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South-West Pacific: Amphibious Operations, 1942–45
Issue 30, 2021 South-West Pacific: amphibious operations, 1942–45 By Dr. Karl James Dr. James is the Head of Military History, Australian War Memorial. Issue 30, 2021 © Commonwealth of Australia 2021 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print, and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice and imagery metadata) for your personal, non- commercial use, or use within your organisation. This material cannot be used to imply an endorsement from, or an association with, the Department of Defence. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Issue 30, 2021 On morning of 1 July 1945 hundreds of warships and vessels from the United States Navy, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), and the Royal Netherlands Navy lay off the coast of Balikpapan, an oil refining centre on Borneo’s south-east coast. An Australian soldier described the scene: Landing craft are in formation and swing towards the shore. The naval gunfire is gaining momentum, the noise from the guns and bombs exploding is terrific … waves of Liberators [heavy bombers] are pounding the area.1 This offensive to land the veteran 7th Australian Infantry Division at Balikpapan was the last of a series amphibious operations conducted by the Allies to liberate areas of Dutch and British territory on Borneo. It was the largest amphibious operation conducted by Australian forces during the Second World War. Within an hour some 16,500 troops were ashore and pushing inland, along with nearly 1,000 vehicles.2 Ultimately more than 33,000 personnel from the 7th Division and Allied forces were landed in the amphibious assault.3 Balikpapan is often cited as an example of the expertise achieved by Australian forces in amphibious operations during the war.4 It was a remarkable development. -
The Combat Effectiveness of Australian and American Infantry Battalions in Papua in 1942-1943 Bryce Michael Fraser University of Wollongong
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2013 The combat effectiveness of Australian and American infantry battalions in Papua in 1942-1943 Bryce Michael Fraser University of Wollongong Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Faculty of Arts School of History and Politics The combat effectiveness of Australian and American infantry battalions in Papua in 1942-1943 Bryce Michael Fraser, BA. This thesis is presented as the requirement for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wollongong March 2013 CERTIFICATION I, Bryce Michael Fraser, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. B M Fraser 25 March 2013 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv ABBREVIATIONS vii ABSTRACT viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Theory and methodology 13 Chapter 2: The campaign and the armies in Papua 53 Chapter 3: Review of literature and sources 75 Chapter 4 : The combat readiness of the battalions in the 14th Brigade 99 Chapter 5: Reinterpreting the site and the narrative of the battle of Ioribaiwa 135 Chapter 6: Ioribaiwa battle analysis 185 Chapter 7: Introduction to the Sanananda road 211 Chapter 8: American and Australian infantry battalions in attacks at the South West Sector on the Sanananda road 249 Chapter 9: Australian Militia and AIF battalions in the attacks at the South West Sector on the Sanananda road. -
The Kokoda Campaign 1942: Myth and Reality PDF Book
THE KOKODA CAMPAIGN 1942: MYTH AND REALITY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Dr. Peter Williams | 324 pages | 23 Apr 2012 | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9781107015944 | English | Cambridge, United Kingdom The Kokoda Campaign 1942: Myth and Reality PDF Book Namespaces Article Talk. Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Add links. Please enter a number less than or equal to 2. The counter-attack would ultimately see the Australians advance to the Japanese beach-heads on the northern coast over the space of October and November. Anne Callaghan marked it as to-read Apr 10, Tim Mercer marked it as to-read Jan 03, Sign in to check out Check out as a guest. Trivia About The Kokoda Campai The Australian brigade commander, Eather, unaware of his success ordered a withdrawal back to Imita Ridge. Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia. About Peter Williams. Domestic handling time. Stockfish rated it it was amazing Mar 17, This book is not yet featured on Listopia. At least according to Williams, the campaign is remembered in Australia as a heroic struggle by the Australian army, inflicting severe casualties on the enemy and only falling back in the face of superior numbers, but delaying the enemy enough to turn tactical defeat into strategic victory. Learn more - opens in a new window or tab International postage and import charges paid to Pitney Bowes Inc. Australian Army. Although the Japanese were successful in pushing the Australian defenders back in the centre of their position on the track, heavy fighting on the flanks of the position blunted the Japanese attack, bringing it to a standstill. -
