DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF FISHERIES

IN COOPERATION WITH

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

WORKSHOP ON STRENGTHENING MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN

JAKARTA 23 APRIL 1996 TCP/INS/4553

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WORKSHOP TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 1

FISHERY RESOURCE POTENTIALS IN INDONESIA

M. BADRUDIN

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1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

2. STATE OF FISHERY RESOURCES ...... 2

2.1. Fish Resources and Fisheries ...... 2

2.2. Fishery Production and Potential ...... 3 2.2.1. The Small Pelagic Fish Resources ...... 4 2.2.2. Demersal Fish Resources ...... 6 2.2.3. Shrimp Resources ...... 7 2.2.4. Large Pelagic Resources ...... 9 2.2.5. Squid Resources ...... 11

REFERENCES ...... 13 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world. Two third of this area is water. Being an archipelagic country, Indonesia possesses some 17 .. 508 large and small islands with about 81,000 km coast line. With the declaration of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the waters under Indonesian jurisdictions are estimated at about 5.8 million sq.km., consisting of 3.1 sq.km. of the territorial sea and internal waters and 2.7 sq.km. of the EEZ waters. The basic topographic features of Indonesian waters have been mapped for years, and could be grouped into ; a) shallow waters with flat and uniform bottom condition as could be found in the Sunda Shelf and the Sahul Shelf of the ; b) deep waters with a variety of bottom topography (ridges, slopes, basins etc.) that could be found in most area of the eastern Indonesian region. The country is influenced by the strong monsoon seasons that successively occurred a year round. These seasons are closely related with the low and high pressure systems in the Asia and Australian continents (Sugiarto and Birowo, 1975). These phenomena will directly or indirectly affect the productivity of the waters which is correlated to the fish behaviour. The productivity of the waters is usually determined by the availability of nutrients.

As a tropical country, the fish resources in the Indonesian waters are typical multispecies exploited by many gear types. Hundreds of fish species are found in Indonesian waters and a large number of fishing gear operated in this waters has been grouped in to 26 categories (DGF, 1995). 2

2. STATE OF FISHERY RESOURCES

2.1 Fish resources and fisheries The fish resources in Indonesia can roughly be grouped into demersal, shrimp, small pelagic, large pelagic and miscellaneous non-finfish. The demersal resources are fish living near the bottom and are usually closely connected with the bottom. Major characteristics of demersal resources are :wide adaptability to environment, forming relatively small schools compare to those of pelagic species, complex communities, low level of activities and small range migrations. Because of the last two characteristics, resistance to fishing pressure is weak. Consequently, when the intensity of fishing is doubled the fishing mortality will tend to be doubled as well (Aoyama, 1973).

The Indonesian demersal fisheries are typically multispecies fisheries and exploited by many gear types. The catches consist of many different species, each making a relatively small contribution to the total catch. In the , for example, there are over 100 species of economic importance which belong to about 20 families. Most species are caught in association with several others, often of lower value, which are usually discarded and therefore are not recorded in production or when landed they are recorded as miscellaneous species. These fish are usually caught by trawlnet, bottom gillnet, bottom long line and hand line. Ecologically, shrimp is considered as demersal resources, however, due to their position as the most important fisheries export commodity, their assessment is usually separated.

The pelagic resources are composed of fish living near the surface and usually caught by purse seine, drift gillnet, encircling gillnet, lift net, pole and line, troll line and other surface gears. These groups are divided into small pelagics and large pelagics. The small pelagic fisheries are mostly within the continental shelf area, while the large one are usually further offshore. The pattern of their migration is oceanic, so that exploitation of this stock is usually shared among neighbouring countries. There are probably two distinct stocks of skipjack and large tuna in Indonesian waters. One unit stock being the part and the other the Pacific Ocean part.

Squids form one of the most important miscellaneous non-finfish and are usually caught in association with the small pelagic group. The use of squids as bait in the tuna long-line fishery is increasingly important, especially for the Benoa/Bali based fishing operation.

