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Law of Armed Conflicts in Africa: a Study of the Liberian Civil War

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Law of Armed Conflicts in Africa: a Study of the Liberian Civil War 1 LAW OF ARMED CONFLICTS IN AFRICA: A STUDY OF THE LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR BY NWANOLUE, OBIEKWE BONN GODWIN PG/Ph.D/98/25350 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN POLITICAL SCIENCE MARCH, 2008. APPROVAL 2 This is to certify that Nwanolue Obiekwe Bonn Godwin, a postgraduate student in the Department of Political Science, with Registration Number, PG/Ph.D/98/25350, has satisfactorily completed the requirements for Seminar and Research work for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ………………………….. ……………………… Prof. M. Ikejiani-Clark Prof. E. O. Ezeani Supervisor Head of Department ………………….. External Examiner DEDICATION TO GOD ALMIGHTY WHO ARE THE ALPHA AND OMEGA, AUTHOR AND FINISHER OF OUR FAITH, MUMMY OLIVE, MY 3 PRECIOUS WIFE, HELEN AND MY LATE DARLING DAUGTHER, CHINYERE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Indeed, a positive accomplishment of a work of this magnitude would have proved holistically abortive if not for the gracious and timely intervention of some number of people of unquestionable intellectual substance. First, it will be a real tremendous injustice to my humble soul if I fail to display my unalloyed appreciation to my indefatigable and ever generous and 4 accommodating supervisor - Professor M.O. Ikejiani-Clark. It is not enough for me to qualify her just as a supervisor but also to admit that she not only inherited this work as a personal responsibility but also inherited me as a son while the work lasted. Her continued concern for the proper and timely completion of the work rekindled my desire not to drop by the side even when the ‘heat’ was becoming unbearable. Simply put, she was more than a counselor, mentor and comforter in moments of need. I cannot therefore go without acknowledging all these multiple roles of hers. I wish to extend my hands of appreciation to all the lecturers in the Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, for their immeasurable contributions to the success of this work. A special mention must be made of Professor E. O. Ezeani (Head of Department of Political Science) for his immense assistance and immeasurable hard work towards the realization of my academic dream. Equally to be thanked are Dr Alloy Okolie, Dr Ken Ifesinachi, Late Professor Aforka Nweke, Prof. Jonah Onuoha, Mr. Ifeanyi Abada, Jerry Ezirim and the rest of the staff of the Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. In the same vein, I must not fail to thank my spiritual father - His Grace, the Most Rev. Professor Daddy Hezekiah, MFR, LTI, founder and leader of Living Christ Mission Incorporated, for all his spiritual, physical and financial support to me for the realization of my yearnings and aspirations towards this direction. My spiritual mummy, Dr. Olive is too important to be left unappreciated, likewise other disciples. Equally, I will not forget to commend my beloved and precious ever hardworking and God-giving wife (Helen) as well as my late darling daughter (Chinyere Olive Ogechi Nwanolue) for all their tolerance, care, assistance, incomparable services, love and advice to me. May God bless them abundantly. In 5 addition, my relations - Mr. & Mrs. Emma Nwanolue, Lawrence, Onyebuchi, Ikechukwu, Mrs. Clara Kwentor, Dr. & Mrs. Ikechukwu Ezekpeazu, Engineer Emeka Onyia, Anthony Onyia, Elder & Mrs. E.A. Onyia, Mr. and Mrs. Chike Osegbue, Patience Chidozie, Augusta Okeke, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Obiora, Rev. Patrick Ejike, Bro. Stanley Agu to mention but a few, are highly commended for their support towards a successful intellectual trip of this nature. Again, I extend my heartfelt gratitude to the distinguished colleagues of mine in the Anambra State University, Uli. Prominent among them include Professor M.S.O. Olisa, Dr. Chuba Ezeh, Charles Obiora, Ifeanyi Agbata, Agary Nwokoye, Mazi Mbah, Uche Ojukwu, Dr. V.O.S. Okeke, Emeka Obi, Mbanefo Odum, to mention but a few. Chijioke Emenike, Sopuluchukwu Emeleje, Chidimma Okoli, Alex Mba, Ogbonna Olemeforo, Ikenna Adim, Aunty Chinyere Okolo, Victor Iwuoha, Ebuka Uzor, Ogugua Onyiba, Ogemdi Ozoemenam, Ezue Mmaju, Meg. Olemeforo, Barrister Charles Okafor, Chika Iyabode Benson, Egondu Okoro, Okwudili Okoh and members of Living Christ Mission are too significant to be forgotten in a scholarly circumstance of this nature. Equally to be appreciated is Hon. Mrs. Oby Dike, for her priceless