The Earth Observation Programmes of ESA: Achievements, Evolutions, Challenges
Avionics, Data, Control and Software Systems (ADCSS)
Presented by P. Silvestrin (EOP-FM, EO Future Missions and Instruments Div.) 19-Oct-2017
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Contents ESA EO programmes: research missions (Earth Explorers), Copernicus (Sentinels), meteorological missions • state-of-the-art, snapshots of results • evolution with 2030 time horizon
Paradigm shifts (towards supporting commercial sector) • complementing institutional missions
Challenges and needs: • miniaturisation, higher integration, development time & cost reduction • how can the avionics community help ?
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 2 ESA Earth Observation Missions
Colour Code: Living Planet Launched Earth Explorer Earth Watch To be launched
Research driven Operational Service driven In partnership Core Missions Opportunity Fast Track Meteorology Copernicus GOCE CryoSat-2 FLEX (EE8) 2009-2013 8 April 10 2022 Sentinel 1 a/b/c/d Meteosat Aeolus SMOS Jun 2018 2 Nov 09 Call EE9 – Sentinel 2 a/b/c/d Select. for Ph.A MSG - GEO (1 s/c x 4) EarthCARE Swarm (Nov-2017) Sentinel 3 a/b/c/d 2019 22 Nov 13 MetOp 1 s/c x 3) Sentinel 4 (on MTG) Biomass (EE7) 2021 MTG - GEO Sentinel 5 precursor (2 s/c x 3) MetOp SG Sentinel 5 (on MetOp SG) (2 s/c x 3) Sentinel 6 (Jason)
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 3 EO research missions: approved Earth Explorers (EE)
Core Missions Opportunity & Fast Track
GOCE (2009–13) SMOS (2009– ) Earth’s gravity field Earth’s water cycle
ADM-Aeolus (2017) CryoSat-2 (2010– ) global winds polar ice elevation
EarthCARE (2018) Earth’s clouds, Swarm (2013– ) aerosols and radiation three satellites, (ESA/JAXA) Earth’s magnetic field
NB: research missions include also Missions of Opportunity Biomass (2021) FLEX (2022) (e.g. planned cooperation ESA- Earth’s carbon cycle NASA for gravity monitoring ) photosynthesis ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 4 Earth Explorers launched so far
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 5 GOCE: Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 6 Global Geoid from GOCEGOE Data highlights (degree/order 21-200)
meters
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 7 From Global Mean Ocean Currents (from GOCE and Altimetry)… Altimetry derived mean Gulf stream Kuroshio sea surface when combined with geoid gives the “mean dynamic topography” (MDT)
MDT = relief or shape of the ocean surface corresponding to mean ocean circulation
GOCE contributes to the fundamental understanding of role of global ocean circulation in distributing heat and freshwater/salt
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 8 … to geothermal energy mapping
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 9 SMOS: Soil Moisture, processed in two ways
L-band passive microwave radiometry with synthetic aperture (interferometric radiometry)
neural network processing standard processing
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 10 SMOS: Alboran Sea Salinity Changes
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Copyright: Barcelona Expert ESACenter | 17/10/2017 | Slide 11 CryoSat: Near Real Time Ice Thickness
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 12 Greenland: Elevation Change and Regional Trends
Courtesy J. Nilsson, JPL / DTU Space
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 13 Swarm: Lithospheric Magnetic Field
ESA UNCLASSIFIEDCopyright - For OfficialESA/DTU Use Space/DLR ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 14 Swarm: Jet Stream in Earth’s Core
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Copyright: ESA ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 15 Swarm: Geomagnetic Field Changes
. Field strength and location of poles are evolving on a decadal time scale
. Field strength concentrations at high latitude
. North America -3.5% in 17y; North Asia +2% in 17y
. South Atlantic Anomaly -2% in 17y and migrating westward
. Swarm also tracks rapid inter- annual accelerations
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Courtesy: ESAFinlay | et17/10/2017 al., EPS, 2016 | Slide 16 Upcoming Earth Explorers
Aeolus • Global observations of wind profiles for analysis of global 3D wind field • First Doppler wind lidar in space • Launch in 2018
EarthCARE • Global observations of clouds, aerosols and radiation • Radar and optical (incl. lidar) observations • Launch in 2019 • Cooperation with JAXA ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 17 Further Earth Explorer Missions
7th Earth Explorer: Biomass • Forest biomass estimates based on global interferometric and polarimetric P-Band radar observations
8th Earth Explorer: FLEX • Global maps of vegetation fluorescence, which can be linked to photosynthetic activity • Convoy between FLEX and Sentinel-3
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 18 Outlook on Earth Watch programmes: missions for / with EUMETSAT Developed for, and in partnership with, EUMETSAT, also as Europe’s contribution to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)’s space- based Global Observing System (GSO): MTG
Meteosat Second Generation (2002, 2005, 2012, 2015) – series of four satellites providing imagery in visible and infrared from geostationary orbit.
