9783658251987.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Studien des Leibniz-Instituts Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung Azer Babayev · Bruno Schoch Hans-Joachim Spanger Editors The Nagorno- Karabakh deadlock Insights from successful conflict settlements Studien des Leibniz-Instituts Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfiktforschung In der Schriftenreihe werden grundlegende Forschungsergebnisse aus dem Institut, Beiträge zum friedens- und sicherheitspolitischen Diskurs sowie Begleitpublika- tionen zu den wissenschaftlichen Tagungen der HSFK veröffentlicht. Die Studien unterliegen einem externen Gutachterverfahren. Die Reihe wird herausgegeben vom Leibniz-Institut Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfiktforschung (HSFK/ PRIF), Frankfurt am Main. Weitere Bände in der Reihe http://www.springer.com/series/15640 Azer Babayev · Bruno Schoch · Hans-Joachim Spanger Editors The Nagorno-Karabakh deadlock Insights from successful confict settlements Editors Azer Babayev Bruno Schoch ADA University PRIF – Peace and Research Institute Baku, Azerbaijan Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main, Germany Hans-Joachim Spanger PRIF – Peace and Research Institute Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main, Germany Studien des Leibniz-Instituts Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfiktforschung ISBN 978-3-658-25198-7 ISBN 978-3-658-25199-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25199-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019933162 Springer VS © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. This Springer VS imprint is published by the registered company Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Abraham-Lincoln-Str. 46, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany Acknowledgements This book has grown out of a research project at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt (PRIF), Member of the Leibniz Association, on models of how to settle ethno-territorial conficts and their applicability to the Nagorno-Karabakh confict. The project started with a conference series on the issue of confict settlement in the Southern Caucasus with a specifc focus on the Armenian-Azerbaijani confict. The conferences were organized by PRIF and took place from 23 until 27 November 2012 in Frankfurt and from 22 until 27 June 2015 in Tbilisi. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) generously funded both conferences. We equally express our gratitude to the Council of State Support to Non-Governmental Organizations (Baku) whose support made it possible to conduct the in-depth case studies, includ- ing feld research and interviews, on settling ethno-territorial conficts in this volume. The book could not have been completed without many people who engaged in the project. In addition to the three authors of this book, four supplementary case studies were contributed by Thorsten Gromes, Egbert Jahn and Bernhard Moltmann. They were also members of the project team, which conducted regu- lar discussions on many key issues. This also applies to Jana Wattenberg und Lea Mulyono, who made invaluable contributions as research assistants. They were supported by Jennet Charyyeva, Gunay Guliyeva and Mareen Kölker in gather- ing and processing the many dispersed data on ethno-territorial conficts and their settlement over the course of the last hundred years. Vera Rogova and Anastasia Kamarauli were extremely helpful in organizing the kick-off conferences. We wish to thank them all. We also want to pay tribute to Anna Güttel, Fannina Waubert de Puiseau, Nancy du Plessis and Nick Charles Gemmell who translated most of the chapters from German into English. And not least, we are particularly grateful to Cornelia Heß and Cornelia Barth for their careful editing and preparation of the fnal manuscript. v vi Acknowledgements Our thanks also go to the numerous academic experts and experienced prac- titioners, who made themselves available for interviews and background discus- sions during the feld research trips of our project members. However, we alone take responsibility for all of the book’s content and any unintended errors or shortcomings. Contents 1 Introduction .............................................. 1 Bruno Schoch and Hans-Joachim Spanger Part I Nagorno-Karabakh and ethno-territorial confict settlement 2 Nagorno-Karabakh: The Genesis and Dynamics of the Confict ... 17 Azer Babayev 3 Settling Ethno-Territorial Confict ........................... 39 Azer Babayev, Bruno Schoch and Hans-Joachim Spanger Part II Case studies of ethno-territorial confict settlement 4 Introduction to the Case Studies ............................. 73 Hans-Joachim Spanger 5 Åland: A Precedent for Internationally Safeguarded Autonomy ... 81 Egbert Jahn 6 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Persistent Divisions .................. 101 Thorsten Gromes 7 Kosovo: Monitored Secession ................................ 119 Bruno Schoch 8 South Tyrol: From “Ethnic Reparcelling” to an Archetype for Settling Ethno-Territorial Conficts .............. 143 Bruno Schoch vii viii Contents 9 Trieste: A State on Paper, Partition in Praxis ................... 169 Bruno Schoch 10 Cyprus: Trial and Failure of a Political Solution ................ 189 Azer Babayev 11 Northern Ireland: A Compromise Between Unwilling Antagonists ...................................... 213 Bernhard Moltmann 12 Quebec: Fluctuation Between Autonomy and Secession .......... 231 Egbert Jahn Part III Results and conclusions 13 Models for Settling Ethno-Territorial Conficts ................. 257 Hans-Joachim Spanger 14 A Way Out for Nagorno-Karabakh: Autonomy, Secession—or What Else? .................................. 277 Azer Babayev and Hans-Joachim Spanger Editors and Contributors About the Editors Dr Azer Babayev is Assistant Professor of Political Science at ADA University (Baku) and Associate Fellow at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. In 2009, he received his Doctorate from the University of Mannheim. Prior to joining ADA University in 2014, he held a Postdoctoral Fellowship at PRIF from 2009 until 2013. His current teaching and research interests are in the areas of peace studies and confict resolution as well as international democracy promotion, with a focus on the post-Soviet space. Dr Bruno Schoch is Associated Researcher at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. He is an expert in analyzing nationalism, ethno-territorial conficts and democratization processes in Europe. Until 2017, he was the co-editor of the Peace Report, the joint yearbook of the fve peace research institutes in the Federal Republic of Germany. He was teaching at the Universities of Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Gießen and Innsbruck. From 2002 to 2006, he was a member in the “Balkan Forum” of the Bertelsmann Foundation, the Center for Applied Policy Research and the Policy Planning Staff of the German Foreign Ministry. Dr Hans-Joachim Spanger is Head of the Dissemination Division at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. From 1997 until 2015 he was member of the Insti- tute’s Executive Board. Among others he is Regional Coordinator for Eurasia of the “Bertelsmann Transformation Index”, member of the German-Russian “Petersburg Dialogue” and since 2017 Visiting Professor at the National Research University—Higher School of Economics in Moscow. In 1997 he founded the ix x Editors and Contributors “Schlangenbad Talks”, an annual German-Russian conference series on foreign and security policy. From 2005 until 2012 he was member, and from 2007 until 2011 chairman, of the Advisory Board on Civilian Crisis Prevention, Confict Resolution and Peace Building of the German Foreign Ministry. Contributors Dr Thorsten Gromes is Senior Researcher at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. One of his books investigates promises and perils of democratization as a strategy of post-confict peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Another book compares state-building and nation-building in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Currently he analyses post-civil war orders worldwide since 1990 and he examines so called humanitar- ian military interventions after World War II. Prof. em. Dr Egbert Jahn is Lecturer at the Goethe University in Frankfurt. He had a chair for Political Science and Contemporary History at the University of Mannheim from 1993 until 2005 and was Head of a Research Area on Confict and Cooperation Structures in Eastern Europe at the Mannheim Centre for Euro-