DOCSLIB.ORG

Leptodactylus Pentadactylus Frog Foam Nests – an Analysis with Insights Into N-Glycosylation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Leptodactylus Pentadactylus Frog Foam Nests – an Analysis with Insights Into N-Glycosylation DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Biocidal activity and biochemistry of Leptodactylus pentadactylus frog foam nests – an analysis with insights into N-glycosylation Verfasserin Sylvia Tippl angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Naturwissenschaften (Mag. rer. nat.) Wien, im Februar 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 441 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Genetik – Mikrobiologie (Stzw.) Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Doz. Mag. Dr. Julia Walochnik Contents CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... VII 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BIOFOAMS IN NATURE ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 FOAM NESTS OF LEPTODACTYLUS PENTADACTYLUS ................................................ 3 1.3 OTHER FOAM NESTING FROGS ................................................................................ 4 1.4 FUNCTIONS OF FROG FOAMS ................................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Biocidal activity ........................................................................................................ 11 1.5 BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FROG FOAMS ....................................................... 12 1.5.1 Glycoproteins/ Glycosylation.................................................................................... 14 1.5.1.1 O-Glycosylation ........................................................................................... 15 1.5.1.2 N-Glycosylation ........................................................................................... 16 1.5.1.3 Glycan structures of frogs ............................................................................ 19 1.6 LEPTODACTYLUS PENTADACTYLUS ......................................................................... 20 1.6.1 Systematics................................................................................................................ 20 1.6.2 Geographical distribution and habitat ....................................................................... 23 1.6.3 Morphology ............................................................................................................... 23 1.6.4 Feeding ecology ........................................................................................................ 24 1.6.5 Skin secretions .......................................................................................................... 24 1.7 TEST ORGANISMS ................................................................................................... 26 1.7.1 Protozoa .................................................................................................................... 26 1.7.1.1 Trypanosoma cruzi ....................................................................................... 26 1.7.1.1 Leishmania donovani and L. infantum ......................................................... 28 1.7.1.2 Acanthamoeba .............................................................................................. 30 1.8 AIMS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................... 32 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................. 33 2.1 FROG FOAM............................................................................................................ 33 2.2 PURIFICATION ........................................................................................................ 33 2.3 SOLUBILITY ........................................................................................................... 33 2.4 HOMOGENISATION ................................................................................................ 34 III Contents 2.4.1 Sonicator ................................................................................................................... 34 2.4.2 Mortar and pestle ....................................................................................................... 34 2.4.3 Bead Beater ............................................................................................................... 34 2.5 PROTEIN CHARACTERISATION .............................................................................. 35 2.5.1 Protein concentration ................................................................................................ 35 2.5.2 SDS-PAGE ................................................................................................................ 36 2.5.2.1 Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining ................................................................ 37 2.6 N-GLYCAN ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 37 2.6.1 Blots .......................................................................................................................... 37 2.6.1.1 Tank-blot ...................................................................................................... 