◊◊◊ НАУКА ◊◊◊ UUDKDK 94(5)94(5) A REVIEWREVIEW ONON THETHE RITESRITES ANDAND TRADITIONSTRADITIONS OFOF THETHE DAILAMITESDAILAMITES DDURINGURING THETHE REALMREALM OFOF THETHE BUYIDBUYID DYNASTYDYNASTY (933–1055(933–1055 AD)AD) HH.. Kohansal,Kohansal, AA.. SSoltanian,oltanian, TT.. ZZ.. DDeylamieylami UUniversityniversity ooff GGuilan,uilan, RRasht,asht, IIranran

SSummary.ummary. SinceSince thethe ancientancient times,times, thethe worldworld nationsnations andand tribes,tribes, inin accordanceaccordance withwith theirtheir socialsocial environ-environ- mment,ent, llivingiving cconditionsonditions andand ethnicethnic oror culturalcultural differences,differences, havehave acceptedaccepted a setset ofof rulesrules andand regulationsregulations asas theirtheir ssocialocial ritesrites andand traditionstraditions andand treattreat eacheach otherother onon thethe basisbasis ofof thosethose ritualsrituals andand traditions.traditions. TheThe ritualsrituals andand tradi-tradi- ttionsions ofof eacheach societysociety areare partpart ofof thethe culturalcultural identityidentity ofof thatthat societysociety andand cancan bebe consideredconsidered a tooltool forfor distinguish-distinguish- iingng thethe nationsnations fromfrom eacheach other.other. ReviewingReviewing andand collectingcollecting thethe ritualsrituals andand traditionstraditions ofof eacheach periodperiod isis a greatgreat ccontributionontribution toto raisingraising awarenessawareness aboutabout thethe differentdifferent sectionssections ofof thethe cultureculture andand civilizationcivilization ofof thatthat period.period. OneOne ooff thethe mostmost brilliantbrilliant periodsperiods ofof Iran’sIran’s historyhistory isis thethe BuyidBuyid eraera whichwhich isis seemseem toto bebe thethe ageage ofof thethe magnimagnifi ccenceence andand fl ourishingourishing ofof Iranian-IslamicIranian-Islamic cculture.ulture. TheThe BuyidsBuyids werewere a groupgroup ofof originallyoriginally IranianIranian DailamiteDailamite emperorsemperors thatthat rroseose toto prominenceprominence inin thethe 1010tthh century.century. TheirTheir lineagelineage inin thethe historicalhistorical resourcesresources returnsreturns toto thethe SassanidSassanid BahramBahram GGourour (420–439(420–439 AAD).D). TThehe BBuyiduyid brothers,brothers, knownknown asas Dailamites,Dailamites, tooktook overover BaghdadBaghdad asas thethe centercenter ofof Abbasids’Abbasids’ rruleule afterafter thethe declinedecline ofof thethe Abbasids.Abbasids. TheThe extentextent ofof thethe Buyids’Buyids’ territoryterritory includedincluded a largelarge partpart ofof thethe IranianIranian landland ((Ray,Ray, IIsfahan,sfahan, HHamedan,amedan, FFars,ars, KKermanerman aandnd KKhuzestan)huzestan) aandnd aalsolso BBaghdadaghdad inin thethe ArabArab regionregion ofof Iraq.Iraq. BesideBeside theirtheir ccommitmentommitment toto theirtheir ethnicethnic traditions,traditions, thethe BuyidsBuyids werewere toto a greatgreat extentextent ininfl uuencedenced byby thethe customscustoms andand traditionstraditions ooff thethe SassanidSassanid Empire.Empire. However,However, thethe kingskings ofof thisthis family,family, asas MuslimMuslim rulers,rulers, werewere interestedinterested inin intertwiningintertwining thethe ppastast traditionstraditions andand customscustoms ofof thethe ancientancient IranIran withwith thethe IslamicIslamic values.values. Therefore,Therefore, theythey turnedturned thisthis periodperiod ofof Iran’sIran’s hhistoryistory intointo oneone ofof thethe mostmost importantimportant andand splendidsplendid periodsperiods ofof thethe historyhistory ofof thisthis land.land. KKeyey wwords:ords: rritesites andand traditions;traditions; Iran;Iran; DDailamites;ailamites; BBuyiduyid Dynasty.Dynasty.

