other pro­ grammes like Jeevandan (life dedication) ,Sampattidan (gift of v/ealth), Sadhandan (gift of means or implements), Sarvasvadan (gift of everything) ,Shramdan (gift of physical labour), Buddhidan (gift of knowledge) and Samayadan (gift of time), for facilitating the work of Bhoodan. These were the facets of the comprehensive movement for the radical transformation of society and the values of human life. Together, they constituted the means of a non-violent moral and social transforma- i tion. All these programmes were introduced in order to secure the cooperation of the people with varying 2 resources and dispositions in the movement.

(i) Jeevandan ; (a) Introduction : Exactly after three years of the launching of the Bhoodan movement a new movement, Jeevandan, emerged at the sixth Bodh Gaya Sarvodaya Conference held on l6th April, 195^.^ It was held under the presidentship of Smt. Ashadevi and attended by Acharya Bhave, Dada Dharmadhikari, M.P. Desai,Jayaprakash 167

Narayan, Acharya Kriplani, , Dr.Eajendra Prasad and 25,000 Sarvodaya v/orkers

When Jayaprakash Narayan rose to address a huge gathering, he confided that he had finally made up his mind to devote all his energies for the success of c; Sarvodaya movement.^ He announced the total dedication of his life to the movement. Many participants includ­ ing Sarvodaya workers and others got up and in all solemnity repeated the pledge to devote their lives wholly for realising the aims and objectives of Sarvo­ daya. By the very magic of his words and personality, J.P. succeeded in filling the whole atmosphere with a vibrant optimism about the success of the mission of Sarvodaya.^

After having heard the clarion call of J.P., the participants of the conference realised clearly the magnitude and urgency of the stupendous work that lay ahead and wished to declare their determination to follow the lead of Vinobaji and J.P. in accelerating the pace of progress towards the goal of all round re­ volution in the lives of the people. They had also realised that the work demanded the dedication of their lives to the Sarvodaya mission, to the exclusion of all other activities including politics.'^ Nearly 656 workers took pledge to dedicate them­ selves to the cause of Sarvodaya. Some took an oath of 16S dedicating their lives wholly while others pledged to dedicate partly. There were in all three categories of such life dedicators. One category consisted of San­ yas is who dedicated their whole to the movement. Another group consisted of those who dedicated themselves upto 1 9 5 7 . And, the third comprised of the household Jee- vandanis. This class of Jeevandanis looked after their o families as well as worked for the movement . Vinobaji, who was observing the remarkable event with his usual equanimity, was also moved visibly by the sincerity of declarations and dedication of the Sarvodaya workers.^ Deeply touched by J.P's selfless dedication, he had said, "If all of them could work resolutely like J.P. with as large a heart, as broad a vision and as sagaci­ ous a mind, they would not only ennoble their own lives but would also find new workers to help the movement.**"*®

Early next morning, Vinobaji wrote a short letter to J.P. which reads thus ; *^In response to your call of yesterday, here is the offering of my own life for the establishment of a non-violent social order based on Bhoodan Yajna and with village industries as its main- stay.’* 1 1 When J.P. read the letter, he was overwhelmed with a feeling of gratitude and reverence for the saint. He was conscious that it was Vinobaji himself who was the originator of that unique movement. He realised that it was Vinobaji's saintly humanity that had prompted him to write such a letter to one who was too junior to ■ 169

him in every respect. J.P., on his part, therefore, wrote a very humble letter to the Chair-person of the

Conference Smt. Ashadevl Aryanayakam, in which he re- dedicated his life to the Sarvodaya movement and offered it to Vinobaji himself under whose inspired guidance alone he wished to work. Smt. Ashadevi read out a touching letter of J.P. and Vinoba about their complete dedication of life. She had also resolved to dedicate her entire life. Greatly impressed, Acharya

J.B. Kripalani was also tempted to offer his life dedication. But he pointed out at the prayer meeting that he needed much heart searching and purification 12 before such a bold step could be taken.

Prabhavati Devi was present when Vinobaji received

J . P ’s letter. She reverently touched Vinoba*s feet and saluted him. There were tears of joy and fulfilment in her eyes. Vinobaji asked her what the matter was.

She said haltingly : have no words to thank God for bringing this day in my life.... But... baba... baba.. how grand it would have been .... had this transforma­ tion taken place when Bapuji himself was living.*'"^^

(b) Meaning and nature of Jeevandan: By merely announcing 'Jeevandan' or life dedication it does not mean that one became a Jeevandani. Jeevandan,according to the Sarvodayaites, meant sacrifice of everything for the Cause of mankind. Vinobaji wanted that instead of 170 calling them Jeevandanis they should be called ’Gramo- daya Sevaks' meaning workers for the uplift of the ]_1|_ villages. They were expected to work amongst the poor masses in the interior rural areas for their up- liftment, socially, economically and morally. They had to work non-violently for eradicating exploitation and other social evils from the society.^^

In their personal lives also they were supposed to observe Gandhian principles. They were expected to lead a very simple life, eat a very simple food, wear khadi spun clothes and live in simple and small houses.”*^

Of course, they had also to^eep themselves away from tea, smoking, wine and non-vegetarian food. Regularly they were supposed to spin charkha and to do some physical work.

(c) Functions; The Jeevandanis were expected to work for the social, economic and moral development of the poor rural masses in their respective fields. They had come from different professions like politics, engineering, medicine, law, teaching, business, etc.

They were expected toXitilise their knowledge and skill for the success of the movement.

For example, a jeevandani belonging to politics could keep his partisan affiliation with any political party but he could not campaign for any party during the elections. A household Jeevandani was expected to remain away from his day to day family affairs and to 171

u tilis e his whole time for the Sarvodaya work. But in

certain circumstances when his family demanded his help

and cooperation he was supposed to assist them. Like­ wise, a manual worker jeevandani belonging to a farmer community or labourer class was expected to look after his family and to work for the movement.A jeevandani belonging to a farmer community was also required to 1 ft donate some portion of his land to the Bhoodan Yajna.