Coral reefs in Indonesia have tragically experienced considerable destruction caused by dynamite and poison fishing, and the mining of reefs for construction materials. Research on coral reef fisheries for stock assessment purposes is considered inadequate, there are indications that those environments are not likely to contribute in any substantial way to future commercial fisheries expansion. This 3 is not meant to deminish the utmost importance of coral reefs as a biological community of great value or as sources of food to subsistent fishermen.

Most of the Indonesian fish catches are taken in coastal waters, except for the large pelagic tuna. Based on the zonation of fisheries statistical areas, fishing activities in the Indonesian waters can be grouped into four major areas : (A) Eastern Indian Ocean, (B) Sunda Shelf, (C) waters and (D) Maluku-lrian Jaya.

The Indonesian part of the eastern Indian Ocean is divided into 3 sub-areas with the assumption that each sub area represents a separate unit stock. These three unit stocks cover the waters of (1) west of Sumatera, covering the provinces of Aceh, North Sumatera, West Sumatera, Bengkulu and Lampung, (2) south of Java (covering the provinces of West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java), and (3) Bali-Nusa Tenggara (covering the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara and East Timor). The main characteristic of these areas is a narrow shelf with a relatively high salinity compared to the Java Sea. Most fishing activities in these waters are for small and large pelagics.

The Sunda Shelf can be divided into the Malaka Straits, the southern part of the and the Java Sea. In these waters, most of fish resources are in demersal and small pelagic groups. Fishing activities in the Malaka Straits occur mainly in the shallow parts. The stocks in this area are shared between Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.

The waters around Sulawesi provide mostly a deeper water area with higher salinity. Most of fish resources are of the small and large pelagic groups. The relatively wide shelf of Tolo Bay is found in the eastern part of . The waters of Maluku-lrian Jaya consist of both shallow waters and deep waters.

The northern area, part of the western Pacific Ocean, provides the deep water, while the shallow waters are in Arafura Sea. The shallow part of the Arafura Sea provides a vast demersal and small pelagic fishing grounds, while the large tuna and skipjack fisheries are mostly spread over the whole area of deeper waters of the Pacific.

2.2 Fishery Production and Potential The total marine fish production of Indonesia in 1993 was about 2,886,200 tonnes which include finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, other aquatic animals (such as sea cucumbers, jelly fish) and sea weeds. This production is made up of about 43 % small pelagics, 25 % demersal fish, 18 % large pelagics, 6 % shrimp and other crustaceans, 3% molluscs, and the rest are miscellaneous non-finfish. 4

In terms of weight, the small pelagic group dominates catch, followed by the demersal group. The total landings and the estimated potentials of fisheries resources by statistical area are described in the following sections.

2.2.1 The Small Pelagic Fish resources The small pelagic resources are dominated by six major groups, each of which had 1993 landings of more than 100,000 tonnes. These are scads (Decapterus spp), chub mackerels (Rastre/liger spp.), sardine-like fish (Sardinella spp., Dussumieria spp.), anchovies (Stolephorus spp., Engraulidae), the Bali oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and trevallies (Se/aroides spp., Alepes spp., Atule spp. ).

Due to the Jack of detailed information on catch and effort data, estimated potential yield of the small pelagic fish resources for some areas are still incomplete. Landing data for the Tomini Bay could not be separated, due to the Jack of information on fishing activities from both and Central Sulawesi as the recorded catch reported by the district (kabupaten) fisheries service originated from the Tomini Bay and the Sulawesi Sea. The highest landings in 1993 of 463,000 tonnes were recorded from the Java Sea, followed by the Makassar Straits/Fiores Sea (Table 1). For stock assessment purposes, the Java Sea in terms of 'a unit stock' for the small pelagic fish resources nowadays requires adjustment as the fishing areas include the South China Sea, and the Makassar Straits. 5

