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Fishery Resource Potentials in Indonesia

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Fishery Resource Potentials in Indonesia DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF FISHERIES IN COOPERATION WITH FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WORKSHOP ON STRENGTHENING MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA JAKARTA 23 APRIL 1996 TCP/INS/4553 ltlll11Dlt188tl8888Ul8Dill81l8llD811111UOD80DDII888d888DD80.8888UIOU880DDU881188DDDIIUDDIBDGDDl88l Dtllltl81tDDl81111l8liDilBIIllDDDUl88DID88DIIIODII818tiQ88l8UPD888818DD888t8DPDDIIPDDDI8Dil88PDUt8DtPD WORKSHOP TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 1 FISHERY RESOURCE POTENTIALS IN INDONESIA M. BADRUDIN I l 8 8 I I l I lD I 8 8 till lUI I a a 8 l D 8 888 I 8 8 a I II 881 D UDIIDDBDPUI 8 Ill 8 8 ltiiD DIIDllPIIDDUIIII 8 l a a DIIDU Duaauu l ta a a l al D l ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••uutaeutaaa•••••••••••••auaaoooaaataaattaaltaaDaaaaattattta TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 2. STATE OF FISHERY RESOURCES ............................................................................... 2 2.1. Fish Resources and Fisheries .................................................................................. 2 2.2. Fishery Production and Potential .............................................................................. 3 2.2.1. The Small Pelagic Fish Resources ................................................................. 4 2.2.2. Demersal Fish Resources ............................................................................... 6 2.2.3. Shrimp Resources ........................................................................................... 7 2.2.4. Large Pelagic Resources ................................................................................ 9 2.2.5. Squid Resources ............................................................................................ 11 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 13 1 1. INTRODUCTION Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world. Two third of this area is water. Being an archipelagic country, Indonesia possesses some 17 .. 508 large and small islands with about 81,000 km coast line. With the declaration of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the waters under Indonesian jurisdictions are estimated at about 5.8 million sq.km., consisting of 3.1 sq.km. of the territorial sea and internal waters and 2.7 sq.km. of the EEZ waters. The basic topographic features of Indonesian waters have been mapped for years, and could be grouped into ; a) shallow waters with flat and uniform bottom condition as could be found in the Sunda Shelf and the Sahul Shelf of the Arafura Sea ; b) deep waters with a variety of bottom topography (ridges, slopes, basins etc.) that could be found in most area of the eastern Indonesian region. The country is influenced by the strong monsoon seasons that successively occurred a year round. These seasons are closely related with the low and high pressure systems in the Asia and Australian continents (Sugiarto and Birowo, 1975). These phenomena will directly or indirectly affect the productivity of the waters which is correlated to the fish behaviour. The productivity of the waters is usually determined by the availability of nutrients. As a tropical country, the fish resources in the Indonesian waters are typical multispecies exploited by many gear types. Hundreds of fish species are found in Indonesian waters and a large number of fishing gear operated in this waters has been grouped in to 26 categories (DGF, 1995). 2 2. STATE OF FISHERY RESOURCES 2.1 Fish resources and fisheries The fish resources in Indonesia can roughly be grouped into demersal, shrimp, small pelagic, large pelagic and miscellaneous non-finfish. The demersal resources are fish living near the bottom and are usually closely connected with the bottom. Major characteristics of demersal resources are :wide adaptability to environment, forming relatively small schools compare to those of pelagic species, complex communities, low level of activities and small range migrations. Because of the last two characteristics, resistance to fishing pressure is weak. Consequently, when the intensity of fishing is doubled the fishing mortality will tend to be doubled as well (Aoyama, 1973). The Indonesian demersal fisheries are typically multispecies fisheries and exploited by many gear types. The catches consist of many different species, each making a relatively small contribution to the total catch. In the Java Sea, for example, there are over 100 species of economic importance which belong to about 20 families. Most species are caught in association with several others, often of lower value, which are usually discarded and therefore are not recorded in production or