According to the Sarva Seva Sangh rules, a Jeevan­ dani was expected to perform the following functions : 1. To help in raising Sampattidan, collection and distribution of land and to work for khadi and small scale industries. 2. To help the labourer farmers in every possible way. 3 . To settle disputes in the villages.

h. To call intellectuals from the cities for the spread of Sarvodaya ideology. 5 . A doctor Jeevandani was expected to help providing free medical services to the needy, 6. A Jeevandani engineer was expected to help by constructing bunds, tanks, roads and houses in the villages. 7 . A businessman jeevandani was expected to make 19 marginal profit out of their professions. 8 . The intellectuals were expected to help by educa­ ting the masses in the rural and urban areas. 9 . A ll Jeevandanis were expected to give something of their earnings. ^0 172

J.P. wanted that in every village there should be two or more jeevandanls for the Sarvodaya work. In that way he felt that there would be lakhs of jeevandanis throughout who would work amongst the poor rural masses in the interior v illa g e s . They would thus con­ duct their Sarvodaya' a c tiv itie s at the grass-root le v e l,

The Sarvodaya Ashrams, which were established at the villa ge le v e l, would work as centres for the Sarvodaya programmes. Those Ashrams, J.P. f e lt , would also work as resting places for the Sarvodaya workers after day's hard work. Some of the Sarvodayaites were of the opinion that the Jeevandanis should donate a ll their property towards the Sarvodaya movement. In case a Jeevandani donated a ll his property the problem arose about the wellbeing and development of his family. In such cases, who would look after their families was the crucial problem. The Sarvodayaites had opened some Gandhian educa­ tional centres like Nai Talim Vidyalaya at Muzaffarpur in , Kasturba Vidyalaya and Balwadi (for children) at Sekhodeora Ashram in Gaya d istrict of Bihar. In these centres the children and family members of Jeevandanis were given free education, scholarships and even employ­ ment to their fam ilies. Some such centres were opened 22 for adult education also. ■ 173

(d) Jeevandan Collection : After the Bodh Gaya Sar-

vodaya Conference held in April 195^, there was a spate o f Jeevandanis from every part of India. On J.P's c a ll, many people resolved to dedicate themselves to the

Bhoodan work. During one of his Bhoodan tours of Tamil

Nadu on 23 September 195^? he received Jeevandanis.^^

3ue to his extensive tours of Bihar for Sarvodaya work

more than half the number of Jeevandanis came from Bihar

alone.Out of 2013 Jeevandanis from a ll over India, 13^9-Jeevandanis were from Bihar alone. The following is a chart of Jeevandanis from each State

3: Progress of Jeevandanis

Sr. ______Number of Jeevandanis___ No. State 2.6.19‘^^ ^.8.198^ 30.^.19%

1 . Assam 6 6 - 2 . Uttar Pradesh 63 7^ 176 3. Karnataka 2 8 10 Gujarat 5 Ih 19 Delhi 1 k 6 6.Bengal 16 21 ifl 7. Madhya Pradesh ^0 - 8. Maharashtra 11 11 50 9. Raj asthan 38 52 10. Saurashtra k 5 - 111. Hyderabad 7 7 15 i 1 2 . Andhra Pradesh 3 5 - 13. Utkal 71 83 106 Ilf. Tamil Nadu 16 17 50 15. Punjab 7 8 - 16. Bihar 375 531 13^9 17. Madhya Bharat 15 21 - 18 . Mysore 6 6 - 19. Vindya Pradesh 7 9 25 20. Himachal Pradesh 3 3 - 21. Kerala - 23 109 22. Bombay - 1 2 TOTAL 693 9^0 2010

Source; File No.289, Page No.^+6, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, (Teen Murti House, New Delhi). 174

( i i ) Sampattl Dan ; After the distribution of land to the poor landless fam ilies, money -was needed to help and assist them to buy implements for irrigation purposes.

Besides, Sarva Seva Sangh needed financial assistance to rehabilitate them on Bhoodan land. To meet these require­ ments, Vinoba had launched the Sampatti(3an movement mean­ ing, offering of wealth. As in Bhoodan, the Sarvodayaites appealed to a ll classes of people, especially the indus­ t r ia lis ts , businessmen and landlords to denote one-sixth of their regular income towards the Sarvoday^ovement,

J.P. toured extensively in rural and urban areas for raising funds for the Sarvodaya movement^^. He appealed to a ll leading Industrialists lik e Tata,Birla, Dalmia and other businessmen to come forward and assist 28 the movement by donating funds. The following business­ men paid beed to his c a ll. 1+: Progress of Sampattidan Donor's name Date Amount donated Rs. Tata 27 July, 195^ 25,000 Tata 27 A p ril,1955 1,00,000 Tata 10 May, 1955 10,000 tion from Tata) 11,000 G.D. Birla 8 May, 1955 5,000 G.D. Birla August,1972 2,50,000 K.K. Birla 8 May, 1955 10,000 H.L. Parikh ^ 3 September,195^ 3,000 (Annual contribu­ tion) 29 Sardar Inder Singh23 October, 1955 10,000 Banwari Lai Jat 1 September,1953 5,000-^^ Dr. K. Joshi 1 September,1953 12,000 (M.L.G. Mysore) L a alji (Annual contribution) lU-June, 1955 2^-,000 Tamil Nadu ( On J.P's tour) October, 195^ 28,000 J.P’s Tehri Tour (Annual contribution) 1956 3,362 • 175

There were some individual donors also who pers­ onally offered funds to J.P. He also appealed to various organisations in foreign countries to assist the movement. Some such organisations were C.A.R.E.and Cooperative League from America who took keen interest

in raising some funds.Likewise, some organisations lik e ‘Friends of Bhoodan S o c ie tj’ from London and Ita ly op helped the movement.-^

J.P. suggested for the formation o f Sampattidan offices in every d is tric t but these could not function satisfactorily^^. The Sarvodayaites could not raise adequate funds through Sampattidan. This was one of the reasons for the failure of the Sarvodaya movement.

(iii) Sadhandan ; Along with other forms of gifts, the Sarvodayaites took to Sadhanda^i meaning, g ift of means or implements for agricultural purposes such as bullocks, yolks, fertilisers, seeds, etc. The Sarvo­ dayaites were unable to provide implements to the poor landless labourers due to the shortage of funds and other resources. So, J.P. and his associates appealed to businessmen, industrialists, landlords, general

public and the government to contribute something to­ wards Sadhandan. The implements were required for clearing the jungles,improvement of land, rehabilitation

of landless poor families - especially the Harijans.-^ • 176

There were ^3 lakh acres o f land collected froia

V a ll over India out of which 23 lakh acres were collected from Bihar alone. So, a large number of implements and amount of money -were required for Bihar fo r improving the land and for reh abilitatin g the landless labourers J,P. appealed to the groups mentioned above to contribute something towards Sadhandan. He asked the tractor dealers to supply tractors for clearing the jungles on

Bhoodan land, breaking up of land and improving it for cultivation^^. There were 3j300 wells needed for Bihar alone, out of which 150 wells were to be set up in Gaja d is tric t alone and 100 wells were needed in Purnia district.J.P. appealed to Tata, Bir^la and other industrialists to help in the development programmes. Tata gave funds and implements worth one lakh rupees.