Table 1: Landings and Potentials of the Small Pelagic Fish Resources (1 ,000 tonnes)

Statistical Landings Potential Source Remarks Area (1993) (MSY)

A. Eastern Indian Ocean 1. West of Sumatera 118 176 Venema (1996) 2. South of Java 75 32 Merta et al.(1994) 3. Bali-Nusatenggara 104 104 Nugroho et al.(1992)

B. Sunda Shelf 4. Malaka Straits 160 55 Merta et al. ( 1995) 1) 5. South China Sea 113 504 Venema (1996) 2) 6. Java Sea 463 444 Venema (1996)

C. Sulawesi waters 7. Makassar Str. ) 8. ) 215 215 Venema (1996) 9 Gulf of Tomini 57 Badrudin et al. (1992) 10. Sulawesi Sea 43 44 Venema (1996)

D. Maluku-lrian Jaya 11. Ceram/Maluku Seas 72 71 Venema (1996) 12. 75 238 Amin and Nugroho (1990) 3) 13. Arafura Sea 21 386 Venema (1996) 14. Pacific Ocean 5 25 Venema (1996)

1) Assessment only covers scads, trevallies, rainbow sardine, fringescale sardine, oil sardine and chub mackerel. 2) Landings and stock assessment do not consider the Thai 'chartered' purse seine catches. Resources assessment based on research only around Anambas and Natuna islands covering the area of about 10.000 km2 reported by Badrudin (1986) was about 165.000 tonnes. 3) Poor data results in great uncertainty in estimating MSY.

Conclusion : Some potential of small pelagic for west of Sumatera, South China Sea, Banda Sea and considerable potential for the Arafura Sea.

It is well known that during the southeast monsoon period the purse seiners based in Java shift their fishing operations to the southern part of the South China Sea, while in the northwest monsoon, their activities move to eastern part up to the Flores Sea and/or the Makassar Straits. For stock assessment purposes, data should be collected from the surrounding provinces, because of considerable interaction among fisheries.

From Table 1, it is likely that the possibility for development in terms of a gradual increase of effort would be in the waters of Western Sumatera, South China Sea, the Banda Sea and the Arafura Sea. However, the Thai 'chartered' purse seine and the large amount of unauthorized foreign fishing vessel catches are 6 unrecorded, so that, the present status of this resource in the South China Sea may be fully exploited.

Based on fisheries statistical data collected from the district of Merauke and Maluku Tenggara, an estimation of the maximum sustainable yield of the small pelagic fish group has been attempted (Tan and Badrudin, 1993). However, the trend of annual CPUE within that period was still slightly increasing, so that, the estimated MSY using this model could not be calculated. Based on the density/km2 of surface area estimated from acoustic surveys, Venema (1996) reported that the potential yield of the small pelagic fish in the Arafura Sea was about 386,000 tonnes, suggesting considerable potential.

2.2.2 Demersal fish resources Shallow waters with a depth of less than 100 meters and having a relatively plain and muddy bottom provide good demersal fishing grounds. Based on these features, the waters of the Sunda Shelf and the Sahul Shelf of the Arafura Sea provide the most extensive demersal fishing ground. Landings and potential yields of the demersal fish resources which are largely based on the work reported by Venema (1996) are presented in Table 2.

Based on reported landings, there appears to be the possibility for a gradual increase in exploitation of demersal resources are in the waters of the South China Sea, but unreported landings are probably large. There appears to be more potential in the under-exploited waters of West Sumatera, Bali-Nusatenggara the waters around North/Central Sulawesi and the Arafura Sea. Exploitation should be followed by close monitoring of catch per-unit of effort (CPUE). If the trend of CPUE is still increasing, a gradual increase of effort could be attempted and must be stopped if the CPUE is appeared to flat or decreased.