Meteosat Third Generation (2021– ) – two series of geostationary satellites, providing imagery (four satellites) and atmospheric sounding (two satellites). MTG will embark the Sentinel-4 sensor of Copernicus
MetOp (2006, 2012, 2018) – series of three satellites providing operational meteorological observations from polar orbit.
MetOp Second Generation (2021– ) - two series of polar-orbiters, three satellites in each series, continuing and enhancing meteorological, oceanographic and climate monitoring observations from the first MetOp series. They will embark the Sentinel-5 sensor of Copernicus
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 19 Copernicus: A New Generation of Earth Data Sources
Sent-1A/B Sent-2A/B Sent-3A/B Sent-4A/B Sent-5/5P Sent-6A/B
. European space flagship programme, led by the EU, for global monitoring of environment
. Missions include Sentinels and contributing missions (from national Agencies and companies)
. ESA is responsible for the space component, operation of some Sentinels, data buy from other partners, system evolution
. Free and open data policy
. Perennity of data streams through enhanced continuity of missions
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 20 Sentinel-1: Landslide on Highway 1
Sentinel data (2015–17), processed by Norut
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 21 Sentinel-1: Mocoa (Colombia) Landslide 1 April 2017
Sentinel data (2017), processedESA UNCLASSIFIED by I. - ForParcharidis Official Use , Harokopio University of Athens ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 22 Sentinel-1: earthquake Italy 30 Oct 2016
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 23 Sentinel-1: Negribreen Glacier (Norway)
Sentinel data (2016/17), processed by T. Strozzi
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 24 Copernicus: Antarctica's Larsen-C Crack
Sentinel data (2017), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 25 Sentinel-2: Agricultural Monitoring
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 26 Sentinel-2: Mapping Water Bodies
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 27 Sentinel-3: The Effects of Spring
Sentinel data (2017), processed by University of Southampton–J. Dash/Brockman Consult (S3-MPC) ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 28 Preparing for the future: EOEP-5 (2017-2021) Earth Observation Envelope Programme: EO backbone programme of ESA
• Science but also societal challenges (climate, water, food, SDG, etc.) • Develops Earth Explorer missions • Prepares all future missions and key technologies • From pre-development to exploitation • Drives scientific excellence and innovation • Brings EO to all levels of society
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 29 Earth Explorers (EE): EE9 (Fast-Track) and EE10 (Core)
Core Missions Opportunity/Fast Track
GOCE (2009–13) SMOS (2009– ) Earth’s gravity field Earth’s water cycle
ADM-Aeolus (2017) CryoSat-2 (2010– ) studying global winds polar ice elevation
EarthCARE (2018) studying Swarm (2013– ) three Earth’s clouds, aerosols and radiation (ESA/JAXA) satellites, Earth’s magnetic field
Biomass (2021) FLEX (2022) Earth’s carbon cycle photosynthesis
EE 10 Call released in Oct EE 9 proposals selected, 2017, selection in 3Q- 2018, launch 2027/28 approval by PB-EO of Nov. ’17, launch 2025 ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 30 Copernicus Evolution up to ~2030: New Mission Concepts & Thematic Areas
• CO2 anthropogenic emissions monitoring climate change
• Polar ice/ocean (Arctic) observations: marine & polar • sea ice concentration envir. monitoring • ice elevation - land monitoring (agriculture, food security,..) • High-resolution land thermal imaging - emergency management • Hyperspectral land imaging (e.g. geohazards) - marine envir. monitoring • L-band radar imaging six new Sentinel missions enter Phase A in 2018, plus Next-Generation Sentinels (S3NG-topography,
S1NG-CSAR, S3NG-optical, S2NG,…) in Phase 0; system of systems, e.g. CO2 constellation ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 31 Paradigm shift (finally!): Cubesat (#U) constellations and smallsats megaconstellation megaformation (swarm)