The following industrialists and trade laniorts donated to J.P. the following items in 1955»

1 . The Tata Steel Company : Rs. 1 lakh^® 2. Some m ill owners from Calcutta ; Rs.lOOO each 3. B irla's three brothers : Rs.V5,000 (each gave Rs. 150 0 0 /-) h. Jamshedpur labourers ; One day’ s wages-*^.

He received Sadhandans worth Rs.50,000 from Jabalpur in 1953 for agricultural purposes. Tata also helped him in establishing some small scale industries for crushing o il, making of soap, paper, etc. at Sekhodeora

Ashram in 195^. For that he donated Rs.25,000 to buy Ill machinery, tools, etc.*^^

On 20 May 1955» he had gone to Jamshedpur in connection -with Sadhandan for helping in the rehabili­ tation o f landless fam ilies in Bihar. He helped in the construction of 32 houses in Gandhidham yilla ge for the poor landless families in 195^ with the help of Sadhan- dans from Tata, B irla, etc. Some 12 w ells, pumping 1+1 sets and tutewells were also set up.

Likewise, many constructive activities were taken up by J.P. and other Sarvodayaites with the help of ^2 such Sadhandans. But, as compared to the development work, the Sadhandans f e l l too short to meet the needs.

That was also another reason for the failure of the

Bhoodan movement.

(iv ) Sarvasvadan : Another category of donors were the Sarvasvadanis, meaning donation of everything to- wards the movement. During the in it ia l stages of the

Bhoodan movement in 1951 and 1952, Vinobaoi had given a c a ll at a ll his Sarvodaya meetings for Sarvasvadan with the slogan, “ All land belongs to God'H «i;\), According to him, no person has any personal right over land because it is the creation of God. Like air and water, all have equal share in land. According to the Sarvodayaites a ll land belongs to the society and so all have equal share in it. The category of

Bhoodanis who donated a ll their land for the cause of 178

Bhoodan were the most generous. This did not mean that

they were totally deprived of land. ' After collection from them, the land was again distributed to them

according to their shares. The shares were determined li-li. by the respective Bhoodan committees of their areas.

In Sekhodeora v illa g e 68 fam ilies donated a ll th eir lands to J.P. The lands were then pooled together and

redistributed among the Sarvasvadanis according to their needs,the ratio being O.5 bighas per head. ^ Again, in one of his Gaya district tours,he received 300 acres of 1+6 land from 100 Sarvasvadani fam ilies. Sim ilarly, in

Bansibigha village of Bihar, 100 families had given all I1.7 their lands to J.P,

(v) Shramdan; The importance of physical « r manual

labour in society is great despite the inroad of machines and machinery in a ll aspects and sectors of l i f e . A ll cultures o f the world recognise the import­ ance of the dignity of labour. The Indian culture re­ cognises its importance on a ll occasions such as birth, l i f e , marriage or death, in consonance with the demands of the age. Great saints like Christ, Prophet Mohammad,

Buddha and Rama had tire le s s ly preached the dignity of labour. Sant Kabir, a great Hindi poet, used to worship L.8 God through the labour of weaving cloth on the handloom.

Aurangzeb, though a Mughal emperor, lived on the produce of his own labour. The Sarvodayaites laid great stress on physical labour in a ll their Sammelan resolutions. • 179

According to them, when bodily labour is performed by- man with truth and non-violence as their base, it takes LlQ the form of worship of God. ^ As Vinobaji said, ” I therefore believe working on land is the best means of worshipping God, It helps man a good deal to control his senses. That is how farming is helpful in the practice of Brahmacharya, that is chastity. Thus, the occupation of farming may be viewed in many way© conduc­ ing to the advantage of man*?^*^ He further stated, '*We want only body labour. The sacred products of the labourers of those who earn their bread with the sweat of their brows,-peasants, labourers and workers- w ill alone be acceptable to God as offering.’’*''^

The Sarvodayaites persuaded every one to realise that every landless person should receive land which is the basic concept of Bhoodan Yajna. They believed that one of the fundamental rights of man is to have land, whatever comes to his share. And, above a ll, man's first duty is to serve it by his own labour.

Vinoba had emphasised many a time that, it is one of the sacred duties of man to work and produce food by his own labour. He had further said that, in an ideal socio-economic order, man has not only a right to have land but also a duty to serve it.^^ As M.P. Desai said, it was the duty of all men, of all classes,to t i l l the land. Bhoodan became an emblem of, and a slogan, for the establishment of a just and non-violent 180 social order in India based on the dignity of labour, which is really the emblem of universal Yajna that sustains creation. Such dans (gifts) were introduced in order to secure the cooperation o f man with varying resources and dispositions. J.P, gave a wide call to a ll sections of people to contribute Shramdan (physical labour) for their constructive programmes. His Sekho- deora Ashram was raised with the help of Shramdanis.

There, they had constructed a school, a small hospital, some small scale khadi and v illa g e industries. In an*L around Sekhodeora v illa g e , the Shramdanis had constructed earth dams to trap rain water to use it f>r irrigation, digging new channels, wells, levellin g the ground e t c , ^

While J.P. was on Sahrsa d is tric t tour in November 1953} he received 30 Shramdans for constructive work. J .P ., with the help of Shramdanis, raised a new v illa g e Gandhi- dhain. There, they had constructed 32 new houses for 32 families, built wells, ponds and some small scale indus­ tries.^^ At Kapsia v illa g e , a small hospital was cons­ tructed for leprosy treatment.]ji the villa ge of

Bhorarabagh, the Shramdanis had constructed a school, a veterinary hospital, etc."^'^ In that way, with the help of Shramdanis, a con- sideratie development work was done in Bihar and other parts of India by J.P- Since there was the tremendous manpower in Jiidia, he approached a ll classes of people for Shramdan, but failed to arouse that mighty labour 181

force o f India, which was commensurate with the need of the cultivation o f lands offered in Bhoodan. I f he had succeeded in mobilising that to ta l man-power, the picture of rural and urban India would have been to ta lly d ifferen t,

(v i) Buddhidan ; Bhave had launched another programme

Buddhidan, g ift of knowledge, towards the Sarvodaya movement. According to Sarvodayaites, whatever talent, physical strength or other capacities a person possess^,? one should take them as having been given to him as a trus'tee for the benefit of the whole world. As J.P. mentioned, "What Bhoodan says about land is , according to Gandhiji, true of all our possessions, including even knowledge and skill.Whatever man possesses, belongs to the society. Men are no more than the trustees of what people have im p licitly been charged by the society to take good care of and use it for the benefit not for oneself but for all fellowmen. To put in the words of Vinobaji, “Put your individual share in the fire of this human Yajna. Give a pie out of every rupee, a fraction of your land, labour and intelligence.