38 2.6.1.2 Semi-dry blot ................................................................................................ 38 2.6.1.3 Incubation with lectins and antibodies ......................................................... 38 2.6.1.4 Development with alkaline phosphatase and BCIP®/NBT.......................... 40 2.6.2 “In-gel release method” for N-glycan analysis .......................................................... 40 2.6.2.1 SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining ............................................................ 40 2.6.2.2 Washing of the gel pieces ............................................................................. 41 2.6.2.3 Tryptic and N-glycosidase F digestion ......................................................... 42 2.6.2.4 Purification of the released N-glycans .......................................................... 42 2.6.2.5 MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of N-glycans ...................................................... 42 2.6.3 Preparation of 2-aminopyridine derivatised N-glycans ............................................. 43 2.6.3.1 Pepsin digestion ............................................................................................ 43 2.6.3.2 Binding to a cation exchanger ...................................................................... 43 2.6.3.3 Desalting by gel filtration ............................................................................. 44 2.6.3.4 N-Glycosidase F digestion and purification of the N-glycans ...................... 44 2.6.3.5 Derivatisation with aminopyridine ............................................................... 45 2.6.3.6 Separation of pyridylaminated N-glycans by HPLC .................................... 46 2.7 ANALYSIS OF BIOCIDAL ACTIVITY ........................................................................ 46 2.7.1 Cell culture ................................................................................................................ 47 2.7.1.1 Trypanosoma cruzi ....................................................................................... 47 2.7.1.2 Leishmania spp. ............................................................................................ 47 2.7.1.3 Acanthamoeba .............................................................................................. 48 2.7.1.4 Bacteria and fungi ........................................................................................ 49 2.7.2 Microtiter plate assays ............................................................................................... 50 2.7.2.1 Hemocytometer after Bürker ........................................................................ 51 2.7.3 Plate diffusion assays ................................................................................................ 51 2.7.3.1 Plate diffusion assays with filter paper ......................................................... 51 IV Contents 2.7.3.2 Plate diffusion assays without filter paper ................................................... 52 2.8 MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOAM ............................................... 52 2.8.1 Isolation ..................................................................................................................... 52 2.8.2 Screening of bacteria for in vitro antibiosis .............................................................. 53 2.8.2.1 Staining of the mycelium of T. mentagrophytes .......................................... 53 2.8.3 Characterization of the antibiotic bacteria ................................................................ 53 2.8.3.1 API ............................................................................................................... 53 2.8.3.2 MALDI-Biotyper ......................................................................................... 54 3 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 55 3.1 SOLUBILITY AND HOMOGENISATION .................................................................... 55 3.2 PROTEIN CHARACTERISATION .............................................................................. 57 3.3 GLYCOSYLATION ................................................................................................... 58 3.3.1 N-Glycome ...............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anurans of the Sandy Coastal Plains of the Lagamar Paulista, State of São Paulo, Brazil
    Anurans of the sandy coastal plains of the Lagamar Paulista, State of São Paulo, Brazil Zina, J. et al. Biota Neotrop. 