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Presencia Germánica En La Milicia Española the Germanic Presence in the Spanish Military

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Presencia Germánica En La Milicia Española the Germanic Presence in the Spanish Military Comisión Revista Internacional de Historia Militar 93 Comisión Internacional Cuaderno de Historia Militar 3 Española de Historia de Historia Militar Presencia germánica Militar en la milicia española The Germanic Presence in the Spanish Military Enrique García Hernán (coord.) MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA Ilustración de cubierta: Bandera de Carlos V (detalle): composición del coronel Juan Álvarez Abeilhé. Lansquenet alemán. Dibujo de Villegas en lámina 27 del Álbum de la Infantería española del conde de Clonard, Madrid 1861. COMISIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE HISTORIA MILITAR INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF MILITARY HISTORY COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE Presencia germánica en la milicia española The Germanic Presence in the Spanish Military Enrique García Hernán (Coord.) REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE HISTORIA MILITAR INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MILITARY HISTORY REVUE INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE INTERNATIONALE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR MILITÄRGESCHICHTE RIVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DI STORIA MILITARE 93 N.º 93 – Madrid - 2015 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Presencia germánica en la Milicia Española = The Germanic Presence in the Spanish Military / Comisión Internacional de Historia Militar = International Commission of Military History = Commission Internationale D’Histoire Militaire ; Enrique García Hernán (Coord.) — Madrid : Ministerio de Defensa, Secretaría General Técnica, D.L. 2015. — 234 p.: il.; 17 x 24 cm. — (Cuaderno de Historia Militar; 3). Número 93 de la Revista Internacional de Historia Militar. Bibliografía (p. 165-181) e índice I. García Hernán, Enrique (1964-), coord. II. Comisión Internacional de Historia Militar III. España. Ministerio de Defensa IV. Título V. Serie 1. España -- Fuerzas Armadas -- Historia -- 1500-2000 2. Alemanes -- España -- Historia -- 1500-2000 355.1(460=1.430)”15/19” CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ Edita: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA http://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/ © Autores y editor, 2015 NIPO: 083-15-082-0 (edición papel) NIPO: 083-15-083-6 (edición libro-e) ISBN: 978-84-9091-050-4 (edición papel) ISBN: 978-84-9091-051-1 (edición libro-e) Depósito Legal: M-5201-2015 Fecha de edición: mayo, 2015 Imprime: Imprenta Ministerio de Defensa Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. En esta edición se ha utilizado papel 100% reciclado libre de cloro. ÍNDICE Página Abreviaturas ............................................................................................................... 7 Introducción Relaciones militares entre España y el Imperio, Enrique García Hernán .... 9 Capítulo primero Lansquenetes del Sacro Imperio al servicio de la Monarquía Católica en el siglo xvi, Friedrich Edelmayer ........................................................................ 29 Felipe II y los Países Bajos ....................................................................................... 32 Nuevos escenarios bélicos ...................................................................................... 42 Felipe II y Fernando de Austria ............................................................................... 46 La movilidad de los lansquenetes .......................................................................... 58 Capítulo segundo Contribución militar del Sacro Imperio a la pervivencia de la Monarquía española en el siglo xvii, Davide Maffi .......................................................... 63 Edad de oro: la guerra de los Treinta Años y las luchas contra Francia y Portugal ............................................................................................................... 68 Declive: el reinado de Carlos II ................................................................................ 76 Anatomía de una élite guerrera: alemanes en la Península ............................. 84 Alemanes en la Corte: la compañía de tudescos .................................................. 90 Al servicio del rey ...................................................................................................... 92 5 Página Capítulo tercero De la Guerra de Sucesión a la Guerra de la Indepencia, Alexandra Gitter- mann ..................................................................................................................... 99 Comercio de soldados e importancia de los subsidios ...................................... 100 Georg de Hessen-Darmstadt ................................................................................... 103 Batalla de Almansa y defensa de Cataluña .......................................................... 106 Reformas militares de Felipe V ............................................................................... 113 Influjo germano en la política de Carlos III ........................................................... 118 Guerra de la Convención .......................................................................................... 125 Guerras napoleónicas ............................................................................................... 126 Capítulo cuarto Voluntarios y mercenarios germanos en la España Contemporánea, José María Faraldo ..................................................................................................... 137 De la Guerra de la Independencia a la Primera Guerra Carlista ...................... 140 Militares románticos en el ejército carlista .......................................................... 145 Legionarios en la Primera Guerra Carlista .......................................................... 150 Guerra Civil ................................................................................................................. 153 Legionarios en la Guerra Civil ................................................................................. 159 Posguerra.................................................................................................................... 161 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................. 165 Ilustraciones............................................................................................................... 183 Índice analítico ........................................................................................................... 185 6 Abreviaturas AGMM Archivo General Militar de Madrid AGS Archivo General de Simancas AHN Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid ANTT Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisboa ASM Archivio di Stato di Milano BHStA Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Múnich BL British Library, Londres CC Corpo Cronológico CMC Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas CODOIN Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España CSyC Colección Salazar y Castro Est. Estado GyM Guerra y Marina HA Hohenemser Archiv KBÄA Kurbayern, Äußeres Archiv MADOC Mando de Doctrina del Ejército de Tierra, Granada Mil. p.a. Militare parte antica RAH Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid SM Servicios Militares SP Secretarías Provinciales UCM Universidad Complutense, Madrid VLA Vorarlberger Landesarchiv, Bregenz, Austria 7 Relaciones militares entre España y el Imperio Introducción Enrique García Hernán CSIC-CEHISMI Abstract The Germanic presence in the Spanish military is analysed in this study not in its broadest sense but in particular in the Iberian Peninsula and from the beginning of the Modern Age until today. We call it «Germanic» as we understand it better reflects the historical period covering from the late fifteenth century till the Contemporary Age, when historical develop- ments fractioned the Holy Roman Empire into several nations under the dynastic control of the House of Habsburg. Therefore, it is not a matter of studying just Germanic people in Germany, but also all those that shaped the Holy Roman Empire; so we refer to Austria, Prussia, Germany, Hun- gary, Croatia, Bohemia, etc. In 1500 the future Emperor Charles V was born and the Habsburg dynasty went on to inherit Castile and Aragon. Spain also became a Germanic power by her possessions in the Franche- Comté, Luxemburg and the Netherlands, and in particular since 1548 as one of the ten circles of the Holy Roman Empire, the Burgundian, and the Spanish Court adopted the Burgundian etiquette. The Hispanic identity with the House of Habsburg was a priority goal for the political writers, but was not completely translated into a common military strategy. In 1701 the kingdom of Prussia is born with Frederick I and the House of Hohenzollern. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire disappears with Francis II, defeated by Napoleon, although his successors continued to use the title 9 Enrique García Hernán of emperor until 1918, when both the Austro-Hungarian and the German empires were abolished. Thereafter, we shall continue studying these «Germanic» soldiers, although some of them were actually Austrians and some others Germans. Con este volumen la Comisión Española de Historia Militar prosigue la línea de investigación abierta recientemente sobre la contribución de las diversas naciones a las Fuerzas Armadas de España. En este trabajo hemos seguido la metodología que inició en el primer volumen
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