IIntroductionntroduction TThehe 1010tthh andand 1111tthh centuriescenturies areare consideredconsidered asas thethe goldengolden ageage ofof IranianIranian – IslamicIslamic civiliza-civiliza- ttionion andand thethe timetime ofof thethe emergenceemergence andand prominenceprominence ofof semi-independentsemi-independent governmentsgovernments inin IIranran wwhichhich aarere literallyliterally calledcalled symmetricsymmetric governments.governments. AmongAmong thethe mostmost importantimportant govern-govern- mmentsents inin thisthis rankrank isis thethe DailamiteDailamite governmentgovernment ofof thethe Buyids.Buyids. TheThe BuyidsBuyids werewere DailamitesDailamites ffromrom thethe ancestryancestry ofof «Shir«Shir ZilZil Awand»Awand» livingliving inin thethe «Kiakelish»«Kiakelish» villagevillage ofof thethe DailamDailam district.district. TThehe foundersfounders ofof thisthis dynasty,dynasty, namelynamely Ali,Ali, HassanHassan andand AhmadAhmad werewere thethe sonssons ofof AbuAbu SShoja’hoja’ BBuyid,uyid, wwhoho forfor thethe fi rstrst timetime sincesince thethe ArabArab conquestconquest ofof IranIran couldcould releaserelease thethe wwestern,estern, centralcentral andand southernsouthern regionsregions ofof IranIran fromfrom thethe dominationdomination ofof BaghdadBaghdad andand uniteunite tthemhem underunder thethe leadershipleadership ofof anan IranianIranian family.family. AAfterfter a while,while, theythey usedused thethe weaknessweakness ofof thethe AbbasidsAbbasids inin BaghdadBaghdad andand capturedcaptured thethe cap-cap- iitaltal ofof thethe AbbasidAbbasid rulersrulers andand broadenedbroadened theirtheir dominancedominance toto overseasoverseas territories.territories. TheThe originorigin ooff thethe BuyidBuyid DynastyDynasty isis thethe DailamDailam land.land. GivenGiven thethe factfact thatthat theirtheir landslands werewere mountainousmountainous aandnd difdiffi cultcult toto pass,pass, theythey continuedcontinued theirtheir resistanceresistance againstagainst thethe conquerorsconquerors afterafter thethe ArabArab cconquestonquest ofof IranIran andand thethe dismantlementdismantlement ofof thethe country’scountry’s independence,independence, forfor 250250 yearsyears andand rretainedetained theirtheir independenceindependence inin allall political,political, social,social, culturalcultural andand economiceconomic areas.areas. InIn additionaddition ttoo preservingpreserving thethe tribaltribal ritesrites andand traditions,traditions, thisthis createdcreated anan appropriateappropriate environmentenvironment forfor tthehe protectionprotection ofof Iran’sIran’s ancientancient cultureculture andand civilization.civilization. AfterAfter nearlynearly threethree centuriescenturies sincesince tthehe arrivalarrival ooff IslamIslam inin Iran,Iran, tthehe DDailamitesailamites graduallygradually acceptedaccepted thethe newnew religionreligion andand withwith tthehe changeschanges inin thethe socialsocial lifelife andand underunder thethe ininfl uenceuence ofof IslamicIslamic values,values, theirtheir ritesrites andand tradi-tradi- ttionsions alsoalso underwentunderwent changeschanges andand transformations.transformations. InIn thethe presentpresent research,research, wewe havehave triedtried ttoo investigateinvestigate andand reviewreview thethe ritesrites andand traditionstraditions ofof thethe BuyidBuyid DynastyDynasty throughthrough referringreferring ttoo crediblecredible historicalhistorical resourcesresources andand newnew researchesresearches withwith thethe ultimateultimate objectiveobjective ofof gettinggetting ffamiliaramiliar wwithith partsparts ofof thethe traditionstraditions rulingruling thethe periodperiod whenwhen thethe BuyidsBuyids werewere inin power.power. 