Swarm (2/3) A-train Swarm + e-POP Tandem-X 1HOPSat (Hera) Sent-1,2,3+6,4+5 GRACE FLEX w. S3 BlackSky Globals MTG (I+S) [Tandem-L S5p w. JPSS Capella Space EPS-SG (a+b) NGGM OptiSAR CERES (Planetary Res.) GPM Tandem-X SAR CSs CICERO, DMC-3 Kompsat [SAR CSs NorthStar COSMO ..] ..] Pathfinder (BlackSky) SPOT/Pleiades, CSO formations Planet Labs (Rapid-Eye..) Cosmic-2/FS-2, SkySat (Terra Bella) CYGNSS, PlanetiQ, SPIRE, URSA TROPICS VHR2020, Urthedaily, [RCM, APM, ACE+,.. convoys Satellogic, Iceye, int. gravity const. ORORO, WorldSAR, ..] WorldView (DigitalGlobe) XpressSAR institutional commercial .. (a gold rush ?) constellations
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 32
CYGNSS Planet’s Doves Reflection: What do current ESA EO missions share wrt technology? Copernicus & Earth Explorers Meteorological Lifetime 3+ years (but typ. much extended) 7+ years Science & Observation Technique Innovation driven Proven (not necessarily by ESA) One-off, but with Yes (series of satellites, Continuity potential for operational follow-on enhanced continuity) Data quality (calibration, SNR,..) Excellent (payload, other missions support) Excellent (payload) Cost Medium to (very) high Medium to high
Trends : Mission requirements and technology innovations are – with few exceptions - driven by payload (not avionics), but: • Technology evolutions enable: • increased return/performance, e.g. use of GaN for communication links (at K-band, for instance) • miniaturisation: more compact platforms larger payload better mission return • Cost reductions per satellite expected from: • use of (more) standardised platforms (avionics) • higher integration (e.g. navigation function in OBC) • Lifetime: typ. longer (e.g. 10+ years), but trend to use COTS in commercial missions creates pressure different architectures and approaches might enable wider use of COTS (with better screening, mitigation,..)
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 33 Paradigm shift: Space 4.0 & NewSpace Standard NewSpace Low, more reliance on aux. Data quality (calibration,SNR,..) High effort missions, new data processing Size Mid- to large From CubeSat to mini-sat Long Shorter (?) Lifetime (rad-hard, redundant sub-systems) (COTS, lower redundancy) Cost Mid to high Low to very low (launch?) Revisit time Not driving (one-three satellites) Higher (constellations) Common trends: • Miniaturisation of electronics, thus also of avionics (higher integration of functions, enhanced performance) • Standardisation: • CubeSat: key to reach very compact avionics • applicable to other smallsats (e.g. to derive std I/Fs Platform-Payload from mega-constellation sats.) - Common interfaces, e.g. SpW, but also digitisation of discrete interfaces for hardness reduction - Increased functionality: e.g. FDIR, CFDP (file data transfer), …
need for increased cooperation Primes-Suppliers to reap benefits
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 34 Functional Architecture: some possible areas for evolution
Platform X-Band K-band Data Downlink Instrument 1 {Instrument 2} On-Board Computer Remote Propulsion Interface Unit System Solid State Mass include GNSS (Navig + {…} (mini) all-electrical ? Memory Coarse Attitude), PowerLink, SSMM,.. S-Band X-band TT&C + Uplink AOCS Power Conditioning and Reaction GNSS Distribution Unit Wheels Electrical use new Power techno + integration of High Pwr Cmds Magneto Star System meter Tracker
Magneto Sun Sensor 6.8 m2 Array torquer Heaters Battery Solar Array 144 Ah Li-Ion battery
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 35 Examples of relevant developments (co-)funded by EOP
PowerLink: digitisation and reduction of harness for Discrete Interfaces
Integration of GNSS and SSMM in OBC • Definition of a Complete SMU and Critical BreadBoarding
Data Downlink & TT&C Uplink • Multiple activities for K-band downlink 26 GHz band adopted for MetOp-SG,… • Data rates up to 10 Gb/s for LEO • X-band TT&C • uplink up to 2 Mb/s • pre-developments planned
Building blocks for more performant miniaturised equipment & subsystems, e.g. satellite navigation ASICs (AGGA, RF/ADC ASICs), micro/milliNewton electrical thrusters (IOD on Iceye),..