when landed they are recorded as miscellaneous species. These fish are usually caught by trawlnet, bottom gillnet, bottom long line and hand line. Ecologically, shrimp is considered as demersal resources, however, due to their position as the most important fisheries export commodity, their assessment is usually separated. The pelagic resources are composed of fish living near the surface and usually caught by purse seine, drift gillnet, encircling gillnet, lift net, pole and line, troll line and other surface gears. These groups are divided into small pelagics and large pelagics. The small pelagic fisheries are mostly within the continental shelf area, while the large one are usually further offshore. The pattern of their migration is oceanic, so that exploitation of this stock is usually shared among neighbouring countries. There are probably two distinct stocks of skipjack and large tuna in Indonesian waters. One unit stock being the Indian Ocean part and the other the Pacific Ocean part. Squids form one of the most important miscellaneous non-finfish and are usually caught in association with the small pelagic group. The use of squids as bait in the tuna long-line fishery is increasingly important, especially for the Benoa/Bali based fishing operation. Coral reefs in Indonesia have tragically experienced considerable destruction caused by dynamite and poison fishing, and the mining of reefs for construction materials. Research on coral reef fisheries for stock assessment purposes is considered inadequate, there are indications that those environments are not likely to contribute in any substantial way to future commercial fisheries expansion. This 3 is not meant to deminish the utmost importance of coral reefs as a biological community of great value or as sources of food to subsistent fishermen. Most of the Indonesian fish catches are taken in coastal waters, except for the large pelagic tuna. Based on the zonation of fisheries statistical areas, fishing activities in the Indonesian waters can be grouped into four major areas : (A) Eastern Indian Ocean, (B) Sunda Shelf, (C) Sulawesi waters and (D) Maluku-lrian Jaya. The Indonesian part of the eastern Indian Ocean is divided into 3 sub-areas with the assumption that each sub area represents a separate unit stock. These three unit stocks cover the waters of (1) west of Sumatera, covering the provinces of Aceh, North Sumatera, West Sumatera, Bengkulu and Lampung, (2) south of Java (covering the provinces of West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java), and (3) Bali-Nusa Tenggara (covering the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara and East Timor). The main characteristic of these areas is a narrow shelf with a relatively high salinity compared to the Java Sea. Most fishing activities in these waters are for small and large pelagics. The Sunda Shelf can be divided into the Malaka Straits, the southern part of the South China Sea and the Java Sea. In these waters, most of fish resources are in demersal and small pelagic groups. Fishing activities in the Malaka Straits occur mainly in the shallow parts. The stocks in this area are shared between Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The waters around Sulawesi provide mostly a deeper water area with higher salinity. Most of fish resources are of the small and large pelagic groups. The relatively wide shelf of Tolo Bay is found in the eastern part of Central Sulawesi. The waters of Maluku-lrian Jaya consist of both shallow waters and deep waters. The northern area, part of the western Pacific Ocean, provides the deep water, while the shallow waters are in Arafura Sea. The shallow part of the Arafura Sea provides a vast demersal and small pelagic fishing grounds, while the large tuna and skipjack fisheries are mostly spread over the whole area of deeper waters of the Pacific. 2.2 Fishery Production and Potential The total marine fish production of Indonesia in 1993 was about 2,886,200 tonnes which include finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, other aquatic animals (such as sea cucumbers, jelly fish) and sea weeds. This production is made up of about 43 % small pelagics, 25 % demersal fish, 18 % large pelagics, 6 % shrimp and other crustaceans, 3% molluscs, and the rest are miscellaneous non-finfish. 4 In terms of weight, the small pelagic group dominates catch, followed by the demersal group. The total landings and the estimated potentials of fisheries resources by statistical area are described in the following sections. 2.2.1 The Small Pelagic Fish resources The small pelagic resources are dominated by six major groups, each of which had 1993 landings of more than 100,000 tonnes. These are scads (Decapterus spp), chub mackerels (Rastre/liger spp.), sardine-like fish (Sardinella spp., Dussumieria spp.), anchovies
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