11.. TThehe aadministrativedministrative aandnd ccourtourt rritesites aandnd ttraditionsraditions ooff tthehe BBuyidsuyids 11.1..1. TThehe cceremonieseremonies ooff ccoronationoronation SStagingtaging thethe coronationcoronation ceremonyceremony asas oneone ofof thethe mostmost importantimportant principlesprinciples andand for-for- mmalitiesalities inin thethe courtcourt waswas especiallyespecially importantimportant toto thethe BuyidBuyid emperors.emperors. InIn thisthis period,period, tthehe coronationcoronation ceremonyceremony wouldwould bebe stagedstaged likelike thethe SassanidSassanid eraera (224–651(224–651 AD).AD). RuknRukn al-al- ddawlahawlah (936–977(936–977 AD)AD) waswas thethe fi rrstst eemirmir ofof BuyidBuyid dynastydynasty thatthat sawsaw thethe manifestationmanifestation ofof ppro-Iranianro-Iranian tthoughtshoughts inin hishis mind.mind. ThisThis isis probablyprobably becausebecause ofof hishis presencepresence inin thethe courtcourt ooff MardavijMardavij ZiyariZiyari [[1]1] ((931–935931–935 AAD).D). TThehe mmostost iimportantmportant documentdocument inin thisthis regardregard isis a ssilverilver medalmedal whichwhich waswas coinedcoined inin 962962 inin RayRay withwith imageimage ofof RuknRukn al-dawlahal-dawlah carvedcarved onon itit llikeike anan IranianIranian kkinging wwithith a crowncrown onon hishis headhead andand thethe statementstatement «may«may thethe gloryglory ofof HisHis MMajestyajesty willwill elevate»elevate» inin PahlavidPahlavid lettersletters (Kremer,(Kremer, 1997:1997: 83;83; Busse,Busse, 2001:2001: 236/4).236/4). 78 SOCIOSPHERE № 1, 2014 ◊◊◊ ИСТОРИЯ ◊◊◊ AAduddud al-dawlahal-dawlah (950–983(950–983 AD)AD) alsoalso wouldwould holdhold hishis coronationcoronation ceremonyceremony likelike thatthat ooff thethe SassanidSassanid kings.kings. InIn thethe SassanidSassanid era,era, thethe coronationcoronation ceremonyceremony waswas performedperformed byby tthehe headhead ofof thethe priests.priests. AdudAdud al-dawlahal-dawlah usedused anan ornamentedornamented andand gemmedgemmed crowncrown (Ibn(Ibn aal-Juzayy,l-Juzayy, 11992:992: 2269/14)69/14) aandnd ssetet tthehe pprocessionrocession ofof thethe ceremonyceremony inin thethe caliph’scaliph’s palacepalace iinn suchsuch a wayway thatthat thethe caliphcaliph – asas thethe highesthighest spiritualspiritual individualindividual – wouldwould putput thethe crowncrown oonn hishis headhead himselfhimself (Torkamani(Torkamani Azar,Azar, 2010:2010: 2238).38). FForor tthishis ppurposeurpose andand basedbased onon a pre-pre- pplannedlanned scheme,scheme, a gemgem wouldwould bebe hangedhanged toto a partpart ofof hishis hairhair whichwhich waswas danglingdangling beneathbeneath tthehe crown,crown, andand atat thethe endend ofof thethe ceremony,ceremony, thethe caliphcaliph wouldwould rectifyrectify thethe hairhair ornamentedornamented wwithith gemgem beneathbeneath thethe crown.crown. TThishis ppartart ofof formalities,formalities, whichwhich