commitment and painstaking effort towards the success of this work, Rev. and Mrs Clement Iwuoha, Dr. and Mrs Eloka Chukwuma and Dr. Eke. Finally, this acknowledgment will be half and half if I fail to register my incalculable degrees of appreciation to my students and well wishers of the Departments of Political Science and Public Administration of the Anambra State University Igbariam Campus. Notable among them are Miss Adaeze Iwuoha (my ever indefatigable research assistant, whose contributions towards the success of this work were essentially indescribable.) Indeed, she is a lady of intellectual substance with 6 sophisticated honour, proven integrity, patriotic zeal, transparent honesty with high level administrative competence and sagacity. Simply put, she is intensely human, humane and humorous, my precious and beloved daughter and Sister Osuchukwu Nkechi C., for all her assistance to me. Equally in the good book of record are Orji Amaka, Njideka Iwuoha, Ozegbe Paul, Tony Udogu, and Obi Ebelechukwu Julia as well as Adaeze Akaigwe, Chidinma Ogbodo for all their doggedness, sleepless nights, and unquantifiable cheerfulness and humor with which they assisted me, particularly Amaka Orji, Obi Ebelechukwu, Nkechi, Iwuoha Adaeze and my precious wife, Helen. May God bless you all. NWANOLUE, B. O. G. Department of Political Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka. March, 2008. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -i Approval ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ii Dedication ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii Acknowledgement -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Table of Contents --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii List of Tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x List of Appendices -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi Abstract -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii CHAPTER ONE 7 1.1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------- - 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem --------------------------------------------------------- -----5 1.3. Objectives of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------- --9 1.4. Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------ -10 1.5. Literature Review --------------------------------------------------- -10 1.6. Method of Data Collection ----------------------------------------------------------- -44 1.7. Theoretical Framework ------------------------------------------------------------ -50 1.8. Hypotheses ------------------------------------------------------------- -53 1.9. Definition of Terms ------------------------------------------------------------ -53 CHAPTER TWO: LAW OF ARMED CONFLICTS 2.1. Customary International Law ---------------------------------------------------------- -59 2.2. Treaty Law ----------------------------------------------------------- -60 2.3. Civilians and Associated Personnel Protected By the Law --------------------------- -63 2.4. Objects, Designated Areas and Signs Protected By the Law of Armed Conflicts -- -65 2.5. Work and Installations Containing Dangerous Forces --------------------------------- - 66 2.6. Integrating the Law into Military Operations ------------------------------------------ -69 2.7. The Key Principles Affecting the Conduct of All Military Operations ------------- -71 2.8. Persons and Objects Specifically Protected In All Operations ------------------------ -73 2.9. Method of Warfare Prohibited In All Operations --------------------------------------- -77 CHAPTER THREE: MECHANISM FOR ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICTS 3.1. 1868 St Petersburg Declaration Renouncing the Use, In Time of War, Of Explosive Projectiles under 400 Grammies Weight -------------------------------- 121 3.2. 1899 Hague Declaration II Concerning Asphyxiating Gases---------------------- 124 3.3. 1907 Hague Convention in Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 125 3.4. 1907 Hague Convention (V), Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral 8 Powers and Persons In Case Of War on Land (Part A) ---------------------------- 127 3.5. Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case Of War on Land (Part B) ------------------------------------------- 128 3.6. 1907 Hague Convention IX Concerning the Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 3.7. 1907 Convention XI Relating To Certain Restrictions With Regard To the Exercise of the Rights of Capture in Naval War------------------------------------- 130 3.8. 1925 Geneva Protocol for
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