Research on the demersal fish discarded in the shrimp fishery (Badrudin and Karyana, 1993) include the total amount of demersal fish discarded was about 84,000 tonnes. 7

Table 2: Landings and PotGntials of the Demersal Fish Resources (1 ,000 tonnes)

Fishing Landings Potentials Source Remarks Area (1993) (MSY) 1)

A. Eastern Indian Ocean 1 . West of Sumatera 59 88 2) 2. South of Java 22 24 Fully exploited 3. Bali-Nusatenggara 39 68 Under-exploited

B. Sunda Shelf 4. Malaka Straits 103 99 Fully exploited 5. South China Sea 77 252 3) 6. Java Sea ) 7. East of Kalimantan 193 222 Under-exploited

C. Sulawesi 8. Makasar Str./FioresSea 76 90 9. Sulawesi Sea/Tomini Bay) Maluku Sea/Ceram Sea ) 26 53 2), Under-exploited

D. Maluku -Irian Jaya 10. Arafura Sea/Banda Sea 66 231 2), 4) 11. Pacific Ocean 3 13 Under-exploited

1) Figures adopted from Venema (1996). 2) Based on catch and effort data analysis, the plot of CPUE against effort is still increasing. Using surplus production model, MSY could not be estimated (Badrudin, et al., 1995). However, except for the Arafura Sea, the shelf parts of these waters are very narrow, so that, the stock is probably not large. 3) Venema (1996) consider this under exploited, however, because the catches of Thai 'fish net' vessels are largely unreported, the stock might be fully/over-exploited. 4) Budihardjo et al. (1993) reported that potential yield of demersal fish in the Indonesian EEZ of the Arafura Sea was about 187,000 tonnes. Because the catches of Indonesia/Thai 'fish net' (345 Indonesian and foreign vessel are licensed in February 1996) are under reported, the stock might be over-exploited.

Conclusion : According to the available data two areas appear to have considerable potential for expansion, South China Sea and Arafura Sea. However, anecdotal information suggest that present catches in both areas have already expanded to meet potential. In addition, considering the economic of small demersal fish fishery, biological potential for expansion of catches does not necessarily translate into an economically viable fishery.

2.2.3 Shrimp resources Shrimp is one of the most important fishery resource in Indonesia, and is the most important fisheries export commodities. The shrimp fishing grounds in Indonesia are similar with the demersal resources. In the Arafura Sea, for example, the 8 demersal fish retained by the shrimp trawl is considered as by-catch.The shrimp fishery in Indonesia has developed rapidly since commercial trawling started around 1966 (Unar and Naamin, 1984). Due to the high value of shrimp and ever­ increasing demand, and the limited size of the stocks, over-exploitation is occurring in a number of coastal areas where fishing gear and fishermen are overcrowded, particularly in Java and Sumatera.

The major group of shrimp that supports the Indonesian shrimp fishery is the penaeid shrimp. The penaeid shrimps are fished in practically all the coastal areas of Indonesia, especially in shallow waters near estuarine and mangrove areas. More than 42 species are utilized with the most important species being banana prawns (Penaeus merguiensis, P.indicus), tiger prawns (P. monodon, P. semisulcatus) , endeavour (Metapenaeus spp.) and other small size shrimp including Parapenaeopsis spp., Solenocera spp., sergestids and mysids.

Landings and the estimated potentials of shrimp resources are presented in the Table 3. Based on this table, further expansion of effort in this fishery is unlikely as the MSY level of most statistical areas have been surpassed. For the south coast of Java it seems that catch data are underestimated (Sumiono, 1994). The similar cases are also applicable to the Makassar Straits/eastern Kalimantan and the Arafura Sea where the recorded landings are still lower than the estimated potentials.

The shrimp fishing ground in the Makassar Straits as well as in the south coast of Java is considered very narrow and the stock is probably not large, so that additional effort should be followed by close monitoring of CPUE. Heavy fishing pressure allotted to the two ·tore-mentioned areas will probably eliminate all the remaining potential.