2012, 12(1): 251-260. On line version of this paper is available from: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n1/en/abstract?inventory+bn02212012012 A versão on-line completa deste artigo está disponível em: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n1/pt/abstract?inventory+bn02212012012 Received/ Recebido em 26/09/11 - Revised/ Versão reformulada recebida em 25/02/12 - Accepted/ Publicado em 28/03/12 ISSN 1676-0603 (on-line) Biota Neotropica is an electronic, peer-reviewed journal edited by the Program BIOTA/FAPESP: The Virtual Institute of Biodiversity. This journal’s aim is to disseminate the results of original research work, associated or not to the program, concerned with characterization, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity within the Neotropical region. Biota Neotropica é uma revista do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP - O Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade, que publica resultados de pesquisa original, vinculada ou não ao programa, que abordem a temática caracterização, conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade na região Neotropical. Biota Neotropica is an eletronic journal which is available free at the following site http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br A Biota Neotropica é uma revista eletrônica e está integral e gratuitamente disponível no endereço http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br Biota Neotrop., vol. 12, no. 1 Anurans of the sandy coastal plains of the Lagamar Paulista, State of São Paulo, Brazil Juliana Zina1,5, Cynthia Peralta de Almeida Prado2, Cinthia Aguirre Brasileiro3 & Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad4 1Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, Rua José Moreira Coutinho, s/n, CEP 45206-190, Jequié, BA, Brazil 2Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of the Amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and Annotated Species List, Distribution, and Conservation 1,2César L
    Mannophryne vulcano, Male carrying tadpoles. El Ávila (Parque Nacional Guairarepano), Distrito Federal. Photo: Jose Vieira. We want to dedicate this work to some outstanding individuals who encouraged us, directly or indirectly, and are no longer with us. They were colleagues and close friends, and their friendship will remain for years to come. César Molina Rodríguez (1960–2015) Erik Arrieta Márquez (1978–2008) Jose Ayarzagüena Sanz (1952–2011) Saúl Gutiérrez Eljuri (1960–2012) Juan Rivero (1923–2014) Luis Scott (1948–2011) Marco Natera Mumaw (1972–2010) Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 13(1) [Special Section]: 1–198 (e180). Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation 1,2César L. Barrio-Amorós, 3,4Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, and 5J. Celsa Señaris 1Fundación AndígenA, Apartado Postal 210, Mérida, VENEZUELA 2Current address: Doc Frog Expeditions, Uvita de Osa, COSTA RICA 3Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Apartado Postal 1930, Caracas 1010-A, VENEZUELA 4Current address: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Río Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619–900, BRAZIL 5Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, apartado 20632, Caracas 1020, VENEZUELA Abstract.—Presented is an annotated checklist of the amphibians of Venezuela, current as of December 2018. The last comprehensive list (Barrio-Amorós 2009c) included a total of 333 species, while the current catalogue lists 387 species (370 anurans, 10 caecilians, and seven salamanders), including 28 species not yet described or properly identified. Fifty species and four genera are added to the previous list, 25 species are deleted, and 47 experienced nomenclatural changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Dehydrated Culture Media
    Dehydrated Culture Media Manufactured by Dehydrated Culture Media Table of Contents 4 CRITERION™ Products 12 Supplements and Antibiotics 13 CRITERION™ Agarose for Gel Electrophoresis Dehydrated Culture Media ™ TM Hardy Diagnostics’ dehydrated culture media, CRITERION , is formulated to meet or exceed the highest quality standards. DEHYDRATED CULTURE MEDIA Choose from 250 standard formulas or request custom blending to your specifications. The innovative packaging designs and overall reliability makeCRITERION ™ the logical choice for culture media in your laboratory. FEATURES & BENEFITS Hand Grip Convenient hand-grip design features finger indentations to allow for easy and safe handling of the bottle. Induction Seal Gray Jar Pull-off induction seal prevents moisture from clumping the media, keeping it fresh and dry. Opaque gray jar diminishes Wide Mouth Opening light penetration, • Allows for easy access to use a scoop when prolonging superior measuring the powder. performance and • Prevents inhalation hazards and reduces shelf life. hazardous dust formations. • No more shaking the bottle to dispense the media. Desiccant Pack A silica gel pack is included in each bottle to prevent clumping. Reusable Seal A built-in cushion seal inside the lid prevents moisture from entering the previously opened container. 1 UNPARALLELED PERFORMANCE Every formulation and lot is thoroughly tested for optimal growth characteristics. WIDE MOUTH OPENING Scooping media from the wide mouth bottle, instead of pouring and shaking, reduces dangerous dust formation CONVENIENT SIZES Packaged in four standard sizes to fit your needs: • 2 liter Mylar® bag (pre-measured to make 2 liters of culture media) • 500gm bottle • 2kg buckets with locking screw top lid • 10kg buckets with locking screw top lid STACKABLE Bottles and buckets have a nesting design and are stackable for efficient and economical storage.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Ecology and Conservation of Frogs in Urban Habitats of South Africa