That w ill build up a new force, a new moral strength. Then another step, again another step t i l l we bestride the Himalayan heights and complete our uphill journey. ..59

tl.P. gave a call to the intelligentsia to come forward and contribute whatever they could for the bene­ f i t of and for the movement. On his c a ll, some of the 18 o teachers, especiaaiy from Bihar, guided the movement and helped it in whatever -way they could. Some of the professors and teachers totally dedicated their lives to the movement.

( v i i ) Sam ay ad an : The Sarvodayaites appealed for Samayadan, meaning dedication of one’ s time for the cause of the Sarvodaya movement. For th is, the Gan- dhians appealed to a ll groups, - p olitician s, in te lle c ­ tuals, engineers, doctors, lawyers, businessmen, manual workers, students and youths- to dedicate some of their valuable time for strengthening the movement.

J.P. toured extensively throughout India, especially in Bihar, for strengthening the movement. The follow­ ing were some of his tours in which he received Samaya- dans from differen t shades of people. In one of his

Bhoodan tours at Hadapsar near Poona in November 195^» he appealed before a huge gathering to dedicate some of their valuable time towards the movement. On his call, nearly 3000 Rashtrtn. Seva Dal workers pledged to dedicate some of their time towards the movement.

Prominent among them who dedicated their valuable time were some eminent Socialist leaders like Shri S.M.Joshi and Shri Patwardhan.^® Sim ilarly, at Bombay, in

December 195^> on his appeal, some 50 people resolved 61 to dedicate some of their time to Sarvodaya a c tiv itie s . 183

At the Bodh Gaya Sarvodaya Conference held in Bihar, nearly68 people resolved in the presence of J.P. to dedicate their time for the movement. They used to work through d is tric t Sarvodaya Mandals for land c o lle c ­ tion, distribution, Sampattidan and other development activities in the village.

Likewise, he appealed to the students from

Muzaffarpur, Monghyr and other districts of Bihar to come forward and dedicate some of their time during their summer and winter vacations.During his meet­ ings, he used to urge them to fight the forces of exploi­ tation at every le v e l and thus help the Sarvodaya move­ ment for t)ringing social and economic equality in Society,

For accomplishing such noble ideals, he advised them to abandon their studies for a year and work for the 61+ cause of mankind. Hii one of such meetings, he cited his own example and said that, at Maulana Kalam Azadte c a ll he had abandoned his studies and joined the freedom struggle movement led by . He further told them that those practical experiences during free­ dom struggle days helped him in his later years, so much so that it drew him nearer to Gandhiji. He added that such valuable experiences he would not have experienced in class rooms. He advised them to come out of their schools and colleges and work amongst the rural poor masses in the fields and villages. In that '184

■way, they would be able to understand the social and economic conditions of predominantly rural Jiidian masses. 65 ^

On his Call, some of the students abandoned their

studies for a year or so and worked for the Gandhian

ideals. Some of the students, during their summer

and winter vacations, used to assemble at Sarvodaya camps for a week's Sarvodaya training. After the train­ ing period, they used to move in batches from one village to another for collection of land, distribution, Sampattidan, development work, distribution of Sarvo- daya literature and for the propagation of Sarvodaya

message in interior rural India.The Sarvodaya workers used to help and assist them during such tours.

J.P. himself had moved with them many a time during such tours for guidance and help.

The prime aim of undertaking these Dins or g ifts

by Jayaprakash Narayan and his associates was to u tilis e

a ll human energies, mental and physical, for the cause

o f mankind. But, there was no impact of these Dans on

the general masses as the Sarvodayaites had not consti­

tuted any organisations or bodies at the lower and

higher levels. And so, there was no proper coordination between the differen t Dans at the v illa g e , d is tric t and

State levels in order to carry forward the development programmes of Bhoodan. No doubt, these Dans had the 185 social and political sanctions but in reality there was no in itia tiv e from the public or the government. Nehru and his government only rendered a lip service and with­ out their financial assistance Jayaprakash Narayan and his associates could not do more than barely propagating the ethical ideals of these Dans. In most of the States excepting Bihar they did not have any success. Even in

Bihar also where Jayaprakash Narayan had exerted a ll his energies for getting various Dans he could only mobilise

1>3^9 Jeevandanis, and in other States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Utkal, Tamil Nadu and

Kerala the Sarvodayaites could rouse 176, 50, 52, 106,

52 and 109 Jeevandanis respectively. In Kerala, Vindhya Pradesh, Mysore, Madhya Bharat, a few leading industria­ lis t s gave away donations to Bhoodan movement. Their donations vjere not due to the impact of Sarvodaya ideology on them but out of Vinoba and Jayaprakash

Narayan's personal influence and charisma. Sim ilarly, the Sadhandan programme also failed to yield the desired results, except for securing a little help from Tata,

Birla, and a few zamindars. As about the Sarvasvadan, it merely remained on papers. Of course, some of the families in Bihar had contributed towards it , but, when the movement was on its decline,they also withdrew. Some development schemes like construction of houses, hosp­ ita ls , schools, Dharamshalas, w ells, bunds, roads,etc. 186 were imdertaken through shramdan by Jayaprakash Narayan in some of the villages of Bihar, but they were too meagre as compared to the huge and gigantic work o f village reconstruction. There was not much progress in the work of Buddhidan and Samayajdan Programmes excepting a few villages in Bihar where the local engineers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, social workers and students had rendered some service. Thus, these Dans did not gather momentum in any State and soon faded away in spite of Jayaprakash Narayan’s tireless efforts. In fact, the Sarvodayaites were donfused seeing the hercu­ lean task of rebuilding about seven lakh v illa g e s ,

2. Causes of the Failure of the Bhoodan Movement.

J.P, and his associates had succeeded to some ex­ tent in bringing about some minor changes in man and society. They were able to c o lle c t ^3 lakh acres of land out of their set target of 500 lakh acres of land. But, on the whole, he failed to arouse public conscious­ ness for bringing about the social and economic revaolu- tion in the society. As Mohan Dharia has remarked,“ The experience indicated that though the movement brought about some changes in some individuals, the re la tiv e ly placid atmosphere of the movement could not drive men to accept challenges, change themselves and change others.** About it , J.P. himself had once observed that, during the course of the Bhoodan movement, when 187

hmdreds of thousands of landlords donated their land,

i t was thought that a rea lly widespread moral force was created. But it was a short lived upsurge. Later, un­ counted donors took back or tried to take back what

they had given. That moral force was soon dissipated

though Vinobaji was s till in the field.The following are some o f the reasons for the failure of the Bhoodan movement.