waswas actuallyactually partpart ofof thethe IranianIranian coronationcoronation ceremony,ceremony, wwasas a relativelyrelatively ambiguousambiguous andand unknownunknown mattermatter forfor thethe caliph’scaliph’s court;court; a caliphcaliph whowho waswas nnotot awareaware ofof thethe importanceimportance ofof whatwhat hehe waswas askedasked toto do.do. However,However, thisthis waswas soso importantimportant fforor AdudAdud al-dawlah,al-dawlah, becausebecause hehe hadhad beenbeen crownedcrowned byby thethe caliphcaliph beforebefore thethe eyeseyes ofof hishis oownwn attendantsattendants andand companions.companions. ReceivingReceiving thethe titletitle «Taj«Taj al-Millah»al-Millah» forfor whichwhich hehe hashas bbeeneen waitingwaiting forfor soso manymany years,years, wouldwould bebe completelycompletely understandableunderstandable inin thethe lightlight ofof thisthis cceremonyeremony (Ibn(Ibn al-Juzayy,al-Juzayy, 1992:1992: 2269/14;69/14; BBusse,usse, 22001:001: 2238–239/4).38–239/4). FFromrom AdudAdud al-dawlah’sal-dawlah’s viewpoint,viewpoint, suchsuch anan appointmentappointment isis notnot somethingsomething likelike anan en-en- ttrustmentrustment ofof power,power, butbut ratherrather anan inauguralinaugural andand cleaningcleaning ritualritual byby thethe priestspriests (Kremer,(Kremer, 11997:997: 885).5). SSinceince then,then, crowningcrowning thethe BuyidBuyid kingskings byby thethe caliphcaliph becamebecame somethingsomething preva-preva- llentent andand conventional,conventional, inin suchsuch a wayway thatthat duringduring thethe coronationcoronation ceremonyceremony ofof SharafSharaf al-al- ddawlahawlah (983–990(983–990 AD)AD) andand KhusrauKhusrau FiruzFiruz MalikMalik al-Rahimal-Rahim (1049–1055(1049–1055 AD),AD), thethe caliphcaliph ccrownedrowned themthem byby hishis ownown handshands (Al-Rudhrawari,(Al-Rudhrawari, 1916:1916: 141;141; Faqihi,Faqihi, 11987:987: 2272,72, 3326).26). IItt waswas customarycustomary amongamong thethe DailamitesDailamites toto honorhonor a dignitarydignitary byby presentingpresenting a basilbasil ssproutprout toto him.him. Therefore,Therefore, AdudAdud al-dawlah,al-dawlah, afterafter beingbeing electedelected asas thethe successorsuccessor ofof hishis fa-fa- tther,her, RuknRukn aal-dawlah,l-dawlah, oofferedffered toto peoplepeople thethe specialspecial garmentsgarments ofof thethe Dailamites,Dailamites, andand thethe ppeople,eople, inin lineline withwith theirtheir DailamiteDailamite tradition,tradition, greetedgreeted andand congratulatedcongratulated himhim byby present-present- iingng himhim a basilbasil sproutsprout (Ibn(Ibn Miskawayh,Miskawayh, 1997:1997: 431/6;431/6; IIbnbn AAthir,thir, 22004:004: 55206/12).206/12). TThehe clothingclothing stylestyle ofof thethe BuyidBuyid kingskings waswas anan imitationimitation ofof thatthat ofof thethe pastpast kings.kings. An-An- cciently,iently, itit waswas customarycustomary thatthat thethe membersmembers ofof eacheach classclass andand stratumstratum inin thethe societysociety wouldwould pputut onon itsits specialspecial clothesclothes soso thatthat onceonce anyany ofof themthem wouldwould havehave thethe opportunityopportunity toto meetmeet thethe kking,ing, hhee ccouldould realizerealize throughthrough theirtheir clothingclothing thatthat whatwhat occupationoccupation andand industryindustry theythey had.had. IInn tthehe BuyidsBuyids era,era, thisthis ancientancient traditiontradition waswas inin placeplace (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1987:1987: 640).640). TheThe BuyidBuyid kingskings wworeore longlong cloakscloaks andand putput onon specialspecial hatshats onon theirtheir headhead underunder theirtheir turbans.turbans. TheyThey wouldwould ttieie theirtheir swordsswords toto theirtheir waistswaists andand putput onon specialspecial smallsmall shoesshoes whichwhich werewere producedproduced inin FFarsars aandnd werewere smallersmaller thanthan thethe shoesshoes ofof KhorasaniKhorasani people.people. However,However, byby thethe halfhalf ofof thethe ffourthourth HijriHijri century,century, thethe clothingclothing stylestyle ofof thethe kingskings changedchanged andand theythey startedstarted toto wearwear thethe cclotheslothes ofof thethe DailamitesDailamites [2][2] (Ibn(Ibn Hoghal,Hoghal, 1992:1992: 253).253). 11.2..2. TThehe cceremonieseremonies ooff bbeingeing aacceptedccepted ttoo cconferonfer wwithith tthehe kkinging IInn tthishis period,period, thethe ministersministers andand allall ofof thosethose whowho areare inin thethe samesame rankrank withwith them,them, sshouldhould conferconfer withwith thethe kingking whilewhile havinghaving a neatneat andand elegantelegant appearance,appearance, takingtaking stepssteps ggracefullyracefully andand usingusing perfumesperfumes andand refrainrefrain fromfrom usingusing thethe perfumesperfumes whichwhich thethe kingskings dis-dis- llike.ike. TTheyhey usuallyusually don’tdon’t saysay anythinganything untiluntil thethe kingking asksasks themthem questions.questions. TheyThey lowerlower theirtheir vvoiceoice whilewhile respondingresponding andand raiseraise itit simplysimply toto thethe extentextent thatthat it’sit’s decipherabledecipherable andand there’sthere’s nnoo needneed toto repetition.repetition. WhileWhile speaking,speaking, theythey simplysimply looklook atat thethe kingking andand won’twon’t movemove theirtheir hhandsands andand otherother bodybody members.members. TheyThey dodo notnot pointpoint atat anybodyanybody withwith handshands oror eyeseyes andand sshouldhould notnot readread anyany letters,letters, unlessunless it’sit’s neededneeded thatthat theythey readread themthem andand it’sit’s permittedpermitted byby tthehe king.king. TheyThey don’tdon’t laughlaugh atat thethe presencepresence ofof thethe king,king, eveneven ifif itit happenshappens toto bebe demandeddemanded bbyy thethe situation.situation. TheyThey don’tdon’t callcall anybodyanybody byby theirtheir epithet.epithet. TheyThey willwill refrainrefrain fromfrom sneezingsneezing aandnd coughingcoughing asas muchmuch asas possible.possible. TheyThey wouldwould listenlisten toto thethe king’sking’s statementsstatements soso thatthat hehe mmightight notnot bebe forcedforced toto repeatrepeat whatwhat hehe hashas said.said. Moreover,Moreover, takingtaking offoff one’sone’s hathat oror turbanturban aatt thethe presencepresence ofof thethe kingking wouldwould bebe consideredconsidered asas anan impoliteimpolite actionaction andand theythey wouldwould bebe ppenalizedenalized ifif theythey dodo suchsuch a thing.thing. ForFor instance,instance, it’sit’s reportedreported thatthat oneone day,day, a manman calledcalled AAbulbul HaithamHaitham tooktook offoff hishis turbanturban atat thethe presencepresence ofof AdudAdud al-dawlah,al-dawlah, andand waswas punishedpunished fforor thisthis actionaction byby thethe king’sking’s commandcommand (Sabi,(Sabi, 1986:1986: 32–35,32–35, 57–58,57–58, 77).77). TThehe principlesprinciples ofof