    Frogs about town: Aspects of the ecology and conservation of frogs in urban habitats of South Africa DJD Kruger 20428405 Thesis submitted for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in Zoology at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University Supervisor: Prof LH du Preez Co-supervisor: Prof C Weldon September 2014 i In loving memory of my grandmother, Kitty Lombaard (1934/07/09 – 2012/05/18), who has made an invaluable difference in all aspects of my life. ii Acknowledgements A project with a time scale and magnitude this large leaves one indebted by numerous people that contributed to the end result of this study. I would like to thank the following people for their invaluable contributions over the past three years, in no particular order: To my supervisor, Prof. Louis du Preez I am indebted, not only for the help, guidance and support he has provided throughout this study, but also for his mentorship and example he set in all aspects of life. I also appreciate the help of my co-supervisor, Prof. Ché Weldon, for the numerous contributions, constructive comments and hours spent on proofreading. I owe thanks to all contributors for proofreading and language editing and thereby correcting my “boerseun” English grammar but also providing me with professional guidance. Prof. Louis du Preez, Prof. Ché Weldon, Dr. Andrew Hamer, Dr. Kirsten Parris, Prof. John Malone and Dr. Jeanne Tarrant are all dearly thanked for invaluable comments on earlier drafts of parts/the entirety of this thesis. For statistical contributions I am especially also grateful to Dr. Andrew Hamer for help with Bayesian analysis and to the North-West Statistical Services consultant, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Project Title: an Ex-Situ Initiative to Rescue Merida's Whistling Frog, An
    1. Project Title: An ex-situ initiative to rescue Merida’s Whistling Frog, an endangered undescribed Leptodactylus species. 2. Names, institutional affiliation, and email address of project leader: Enrique La Marca, Laboratory of Biogeography of the University of Los Andes at Merida, Venezuela. E-mail: [email protected] Member of the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group of Experts, since 1995. 3. Total funding amount requested from Amphibian Ark in USD$: US$ 5.000,oo 4. Executive summary (300 words or less) This project is aimed to rescue populations of the Merida’s Whistling Frog, an endangered undescribed Leptodactylus species. This is a Venezuelan amphibian with a much-restricted distribution in a highly perturbed urban habitat. The species has not been described yet, but is already known to be in peril. This will be the second Venezuelan Leptodactylus in need of protection besides Leptodactylus magistris , an endemic species living outside the Andes (Mijares and La Marca 2004, La Marca, Mijares and Señaris 2008, La Marca et al . 2013). No special measurements have been taken to date to protect those species, nor there is official protection for the habitat where they lives. The aim of this project it to set an ex-situ conservation program for the Merida’s Whistling Frog and to produce husbandry guidelines for the same that could be useful for other such Leptodactylus species in risk. There is an urgent need for conservation of this species of Leptodactylus . It shares the same geographic distribution Mannophryne collaris (although not the same habitat requirements; i.e. sympatran but not syntopic species).
    [Show full text]
  • Polyploidy and Sex Chromosome Evolution in Amphibians
    Chapter 18 Polyploidization and Sex Chromosome Evolution in Amphibians Ben J. Evans, R. Alexander Pyron and John J. Wiens Abstract Genome duplication, including polyploid speciation and spontaneous polyploidy in diploid species, occurs more frequently in amphibians than mammals. One possible explanation is that some amphibians, unlike almost all mammals, have young sex chromosomes that carry a similar suite of genes (apart from the genetic trigger for sex determination). These species potentially can experience genome duplication without disrupting dosage stoichiometry between interacting proteins encoded by genes on the sex chromosomes and autosomalPROOF chromosomes. To explore this possibility, we performed a permutation aimed at testing whether amphibian species that experienced polyploid speciation or spontaneous polyploidy have younger sex chromosomes than other amphibians. While the most conservative permutation was not significant, the frog genera Xenopus and Leiopelma provide anecdotal support for a negative correlation between the age of sex chromosomes and a species’ propensity to undergo genome duplication. This study also points to more frequent turnover of sex chromosomes than previously proposed, and suggests a lack of statistical support for male versus female heterogamy in the most recent common ancestors of frogs, salamanders, and amphibians in general. Future advances in genomics undoubtedly will further illuminate the relationship between amphibian sex chromosome degeneration and genome duplication. B. J. Evans (CORRECTED&) Department of Biology, McMaster University, Life Sciences Building Room 328, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada e-mail: [email protected] R. Alexander Pyron Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA J.