Scholars at War
SCHOLARS AT WAR AUSTRALASIAN SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, 1939-1945 SCHOLARS AT WAR AUSTRALASIAN SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, 1939-1945 Edited by Geoffrey Gray, Doug Munro and Christine Winter Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Scholars at war : Australasian social scientists, 1939-1945 / edited by Geoffrey Gray, Doug Munro and Christine Winter. ISBN: 9781921862496 (pbk.) 9781921862502 (ebook) Subjects: Anthropologists--Australia--Biography. Anthropologists--New Zealand--Biography. Historians--Australia--Biography. Historians--New Zealand--Biography. World War, 1939-1945--Science. Social sciences--Australia. Social sciences--New Zealand. Other Authors/Contributors: Gray, Geoffrey G. Munro, Doug. Winter, Christine. Dewey Number: 301.0922 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: Canberra, ACT, 1945-05-29, Members of the Instructional Staff of the Land HQ School of Civil Affairs at Duntroon Military College. Australian War Memorial ID 108449. Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2012 ANU E Press Contents Preface . .vii Contributors . ix Acknowledgments . xi Abbreviations and Acronyms . xiii Introduction . 1 Geoffrey Gray, Doug Munro and Christine Winter Part I: The Australians 29 Geoffrey Gray and Christine Winter 1 . A . P . Elkin: Public morale and propaganda . 35 John Pomeroy 2 . Conlon’s Remarkable Circus . 55 Cassandra Pybus 3. -
The Australian Army's Independent Companies and Commandos 1940
THE AUSTRALIAN ARMY’S INDEPENDENT COMPANIES AND COMMANDOS 1940-1945 Gregory Lewis Blake Thesis submitted for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Canberra August 2019 i Abstract This dissertation examines the history of the Australian Independent Companies – Commando Squadrons during World War Two. There has been no collective history of Australia’s Independent Companies and Commando Squadrons and this dissertation aims to fill that gap in the historiography. The scope of this dissertation is broad and examines the Australian Independent Companies and Commando Squadrons from their initial formation in 1940, their operational history from 1942 until 1945, the manner in which the Army managed them during the war and how with the passage of time the nature of this management changed. The dissertation identifies an ongoing context between conservatism as represented by the traditional Australian Army ethos and the radically unconventional ethos of the initial Independent Companies. The contest was eventually won by the conservatives and this was manifested in the nature of the employment of the Commando squadrons during the last year of the war. It was, however, and incomplete victory with elements of the Army persisting with unconventional practices, reflecting the inability to establish a true consensus on the role Commandos were to play in the Army as a whole. Researching this history involved accessing archives in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, notable among these being the Australian War Memorial, The National Archives of Australia, the National Archives of the United Kingdom, the Liddell Hart Military Archives, the Dwight De Eisenhower Archives, The MacArthur Memorial Archives and The United States National Archives and Records Administration. -
'Transforming an Army': the Development of Australian
The Development of Australian Army Jungle Warfare Doctrine and Training, 1941-1945 Adrian Threlfall This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development Victoria University June 2008 Abstract This thesis examines the development of Australian Army jungle warfare doctrine and training during the Second World War. The Australian Army transformed itself from a military force ill-prepared for conflict of any type in 1939 into one of the most professional, experienced and highly trained forces in jungle warfare in the world by 1945. The thesis analyses how this transformation occurred and, in doing so, provides a case study in institutional learning. Attempting to discover how an organisation learns is vital: unless these processes of adaptation are identified, it is extremely difficult for an organisation to apply successfully the lessons in the future. For no institution is this more pertinent than for the military. Armed forces unable to adapt to unforeseen challenges were frequently defeated with often profound consequences. The thesis identifies this process of development and adaptation by the Australian Army from 1941 to 1945. Chapter one explores the interwar period in order to determine the state of military preparedness of the Australian Army and its knowledge of the South West Pacific Area prior to 1939. This will enable an evaluation of the scale of transformation that was required for the army to operate effectively in a tropical environment. The deployment of the 8th Division to Malaya in 1941 will be examined in Chapter Two. -
A Historical Desktop Study of the Kokoda Track