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 36 PowerLink: digitisation of discrete interfaces reduction of RIU (Presentation Wedn. 14-Oct at 14:45)
N Input/Output terfaces (ECSS-E-ST-50-14C: ASM,TSM,BDM, T1 T2 T10 BSM,ISD,OSD,BSD,SDI : up to 8 types of sensor/actuator interfaces) N I/Os N I/Os
2 wires: Cmd & Ctrl PowerLink TM/TC Unit 1 Unit 2 unit1 PwL (for up to 280 I/Fs) Cmd & data bus Ctrl1 (MIL-1553, SpW) Bridge N I/Os in ASIC (SPA) instantiation Cmd/Ctrl - 4 Analog Signal Monitoring (ASM) TM/TC - 8 Temp. Sensor Monitor (TSM1) unit2 - 8 BiLevel Discrete Monitor (BDM) RTU box - 8 Low Power Command (LPC) RIU board ( EarthCARE) in OBC PwL Ctrln T1 T10
N I/Os + Cmd & data bus Instrument n Instrument n
Future: Decentralised Architecture with Present Status: centralised architecture with bulky and heavy harness light two-wire PowerLink harness
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 37 Study Definition of C2SMU
Complex & Complete SMU and Critical BreadBoarding (Presentation this afternoon at 14:00)
C2SMU Feasibility Study SAVOIR OBC - Requir. + Architectural Design Multiple ‘EM’ Specs - Integration + Analysis/Testing key Units modules - Development Plan SBCC Creole Development in follow-up study ASIC OBC C2SMU
AGGA-4 GAMIR ASIC GNSS Rx
SSMM
PowerLink Single Unit
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 38 SAVOIR Ref. Architecture – good starting point need to evolve Interface
System alarms GNSS LNA GNSS Rx Enable/Disable Platform Payload
CPDU commands Safe-Guard RM log Essential Platform TC Reconfiguration Memory Segments TC commanding Payload TC commanding Segments
Ground to S/C S/C Ground to Interface TC Segments CPDU Alarms commands Mission Payload Context data, Data Links Data Routing TC Boot report CLTUs Telecommand TC Segments Processing
TM packets Instruments incl. ICUs, X Authentication/ PIO Time Inter RTU Payload I/F Unit Decryption TM packets, and -PM Payload direct monitoring files time tick Payload Data Data CLCW Security Platform Concentrator Platform Storage sensors and Data Storage Sensor and actuator I/F actuators
TM Payload packets Encryption Sensor and Telemetry TM CADUs actuator I/F Encryption TM Platform On-Board TM Trig CADUs Telemetry frame Time Payload control sync Security Platform X synchronisation Time & Tick Status Time tick Payload TM Synchronisation packets synchronisation
Hot redundant operation Essential Time Cmd & Ctrl Warm redundant operation Discrete PIO signals TM reference Links Warm or cold redundant operation Time Cold redundant operation
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 39 Thank you for the attention!
Have a great 11th ADCSS Workshop!
( Avionics, Data, Control and Software Systems )
ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 17/10/2017 | Slide 40