(i) Eviction : J.P. and his associates failed to protect the small tenants against the big zamindars and, moreover, they did not have a sizeable number of workers to face such situation. In some of the places like

Pardi in Gujarat, the zamindars started snatching their 70 donated lands from the small tenants.^ On a larger scale, J.P, and his followers failed to change the

hearts of big zamindars. J.P. appealed to stop such evictions but they did not pay any heed to his call.

He requested the government also to help in stopping

evictions but did not evoke a favourable response.

( i i ) Jhadequate number of workers; One of the reasons

for the failure of the Bhoodan movement was the shortage

of workers. There were hardly 12,000 workers in 1969 as

compared to the gigantic population in rural India

comprising of seven lakh v illa ges. However,later on, the strength had reached if0,000 workers. But, that too,

also fell short.71 tried his utmost to mobilise a 188 large strength of workers, but due to inadequate finance he could not do so. There was not adequate finance at the disposal of the Sarvodayaites even to pay regular 72 wages to the workers.' And for that, J.P. tried to raise funds from the industrialists, businessmen and other groups, but that v/as also inadequate. Many o f the workers had to leave the movement in between for want of financial support. Their honoraria were also too in­ adequate to meet even their basic needs. J.P. appealed to the government to grant more finance for the movement but did not get any response.

( i i i ) In efficien t Workers; The success of a movement also depends upon the e fficien cy , honesty and devotion of the workers. There was also the problem of unavail­ a b ility of good workers. Many of the workers were not even acquainted with the basic philosophy of the Sarvo- daya movement. As J.P. once pointed out, *^The doubts raised by some of the Bhoodan workers show that they 170 have not yet fu lly understood the philosophy of Bhoodan." -^

In some of the villages the workers even resorted to hunger strike in order to get land. In such circum­ stances, the villagers had to donate their lands un­ w illin g ly . The villagers were not happy with such techniques and approaches of the workers. That also gave a setback to the movement.In one of his speeches

J.P. had pointed out that the workers even took money 189 as bribe from some poor landless labourers at the time of distributing Bhoodan lands.In some villages,the workers even distributed Bhoodan land to persons who already had possessed su fficien t land, in the temptation o f receiving some favours from thern.^^ Many a tim e,it so happened that when some workers were sent for some particular work like surveying the Bhoodan land, they did not respond well.^^ Some such difficulties greatly hindered the work of the Bhoodan movement. J.P. himself owned the responsibility for the failure of the Bhoodan movement. He admitted, " le t each of the 10,000 workers..

... search his heart and answer the question. Surely, we have not exerted our best. I am myself an example and I have not done my best. Let each of us do some introspecting without expecting a new lead from Acharya Bhave.

(iv ) Non-cooperation of Panchavats; In some v illa g e s , the Panchayats did not assist and cooperate with the

Bhoodan workers as such, hence the work o f land c o lle c ­ tion, distribution and development schemes was greatly 79 hindered.' J.P., from time to time, appealed to the

Panchayats to render fu ll cooperation, but all in vain.

And for that, he even called upon the government to pressurise the panchayats to give their active coopera­ tion and help. But there was no positive response from the government also. ' 190

(v) Non-cooperation of Government : In the initial stages of the movement, the Gandhians did not want the interference of government and political parties for the fear that they might exploit the poor rural masses

for their own political ends. Later .on, when there was

the heavy pressure o f Bhoodan work, J.P. and his associ­

ates were compelled to seek their help and assistance,

but on non-political basis. On J.P's call, the govern­ ment and the p o litic a l parties including the Congress

and the Socialist Party, rendered some help. But it was all for a short time, and later on they did not pay any heed to his call. That also struck a great jolt to

the movement.

He appealed to a ll Members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies to donate some of their lands to the movement. Excepting a few, none paid any heed to his call. Their indifferent attitude towards the movement greatly affected the response of general masses to the movement.

He also requested a ll State governments to donate a ll their surplus lands so that they could be distributed among the poor landless labourers. The Government of

Madras had one lakh acres of waste land and the Bihar

Government also had lakhs of acres of surplus land. He requested the Chief Ministers of both the States to donate these lands in favour of Bhoodan Yajna but there was no response from them.^^ Of course, in some States, 191 the Departments of Agriculture had donated some portions of their lands but that was too meagre. Some of the

Forest Departments even took hack their donated lands. A ll that gave a great setback to the movement.

As regards the collection and distribution of land by the government o ffic ia ls and party workers, they rendered some help, especially in Bihar. But, in some

States, they misused their political influence. They even applied force and threatened the poor helpless t ille r s for getting land from them. J.P. warned such workers many a time but they did not pay any heed.

Force and threats were to ta lly against the Sarvodaya philosophy. In some of the districts of Madhya Pradesh, lik e Raipur, the Congress workers and government o f f ­ icials including Commissioners, Sub-Divisional Officers, patwaris, Nalk Tehsildars and Revenue Inspectors, threatened the poor farmers with dire consequences i f Qp they failed to donate their lands. Similarly, in distribution work also, they applied the same techniques, in some areas, they had given land to such farmers who already had sufficient land with the intention of receiving some favour. In Bihar also, some of the bureaucrats took fu ll advantage of their power and position and exploited them whenever they got a chance. J.P. had warned the officials and political leaders against such harmful and selfish a c tiv itie s . Due to these bad a c tiv itie s the people lost faith In government and some movement workers ' 192

and so did not look upon the Sarvodaya movement with

respect. That also affected the success of the movement. In many places, the Sarvodayaites had also applied

force for taking land. The Mahant of Bodholi in the Gaya d is tric t of Bihar had donated 250 bighas of land for

J.P's Sekhodeora Ashram. Later, he was given notice

by the Additional Divisional Magistrate of Gaya to pay rent in arrears for 10 years for a plot of 108 bighas which was at a distance of one mile from the Ashram.

When he visited the site he found that the entireplot of 108 bighas which was at a distance of one mile from the Ashram. When he visited the site he found that the Q entire plot had been grabbed by the Sarvodaya people. Such a ctivities further brought bad name to the v7ork o f the Bhoodan movement.

(vi) Difficulties with Joint family holdings? Many

times d iffic u ltie s arose in cases of join t family

holdings. In the joint family system, a ll the family members had an equal share in land. But then, the

whole land of the joint family could not be donated by the eldest member of the family. This problem fir s t

came up in 196^- in Maharashtra. In a join t family of many, one person cannot donate the land of others.