    [Show full text]
  • Zamudio Et Al. 2016
    vol. 188, supplement the american naturalist september 2016 Symposium Polyandry, Predation, and the Evolution of Frog Reproductive Modes* Kelly R. Zamudio,1,† Rayna C. Bell,2 Renato C. Nali,3,4 Célio F. B. Haddad,3 and Cynthia P. A. Prado4,‡ 1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; 2. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; and Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; 3. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil; 4. Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil Online enhancements: appendix. Dryad data: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.v67g3. fi abstract: Frog reproductive modes are complex phenotypes that diversi ed as egg and clutch characteristics, oviposition site, include egg/clutch characteristics, oviposition site, larval develop- larval development, stage and size of hatchling, and some- ment, and sometimes, parental care. Two evident patterns in the evo- times, parental care (Salthe and Duellman 1973). This com- lution of these traits are the higher diversity of reproductive modes in plexity—and the diversity that arises from variation in the the tropics and the apparent progression from aquatic to terrestrial re- many interconnected components of reproductive modes— production, often attributed to higher fitness resulting from decreased has attracted the attention of biologists for decades (Jameson predation on terrestrial eggs and tadpoles. Here, we propose that sex- 1957; Crump 1974; Duellman 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • Instituto De Biociências – Rio Claro Programa De Pós
    UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” unesp INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (ZOOLOGIA) ANFÍBIOS DA SERRA DO MAR: DIVERSIDADE E BIOGEOGRAFIA LEO RAMOS MALAGOLI Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Câmpus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia). Agosto - 2018 Leo Ramos Malagoli ANFÍBIOS DA SERRA DO MAR: DIVERSIDADE E BIOGEOGRAFIA Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Câmpus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia). Orientador: Prof. Dr. Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Jannini Sawaya Rio Claro 2018 574.9 Malagoli, Leo Ramos M236a Anfíbios da Serra do Mar : diversidade e biogeografia / Leo Ramos Malagoli. - Rio Claro, 2018 207 f. : il., figs., gráfs., tabs., fots., mapas Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Orientador: Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad Coorientador: Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 1. Biogeografia. 2. Anuros. 3. Conservação. 4. Diversidade funcional. 5. Elementos bióticos. 6. Mata Atlântica. 7. Regionalização. I. Título. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela STATI - Biblioteca da UNESP Campus de Rio Claro/SP - Ana Paula Santulo C. de Medeiros / CRB 8/7336 “To do science is to search for repeated patterns, not simply to accumulate facts, and to do the science of geographical ecology is to search for patterns of plant and animal life that can be put on a map. The person best equipped to do this is the naturalist.” Geographical Ecology. Patterns in the Distribution of Species Robert H.
    [Show full text]
  • Pocket Guide to Clinical Microbiology
    4TH EDITION Pocket Guide to Clinical Microbiology Christopher D. Doern 4TH EDITION POCKET GUIDE TO Clinical Microbiology 4TH EDITION POCKET GUIDE TO Clinical Microbiology Christopher D. Doern, PhD, D(ABMM) Assistant Professor, Pathology Director of Clinical Microbiology Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Medical College of Virginia Campus Washington, DC Copyright © 2018 Amer i can Society for Microbiology. All rights re served. No part of this publi ca tion may be re pro duced or trans mit ted in whole or in part or re used in any form or by any means, elec tronic or me chan i cal, in clud ing pho to copy ing and re cord ing, or by any in for ma tion stor age and re trieval sys tem, with out per mis sion in writ ing from the pub lish er. Disclaimer: To the best of the pub lish er’s knowl edge, this pub li ca tion pro­ vi des in for ma tion con cern ing the sub ject mat ter cov ered that is ac cu rate as of the date of pub li ca tion. The pub lisher is not pro vid ing le gal, med i cal, or other pro fes sional ser vices. Any ref er ence herein to any spe cific com mer cial prod ucts, pro ce dures, or ser vices by trade name, trade mark, man u fac turer, or oth er wise does not con sti tute or im ply en dorse ment, rec om men da tion, or fa vored sta tus by the Ameri can Society for Microbiology (ASM).