The shrimp potential in the Sulawesi Sea is likely very small, while a considerable amount of potential in the Maluku and the North Irian Jaya waters could be expected, based on the coastal environmental conditions. The availability of river discharges, estuaries and rainfalls suggest an abundance of shrimp. The development of the existing artisanal shrimp fisheries activities in the Kao Bay of Halmahera island (Badrudin et a/., 1992), and the Kayeli Bay of Buru island (Badrudin and Raharjo, 1993) is a possibility. 9

Table 3: landings and Potentials of the Shrimp Resources (1 ,000 tonnes)

Fishing Area Landings (1993)1) Potential Source Remarks NP P Total (MSY) 2)

A. Eastern Indian Ocean 1. West of Sumatera 1.3 2.4 3.7 3.7 2. South of Java 2.3 0.8 3.1 5.4 3. Bali-Nusatenggara 0.8 0.9 1.7 1.1

8. Sunda Shelf 4. Malaka straits 41.8 19.8 61.7 60.0 5. South China Sea 13.4 8.5 21.7 21.7 6. Java Sea 16.7 21.9 38.6 23.4

C. Sulawesi waters 7. Makassar str.iE.Kal. 1.6 6.0 7.6 6.5 8. Sulawesi Sea 0.9 2.2 3.1 ?

D. Maluku-lrian Jaya 9. Maluku waters 1.9 6.4 8.3 ? 10. Arafura Sea 0.7 6.3 7.0 14.7 3) 11. North Irian Jaya 0.2 0.5 0.7 ?

1) NP =Non Penaeid. P = Penaeid ? = Unknown 2) Figures adopted from Aziz et al. (1996) Report of the working group on shrimp (IND/ FAO/ DANIDA Workshop on the assessment of the potential of marine fishery resources in.lndonesia). 3) Likely non-reporting of shrimp catches by existing 'fish net' vessels.

2.2.4 large Pelagic Resources The large pelagic resources include skipjack, other large tunas (yellowfin, bigeye), shark, tuna like fish and spanish mackerel. Marlin, swordfish, sailfish and dolphin fish are also considered as large pelagic species, however, due to the small amount of catch of those fish, they are not recorded in the statistics. This will affect the calculation of the overall potential of large pelagic resources. In this study, assessment of skipjack and other tunas, the most economically important large pelagic resources is emphasized. Landings of the large tuna and skipjack in 1993 are presented in Table 4.

Tuna resources are well known as highly migratory species, therefore assessment of these group should include the data from neighbouring countries. 10

Table 4: landings of the large Tuna and Skipjack Resources (1 ,000 tonnes)

Fishing Area Present catch *) T Sj Total

A. Eastern Indian Ocean 1. West of Sumatera 6.3 9.7 6.0 2. South of Java 1.6 10.8 12.4 3. Bali-Nusatenggara 10.4 8.1 18.5

B. Sunda Shelf 4. M·alaka straits 1.9 2.0 3.9 5. South China Sea 6. Java Sea 8.8 4.7 13.5

C. Sulawesi waters 7. Makassar straits 12.1 24.5 36.6 8. Flores Sea 9. Gulf of Tomini 10. Sulawesi Sea 7.0 11.0 18.0

D. Maluku-lrian Ja~a 11 . Banda Sea 8.5 19.5 28.0 12. Ceram Sea 13.2 27.3 40.5 13. Maluku Sea 14. Arafura Sea 2.1 15.8 17.9 15. Pacific Ocean 3.8 13.3 17.1

*) 1993 T =Large tuna Sj = Skipjack

This consideration is also applicable to all migratory species, either coastal migratory or oceanic (highly migratory). For the highly migratory species such as large tuna and skipjack, the data for stock assessment purposes should be collected from the countries along their migratory path.