According to the law, the join t family should be divided

fir s t and then land could be taken individually in

donation. But the division of the family militated against the principle of commmity ownership which was ‘ 193 the ultimate aim of the movement. The idea o f the

Sarvodaja movement was to foster community oneness. In the family there are minors also, who are not counted as adults, and only the adults are authorised to donate the land.®^

(vii) g^inanclal difficulties; Mere distribution of land to the poor landless labourers did not solve their social and economic problems. The poor labourers did not have any finances to buy yolks, bullocks, seeds, etc. J.P. tried to raise Sadhandans but these were too meagre to meet the gigantic needs. Some of them were under the heavy burden of big landlords. In many villa ges, the big zamindars grabbed their distributed land to meet their debts.Some of the small farmers were denied loans by the zamindars because they were not le ft with much land after donations to the movement.

Previously, the zamindars used to give loans on the security of land.

Some of the institutions like Gandhi Smarak Nidhi,

Kasturba Smarak Nidhi, Bharat Sewak Samaj and Khadi ' Commission could not render much financial help to the

Bhoodan movement because they themselves had to depend on government. Moreover, they did not possess any independent source of income. Many of the Sarvodaya

Mandals, Bhoodan Committees and Bhoodan Ashrams estab­ lished for Bhoodan work could not prove helpful. These 194 organisations also suffered from the paucity of finance.

As such, they had to be abolished later. 87’ It was also found that some of the Sarvodaya Ashrams like J.P's

Sekhodeora Ashram -were stinking with corruption^ napot- ism and inefficiency.

Another problem was with the disbursement of credit and loans by the Central and State governments to the

Bhoodan agencies. The process was very lengthy and complicated. The Central Government used to send funds to the State governments who then transferred these to the d is tric t authorities who would reach them to the

Panchayats. The Panehayats then disbursed the loans to 88 the Bhoodan Committees. It took a very long time for the funds to reach the needy t ille r s , which caused a great hindrance in the development work.®^ J.P, appealed to the Government to remit the funds d irectly to the

Bhoodan Committees but they did not agree to his proposal,

Some o f the backward Adivasi areas of Orissa and

Madhya Pradesh were in dire need of special assistance for development purposes. But, due to the shortage of 90 finance, the work had to be abandoned there.

In some of the villages like Gandhidham in Gaya d is tric t where development work like setting of tube- well sets, distribution of bullocks, yolk etc. had to be undertaken, the labourers sold these for the scarce funds. With that money, they drank and gambled. This 195

happened in Gandhidham v illa ge which was raised by J.P. himself. He was too much perturbed by such activities. Such bad activities of villagers also hindered the Bhoodan work. For example, in Bihar and Orissa, the floods hindered their work.

3. Conclusion.

(A)Evaluation; Although the movement suffered due to the lack of workers and finances, a good deal of work on the moral and sp iritu al side had been accomp­ lished by J.P. In the short span of six 3rears, 1951- 57) with J.P's association and leadership the Sarvo- dayaites were able to co lle c t 1+3 lakh acres of land and distributed 12 lakh acres among ^ lakh 6o thousand landless families. Out of the total collection, J.P. was able to donate 23 lakh acres of land in Bihar alone. No other voluntary organisation or movement in India had ever done so much work in so short a span of time. The State governments had passed Land Ceiling Acts. The Central and State governments too failed to solve 01 the land problem in spite of passing Land Ceiling Acts.^

I f the collection and distribution of land through

Bhoodan movement and government machinery is compared, one can easily understand the difference. For instance, in Gujarat, the Government could collect 8,000 acres of land out of which 6,000 acres were distributed, whereas through Bhoodan J.P. and his associates were able to 196 distribute ^0,000 acres of land. In Maharashtra, the Government could co lle c t 1.5 lakh acres of land and distribute 25,000 acres, vhereas, through Bhoodan one lakh and sixty thousand acres of land were distributed.

Sim ilarly, in Bihar, the Government could not distribute even a single acre of land, whereas through Bhoodan were distributed ^ lakh sixty thousand acres of land.^^

All the States had accepted the principle of the aboli­ tion of intermediaries between the t ille r s of the s o il and the state. The legislations for the elimination of

intermediaries had been passed in most of the States; fu lly in Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Hyderabad, Pepsu, Bhopal, subsequently in Andhra Pradesh, Bombay, Madras,

Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Bharat and Saurashtra; and p a rtia lly in Bihar, Orissa, Rajasthan and Vindya Pradesh.J.P. strove to implement the principle imbibed in these legislations on the lands procured and distributed to the landless. Since the industrial revolution, the economic power had been increasingly dominant as an intractable factor

in society. The incessant technological revolution of recent years, multiplying man’s productivity and com­ plexity of the industrial organisation to an unimaginable degree, has greatly augmented that power. The Sarvodaya movement, on account of J.P's lead, showed some concern with this problem. But the concept of trusteeship has 197

been little developed since Gandhijl’s time. J.P.

tried to bring about a transformation in the pattern o f ownership and management of land.^^ But, l i t t l e

attention has been paid to a ll the complex problems

that land raised in this country particularly in regard

to its distribution a fter collection and its development la ter. J.P. was unable to do more than to propagate

the bare ethical ideal of trusteeship in regard to the

ownership of finances. On J.P's lead the Bhoodan move­ ment sowed the seeds of the idea of trusteeship in five lakhs of villages and persuaded lakhs of landowners to accept it in practice, though partially. A psychological climate has been created for the idea to take root and

grow in other field s in later times.In the social

field also, J.P. did some work. Thousands of children as w ell as adults were taught to read and w rite , given

simple lessons in sanitation and hygine. They were

also weaned away from the feelings of the caste system,

untouchability, superstitions and harmful practices.

The women in rural India were coming in their own. They rushed to the prayer meetings and imbibed something of

the new social philosophy of l i f e . Even purdah women, who had never come out of their homes before, were seen among the audience, listening with rapt attention to the

exhortations of J-P- The countrywide movement had

brought these changes in the social and economic lie Id s . • 19S

(B) Suggjestions; The following steps should have been taken for the success of the Bhoodan movement.