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultivable Autochthonous Microbiota of the Critically Endangered Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus Eremita)
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The cultivable autochthonous microbiota of the critically endangered Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) Joachim Spergser1*, Igor Loncaric1, Alexander Tichy2, Johannes Fritz3, Alexandra Scope4 1 Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, 2 Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, 3 Waldrappteam, Mutters, Austria, 4 Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small a1111111111 Animals, Department/Clinic for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, a1111111111 Austria a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract The critically endangered Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) is a migratory bird that OPEN ACCESS became extinct in Europe centuries ago. Since 2014, the Northern bald ibis is subject to an Citation: Spergser J, Loncaric I, Tichy A, Fritz J, intensive rehabilitation and conservation regime aiming to reintroduce the bird in its original Scope A (2018) The cultivable autochthonous distribution range in Central Europe and concurrently to maintain bird health and increase microbiota of the critically endangered Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita). PLoS ONE 13(4): population size. Hitherto, virtually nothing is known about the microbial communities associ- e0195255. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. ated with the ibis species; an information pivotal for the veterinary management of these pone.0195255 birds. Hence, the present study was conducted to provide a baseline description of the culti- Editor: Michael Lierz, Justus-Liebeig University vable microbiota residing in the Northern bald ibis. Samples derived from the choana, tra- Giessen, GERMANY chea, crop and cloaca were examined employing a culturomic approach in order to identify Received: June 30, 2017 microbes at each sampling site and to compare their frequency among age classes, sea- Accepted: March 19, 2018 sonal appearances and rearing types.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Checklist of Amphibian Species Listed in the CITES
    CoP17 Doc. 81.1 Annex 5 (English only / Únicamente en inglés / Seulement en anglais) Taxonomic Checklist of Amphibian Species listed in the CITES Appendices and the Annexes of EC Regulation 338/97 Species information extracted from FROST, D. R. (2015) "Amphibian Species of the World, an online Reference" V. 6.0 (as of May 2015) Copyright © 1998-2015, Darrel Frost and TheAmericanMuseum of Natural History. All Rights Reserved. Additional comments included by the Nomenclature Specialist of the CITES Animals Committee (indicated by "NC comment") Reproduction for commercial purposes prohibited. CoP17 Doc. 81.1 Annex 5 - p. 1 Amphibian Species covered by this Checklist listed by listed by CITES EC- as well as Family Species Regulation EC 338/97 Regulation only 338/97 ANURA Aromobatidae Allobates femoralis X Aromobatidae Allobates hodli X Aromobatidae Allobates myersi X Aromobatidae Allobates zaparo X Aromobatidae Anomaloglossus rufulus X Bufonidae Altiphrynoides malcolmi X Bufonidae Altiphrynoides osgoodi X Bufonidae Amietophrynus channingi X Bufonidae Amietophrynus superciliaris X Bufonidae Atelopus zeteki X Bufonidae Incilius periglenes X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides asperginis X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides cryptus X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides frontierei X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides laevis X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides laticeps X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides minutus X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides paulae X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides poyntoni X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides pseudotornieri X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides tornieri X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides vestergaardi
    [Show full text]
  • AMPHIBIA: ANURA: LEPTODACTYLIDAE Leptodactylus Pentadactylus
    887.1 AMPHIBIA: ANURA: LEPTODACTYLIDAE Leptodactylus pentadactylus Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Heyer, M.M., W.R. Heyer, and R.O. de Sá. 2011. Leptodactylus pentadactylus . Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti) Smoky Jungle Frog Rana pentadactyla Laurenti 1768:32. Type-locality, “Indiis,” corrected to Suriname by Müller (1927: 276). Neotype, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Mu- seum (RMNH) 29559, adult male, collector and date of collection unknown (examined by WRH). Rana gigas Spix 1824:25. Type-locality, “in locis palu - FIGURE 1. Leptodactylus pentadactylus , Brazil, Pará, Cacho- dosis fluminis Amazonum [Brazil]”. Holotype, Zoo- eira Juruá. Photograph courtesy of Laurie J. Vitt. logisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates (ZSM) 89/1921, now destroyed (Hoogmoed and Gruber 1983). See Nomenclatural History . Pre- lacustribus fluvii Amazonum [Brazil]”. Holotype, occupied by Rana gigas Wallbaum 1784 (= Rhin- ZSM 2502/0, now destroyed (Hoogmoed and ella marina {Linnaeus 1758}). Gruber 1983). Rana coriacea Spix 1824:29. Type-locality: “aquis Rana pachypus bilineata Mayer 1835:24. Type-local MAP . Distribution of Leptodactylus pentadactylus . The locality of the neotype is indicated by an open circle. A dot may rep - resent more than one site. Predicted distribution (dark-shaded) is modified from a BIOCLIM analysis. Published locality data used to generate the map should be considered as secondary sources, as we did not confirm identifications for all specimen localities. The locality coordinate data and sources are available on a spread sheet at http://learning.richmond.edu/ Leptodactylus. 887.2 FIGURE 2. Tadpole of Leptodactylus pentadactylus , USNM 576263, Brazil, Amazonas, Reserva Ducke. Scale bar = 5 mm. Type -locality, “Roque, Peru [06 o24’S, 76 o48’W].” Lectotype, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NHMG) 497, age, sex, collector and date of collection un- known (not examined by authors).
    [Show full text]