“The track” A historical desktop study of the Kokoda Track Commissioned by the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts Dr Karl James Military History Section Australian War Memorial Canberra 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction 1 1 The Kokoda campaign, 1942 6 2 The track’s wartime route 23 3 “Track” or “Trail”? 55 Conclusion and recommendations 62 Appendices Principal units involved and their commanders 67 Casualties 71 War graves and cemeteries 76 Memorials and other structures 84 Bibliography 86 Acknowledgements The support and encouragement of many people have assisted in writing this historical desktop study. I would like to thank Soc and Robyn Kienzle, Peter and Diana Murray, and Bill James for their hospitality and assistance, and Professor Hank Nelson for his encouragement. I would also like to thank the tireless staff of the Memorial’s Research Centre, particularly Dr Guy Olding and Marty Harris, and the support of my colleagues in the Military History Section, especially Ashley Ekins and Drs Steve Bullard and Keiko Tamura. Thanks too to the Memorial’s editorial team, Dr Robert Nichols and Andrew McDonald. I also need to acknowledge the patience of Minouschka Lush and Sam Burt from DEWHA. Thanks, as always, to my wonderful partner Alisa. Finally, although many people have helped and have commented on the draft report, any mistakes that are present are entirely my own. Abbreviations AIF Australian Imperial Force AMF Australian Military Forces ANGAU Australian New Guinea Administration -
Brunswick 39Th Battalion and the Kokoda Track Campaign
BRUNSWICK 39TH BATTALION AND THE KOKODA TRACK CAMPAIGN Soldiers of the Australian 39th Battalion in September 1942 21 July – 16 November 1942 New Guinea campaign The Kokoda Track campaign or Kokoda Trail campaign was part of the Pacific War of World War II. The campaign consisted of a series of battles fought between July and November 1942 between Japanese and Allied—primarily Australian—forces in what was then the Australian territory of Papua. Following a landing near Gona, on the north coast of New Guinea, on the night of 21/22 July, Japanese forces attempted to advance south overland through the mountains of theOwen Stanley Range to seize Port Moresby as part of a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States. Initially only limited Australian forces were available to oppose them, and after making rapid progress the Japanese South Seas Forceunder Major General Tomitaro Horii clashed with under strength Australian forces from the Papuan Infantry Battalion and the Australian 39th Battalion on 23 July at Awala, forcing them back to Kokoda. Following a confused night battle on 28/29 July, the Australians were again forced to withdraw. The Australians attempted to recapture Kokoda on 8 August without success which resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, and the 39th Battalion was subsequently forced back to Deniki. A number of Japanese attacks were subsequently fought off by the Australian Militia over the following week, yet by 14 August they began to withdraw over the Owen Stanley Range, down the Kokoda Track towards Isurava. The Japanese failed to press their assault, however, and the next 10 days proved to be a respite for the Australians. -
5. Camilla Wedgwood: 'What Are You Educating Natives For'1
5. Camilla Wedgwood: ‘what are you educating natives for’1 David Wetherell Camilla Wedgwood, anthropologist and educationalist (1901–55), spent much of the Pacific War and its immediate aftermath in Papua New Guinea—the scene of her field research in anthropology in the previous decade. Tough yet in some ways timid, mannish yet maternal, intellectually and physically tireless yet oddly dispersed in her enthusiasms, she seemed a paradoxical personality. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, UK, Camilla Hildegarde Wedgwood was the fifth of seven children of Josiah Clement Wedgwood, later first Baron Wedgwood (1872–1943), a long-time Member of Parliament, and his first wife, Ethel Kate Bowen (d. 1952), daughter of Charles (Lord) Bowen, a lord of appeal in ordinary. Descended from Josiah Wedgwood the master potter, the Wedgwoods belonged to what Noel Annan called the ‘intellectual aristocracy’.2 The Wedgwood and Darwin families were intertwined. Geoffrey and Maynard Keynes were related to the Wedgwoods by marriage as were the descendants of T. H. Huxley; Dame Veronica Wedgwood OM, the historian, and Ralph Vaughan Williams, the composer, were cousins.3 After attending the Orme Girls’ School not far from the family kilns in Staffordshire, Camilla followed her two brothers to the progressive Bedales School in Hampshire before studying English and Icelandic literature at Bedford College, University of London, from 1918. Here she developed a lifelong interest in Old Norse and in such old-English sagas as Beowulf. Her rugged, independent bearing, as well as her sympathy for ‘primitive’ peoples, earned her the sobriquet of ‘The Ancient Briton’.4 In 1920 she moved to Newnham College, Cambridge.