(i) NationaljState and District Level Committees:

At the National le v e l, a committee should have been constituted comprising of a Chairman and some members drawn from prominent Sarvodaya workers and Members of

Parliament. Some leading Sarvodayaites like Vinoba,

J .P ., Dada Dharmadhikari, Thakur Das Bang and some prominent Members of Parliament like Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, Acharya Kripalani, Minoo Masani, Lohia, S.M, Joshi and N.G. Goray should have been inducted in the Committee. They should have helped and guided the entire work of the Bhoodan move­ ment. Similarly, at the State level there should have been constituted a committee consisting of a Chairman and some Members of State Legislators, As at the

Centre, in States also, the Chairmen should have been the Chief Minister and members should have been selec­ ted from the State Legislators and Sarvodaya workers to guide and direct the movement. At the d is tric t le v e l also, a Committee should have been constituted comprising of a Chairman and some members. The D istrict Collector or an M.P. from the d is tric t should have been the Chairman and members should have been drawn from the municipal corporations 199

and local SaTvodaja workers belonging to the respective areas. An independent research bureau should also have

been attached to the National and State le v e l committees fo r broaching suggestions and recommendations out of own research studies,

( i i ) Taluka and D istrict Development Boards; Then, at t he taluka and district levels, there should have been the Taluka Development Board and D istrict Develop­ ment Board. For the taluka le v e l board, the membership should have been composed of some government o ffic ia ls

and local Sarvodaya workers drawn from Municipal Corpora­ tions, Z illa Parishads, Panchayat Samitis and Panchayats. Some specialists, engineers and doctors should also have been inducted in the Boards. At the D istrict Development

Boards, the members should have been the Collector,

M.P's and M.L.A's of their respective constituencies, some municipal corporators and local Sarvodaya workers.

Care should have been taken so that the members of both these boards did not exploit the situation fo r their own selfish and p o litic a l ends.

( i l l ) Farmers' Organisations; At the v illa ge le v e l, there should have been 'Farmers Organisations' which could look after the development programmes in the villa ges. Voluntary organisations of youths also

should have been formed. The Women’s' Voluntary Organi­

sations should also have been formed for imparting ‘ 200 training to females in ta ilo rin g, fru it preserving, social welfare activities, poultry, etc. Then, there should have been auxiliary agencies for performing different types of functions like Shraradan, cattle breeding and for supervising and guiding the develop­ ment programmes in the v illa g e s . The services of these voluntary organisations should have been used to achieve and implement the development schemes of the v illa g e s .

These voluntary organisations at the village level should have watched and checked the a c tiv itie s of government o ffic ia ls , Panchayat members and Sarvodaya workers. Through such organisations, the villagers also would have an opportunity for conducting their own administration and thus accumulate the experience in the development programmes. I (iv ) Sa.rvod ay a Training Institutions; There was the dire need of drawing a large section of people particu­ la r ly the youths, to work for strengthening the movement in rural and urban areas. There was also the need for imparting training to Bhoodan workers on Gandhian lines in a systematic and scientific way. The training pro­ grammes should have been conducted by the Sarva Seva

SaJigh and Planning Commission with the financial assist­ ance of the governments. The training institutions should have been set up at the Centre, State, d is tric t and village levels. ^ 201

Apart from the general Sarvodaya perspective, training in the techniques of agro-industrial develop­ ments on s c ien tific lines should have been imparted.

The syllabi should te.ve Included general practice in agriculture, horticulture, dairy, poultry, processing

and other small scale industries together with spe- cilization in any. one industry or a branch of agricul­ ture. A theoretical coaching in the science of agricul­ ture, horticulture, dairy and industry should have been provided. A general introduction to cooperation and extension, survey and planning should have formed a part of that course.

An agro-industrial centre should have been organised

as base for such training. The farms should have been divided into blocks of cereals, fodder, pulses and different industries should also have been treated as one block each, A person capable of running any of the blocks should have been made in-charge of the block.

Each block should have been divided into a suitable number of units. Apprenticeship training should have been imparted in the s k ills of manager and craftsmen.

I f necessary, the training establishments could have been shifted from one block to another after a suitable

period o f time. The equipment for the farms, dairies, poultry and

few other industries like weaving, spinning, oil pressing, dal, rice etc.should have been provided by the Centre. ‘ 202

The workers required for the job should have been mobilised. The workers should have been trained in the Gandhian ideology and other Sarvodaya a c tiv itie s lik e Bhoodan, Sampattidan, Shramdan, Gramdan, etc. to carry forward the constructive programmes.

After the training, t he workers should have been sent to the different villages to carry on their work.

They should have been provided with adequate finances in order to maintain their livelih ood. Many of the workers le f t the movement due to inadequate wages.

An extensive training should have been given to the workers in the mobilisation of masses for develop­ ment a c tiv itie s . They should have been trained on purely Gandhian lines. Political leaders should also have been called for their active participation in

Sarvodaya work.

(v) Financial Assistance; Financial assistance should have been given to the very backward areas like Koraput

(in Orissa) rather than to the more rich districts lik e in Punjab. Since the work capacity of people in the backward areas was comparatively less than the people of more advanced areas like Punjab, the scale of contribution applicable to them should have been flexible. Similarly, the very backward families in the villages,particularly in the Adivasi areas, required special assistance which should have been in the nature of rehabilitation grants. ‘ 203

(vi) Cooperation of Government and other agencies with the Sarva Seva Sangh : J.P. and his associates should have given a c a ll to a ll the constructive organisations working in India to participate in the Bhoodan movement. The workers of such organisations, wherever they might have been, should have formed a

link in the chain of coordination.

It was obvious that the agencies of the Sarva

Seva Sangh were not so far widespread lik e the govern­ ment agencies. An active support of government

agencies and o ffic ia ls should have come forth. But a check should also have been put on them so that they might not exploit the situation for their own selfish ends. The loans and credits should have been

immediately disbursed to the farmers at a marginal rate of Interest. •204 References & Motes; 1. N.M.M.L., F ile No. 277 C H ), P. 501 2. Oornen T.K., Op. C it», P. 29,

3. Narayan Jayaprakash, Jeevandan. P. 29.

h, Bharti Ravindra, J.P. Jameen Par. P. 2.

5- Nargolkar Vasant, Op, G it., P. 56.

6.' Ibid. 7. Masani R .P., Op. G it., P, 39. 8. Bharti Ravindra, Op. Git., P. 2. ' 9 . Nargolkar Vasant, Op. G it., P, 56. 10. Masani R.P. , Op. G it., P. li+7. 11. Nargolkar Vasant, Op. G it., P. 9. (Aslo see Narayan Jayaprakash, Jeevandan. P. 25). 12. Masani R. P ., Op. G it., P. 1I+7 . 1 3 . Nargolkar Vasant, Op. G it., P. 57* II+. N.M.M.L.. F ile No. 316 (a^ . P. 30. 15 . Ib id .. P. 53-^i-0, > 16. Ib id . , P. 25. 1 7 . Ib id . . P. 30, 18. Ib id . . 19. Ib id .. 20. Ibid, (Also see Narayan Jayaprakash, Jeevandan. P. 30.