Results from tagging involving the Philippines, Indonesia and the South Pacific countries has given some insight into the situation, but it is still not completely understood. The stock in the north-eastern Indonesian EEZ is undergoing substantial exploitation by the Philippine purse-seine fishing combined with FADs (Fish Aggregating Devices) (Mathews and Monintja, 1995).

Various attempts have been made on assessing this valuable resource. Although Uktolseja eta/. (1991) give a potential of 294,800 and 186,000 tonnes for skipjack and yellowfin respectively, these estimate have been classified as "pure guesswork" by the FAO Workshop. Many experienced tuna researchers feel that an improvement in data is required for any increased in our knowledge of tuna resources, but that the situation has not improved in recent times. 11

In general term, some data and anecdotal report from fishermen indicate declining CPUE from the various fisheries within the Indonesian Archipelago. However, from a larger perspective, extensive research throughout the western Pacific suggests considerable potential for increase skipjack catches and somewhat less increases for yellowfin. Historical trends from the eastern Indian Ocean suggest that the longline fishery for the tuna is mature and large increases in production are not expected. Eastern Indian Ocean skipjack does not appear to be heavily exploited.

Catch data and coverage appears to be of low quality and the probably large amount of unauthorized foreign fishing further complicates the situation. The large uncertainties surrounding the tuna resource, its high value, and need for fleet expansion information all suggest that this be a priority area for fisheries research.

2.2.5 Squid resources Squid is one of the most important miscellaneous non-finfish in Indonesian fisheries. Taxonomically the squid belong to the group cephalopod. The world exploitation of squid as reflected by their production is relatively low compare to the fish resources exploitation. Most squid catches originate from coastal and continental shelf fisheries and a large proportion were dominated by the neritic and benthic squid.

The offshore/oceanic squid of many are economically important, seem to be under utilized. The species of squid recorded in Indonesian waters are mostly belong to the genera Loligo, Doritheuthis and Sepiotheuthis. Assessment of these resources based on fisheries statistical data of 1978 -1993 has been attempted. The surplus production model in estimating the MSY have been applied, and the results of calculations are presented in Table 5.

The importance of squid nowadays is not only for human consumption but also as one of the best materials for bait-fish in the tuna longline fisheries. The total export of squid and cuttle fish in 1993 was about 3,500 tonnes, 82% of which were exported from Ambon, 7% from Belawan and Riau and the rest from Surabaya, Ujung Pandang and Jakarta.

There may be some potential in the waters of Western Sumatera, South China Sea, East of Kalimantan, North of Sulawesi and Maluku-lrian Jaya because the catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) is still increasing, but there is no evidence of large potential for expansion. 12

Table 5: Landings and Potentials of the Squid Resources (1000 tonnes)

Fishing Area Landings Potentials Source Remarks (1993) 1) (MSY)

A. Eastern Indian Ocean

1 . West of Sumatera 0.4 2) 3) 4) 2. South of Java 0.6 0.8 MSY reached in 1988 3. Bali-Nusatenggara 1.6 2.3 MSY reached in 1987

B. Sunda Shelf 4. Malaka straits 1.4 0.9 5) 5. South China Sea 1.9 2) 6. N. Java 3.8 3.1 MSY reached in 1989 7. W/S of Kalimantan 0.7 0.5 MSY reached in 1991 8. E. of Kalimantan 0.8 2)

C. Sulawesi waters 9. S. of Sulawesi 2.0 3.2 10. N. of Sulawesi 3.8 2)

D. Maluku-lrian Ja~a 11 . Maluku-lrian Jaya 4.0 2)

1) DGF Fisheries Statistics. 2) Trend of CPUE is still increasing. Using surplus production model, MSY could not be estimated. 3) Estimated with surplus production model using 1978 -1993 data. 4) CPUE for the last 4 years (1990-1993) was decreasing 5) Because it may be a shared stock and because catches from Malaysia and Thailand were not included, it is likely to be fully exploited. 13

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