21. N.M.M.L., F ile No. ?16 ( a ) , P. 30.

22. Ibid. File No. 287, P. 219. 23. Ibid. File No. 277, P. ^+6. 2^. Ib id . , P. 335. 25. Ibid. File No. 289, P. ^6. ‘205

26. Ib id ., Flie No. 292. P. 21. 27. Ib id .. File No. 290. P. 17. 28. Ib id ., File No. 2 77. P. 19, 29. Ib id ., File No. 277, ( I ) , P. 62. 30. Ibid.. File No. 277. P. 69.

31. Ibid.) P. 138. 32. Ib id .. File No. *711 . P. 6 . 33 . Ib id .. File No. 287. P. 171. 3^. Ib id .. File No. 286. P. 52. 35. Ib id .. File No. 287. P. 171. 36. Ib id .. File No. 277^ P. h-5. (Also see N.M.M.L. F ile No. 290. P, 5 l) Narayan Jayaprakash, ""Vitran Ki Samayasya'*, BHOODM YAG, (Hindi), No. 33, 3 June, 1955- 37. N.M.M.L.. F ile No. 287, P.217. 38. Narayan Jayaprakash, “ Vitran Ki Samasya'% HiOODAK YAG (Hindi), No. 33, 3 June, 1955- 39. N.M.M.L.. F ile No. 286, P. ^2. 1+0. Ibid.. File No. 2^2. P. 5^.

1+1. Ib id .

1+2. MajuMdar Dobirendra '*Bihar Prant mein bhoodan andQlan Ki Pragati‘», BHOODAN YAG (HINDI), No. 25, 20 March, 1959. 1+3. N.M.M.L.. File No. 277-11. P. 1+93. 1+1+* Narayan Jayaprakash, '*Ham Sab Ka Udaya Chahte bein’*, HIOODAN YAG (Hindi) ,No. 12, 29 December, 195^. 1+5 . N.M.M.L., F ile No. 277. ( I D . P. 1+93. 206 ^6, Narayan Jayaprakash^ **Sarvodaya Planning in Koraput**, J AH AT A, Vol. X, 6 January, 1957.

1+7. Majiimdar Dhirendra, ‘*S,ekhodeora mein bhu-. vitaran**, HIOODAN YAG (Hindi), No. 11, 22 December 195^*

^8. Desai M.P., “"Nai Talim and Basic Education™, HARLJM? Vol. XIX- No. 16 , l8 June 1955- h9. Ib id .

50. Ib id .

51. Ibid. 52. Ibid.

53. Ib id . 5^. Bharti Ravindra, Op. Git., P. 9 . (Also see N.M.M.L.. File Ho. 251. P. 55) 55. Ibid, P. 36 . 56. Harayan Jayaprakash, “'Hamein ek nai Sabhyata ka nirman karna hai^*, EHOODAH YAG (Hindi) No. k-2, 5 7. H.M.M.L., F ile No. 25l , P. 58. 58. Narayan Jayaprakash Jeevandan, P. 7. 59. Narayan Jayaprakash, A Picture of Sarvodaya social order. P. 72.

60. Majumdar Dhirendra, '"Jayaprakash Babu ka mahtva Purna samayadan”’ Bhoodan Yag (Hindi) No. 7j 1^ November, 195^. 61. Majiamdar Dhirendra, '*Bambai mein Jayaprakash Babu” , Bhoodan Yag (Hindi) , No. 9 , 8 December 195^. 62. N.M.M.L., F ile No. ^.10. P. U-3. 207

63. Ib id ., F ile No. 299. P. 37. 6h. Ib id .. File No. ^10^ P. 76.

65. Narayan Jayaprakash, Hamarl Bhoomi Saaarashya Ka hal. S.S.S. Prakashan, Wardha, 195^> P* 53- 66. N.M.M.L.. F ile No. 299. P. 37.

67. Ib id ., File No. 70. P. 17. 68. Natarajan S.K., Op. Clt., P. 16. 69. Narayan Jayaprakash, "Vyaktl our Samag*^ BHOODAN YAG (Hindi), No. 38, July 1955- (Also see Narayan Jayaprakash, From behind the bars In Independent India, P. V7 .) 70 . Narayan Jayaprakash, '’"Bhoodan and Pardi satyagraha'*, JAt\[ATA, 13 September 1953. 71 . Narayan Jayaprakash, A Plctgre of Sarvodaya social order. P. 60. 72 . N.M.ML.. F ile No. 307. P. ^+1. 73 . Narayan Jayaprakash, A Picture of Sarvodaya social order. P. 60. N.M.M.L.. F ile Ho. 280. P. 21. 7 5 . Narayan Jayaprakash, Merl Vlcharyatra (Hindi), S.S.S.Prakashan, Varanasi, 1978, P. 139. 76 . Ib id .. (Also see N.M.M.L., F ile No. 255. P. 1+6.)

77. N.M.M.L.. File No. 307. P. 57. (Also see N.M.M.L. . F ile No. 310. P, 76). 78 . Narayan Jayaprakash, A Picture of Sarvodaya Social order. P. 59.

79. N.M.M.L.. F ile No. 307. P. 57. 80. Narayan Jayaprakash, A Picture of Sarvodaya Social order P. 59. 208 81. F ile No. ^06. P. 3!^. 82. Ib id ,. F ile No« 277. ( I ) , P. 152. 83. Prasad Achy a tan and, Jg-rapeocracy, published by D.R. Goyal, A ll India Sampradyik Virodhi Committee, New DelHi, 1975, P. 12. 8^-. F ile No. ‘ ^09.. P. 133. 85. Ib id ., P. 15 . 86. Ib id ., 8 7. N.M.M.L. F ile No. 307.. P. 10. 88. Ib id .. File No. ^09. P. 2k^. 89. Ibid.. File No. 277.. P. 351. 90. Ib id ., File No. 25^. P. 29. 9 1 . Narayan Jayaprakash, **Resolve to dedicate to Graradan“ , JMAIA, Vol. X II,- No. 21, 23 July, 1957. 92. Narayan Jayaprakash, Meri Vichar|Yatra, P. U-8 . 9 3 . Masani R. P ., Op. G it., P. 177 . 9^. Deshpande G.B., Bhoodan or land through love. published by Trusteeship foundation, Bombay, 1973, P. 25. 95* Narayan Jayaprakash, Jeevandan, P. 7*