dispatchingdispatching ambassadorsambassadors inin thisthis periodperiod resembledresembled thosethose ofof thethe SassanidSassanid eera.ra. IItt wwasas customarycustomary thatthat whenwhen a kingking sentsent a messengermessenger oror ambassadorambassador toto conveyconvey a messagemessage ttoo someone,someone, hehe wouldwould alsoalso sendsend oneone ofof hishis trustedtrusted companionscompanions withwith himhim soso thatthat thethe messagemessage wwouldould bebe readread outout andand thethe responseresponse wouldwould alsoalso bebe givengiven atat hishis presencepresence (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1986:1986: 343).343). СОЦИОСФЕРА № 1, 2014 79 ◊◊◊ НАУКА ◊◊◊ 11.3..3. TThehe cceremonieseremonies ooff ppunishmentunishment IInn tthehe eraera wewe justjust discussed,discussed, punishmentspunishments wouldwould bebe leviedlevied inin differentdifferent ways.ways. OneOne ofof tthehe punishmentpunishment methodsmethods waswas scrapingscraping thethe beardbeard soso thatthat thethe individualindividual mightmight bebe ridiculedridiculed aandnd mockedmocked thisthis wayway (ibid,(ibid, 816),816), asas Mu’izzMu’izz al-dawlahal-dawlah (938–967(938–967 AD)AD) diddid toto MarzbanMarzban IbnIbn MMohammadohammad IbnIbn MMosaferosafer (942–958(942–958 AD),AD), thethe governorgovernor ofof thethe SalariansSalarians inin AzerbaijanAzerbaijan andand ccausedaused a deteriorationdeterioration ofof thethe bilateralbilateral relationsrelations (Ibn(Ibn Miskawayh,Miskawayh, 1997:1997: 171/6).171/6). TThehe otherother methodmethod ofof punishmentpunishment waswas toto havehave thethe wrongdoerwrongdoer putput onon colorfulcolorful clothesclothes aandnd thenthen takingtaking himhim toto differentdifferent partsparts ofof thethe citycity soso thatthat allall peoplepeople maymay seesee him.him. ForFor ex-ex- aample,mple, SamsamSamsam al-dawlahal-dawlah (983–998)(983–998) punishedpunished Abul-Ala’Abul-Ala’ whowho waswas oneone ofof thethe generalsgenerals ooff BahaBaha al-dawlahal-dawlah (990–1013)(990–1013) iinn AAhwazhwaz ((Faqihi,Faqihi, 11986:986: 8816;16; IIbnbn AAthir,thir, 22004:004: 55336/12).336/12). BBlindinglinding andand beatingbeating thethe eyeseyes withwith anan ironiron barbar werewere alsoalso prevalentprevalent inin thisthis period.period. MMoreover,oreover, wwee havehave humiliatinghumiliating corporalcorporal punishmentspunishments inin thisthis period.period. ForFor example,example, Mu’izzMu’izz aal-dawlahl-dawlah ruledruled inin 953953 thatthat hishis minister,minister, AbuAbu MuhammadMuhammad MahlabiMahlabi shouldshould bebe scourged.scourged. IInn tthehe intervalsintervals betweenbetween eacheach lash,lash, thethe punisherpunisher wouldwould waitwait forfor a fewfew moments,moments, emiremir wwouldould swearswear him,him, andand thenthen theythey wouldwould continuecontinue scourgingscourging (Metz,(Metz, 1985:1985: 409/2).409/2). DDeatheath penaltypenalty hashas alsoalso beenbeen pervasivepervasive inin thisthis periodperiod usingusing suchsuch methodsmethods asas beheading,beheading, ttakingaking ooutut thethe bodybody organsorgans andand throwingthrowing thethe condemnedcondemned underunder thethe elephants’elephants’ feetfeet toto bebe ttrampledrampled toto death.death. However,However, executionexecution throughthrough hanginghanging waswas notnot soso prevalent.prevalent. ButBut hanginghanging tthehe convictsconvicts waswas donedone usingusing otherother methods.methods. ForFor instance,instance, duringduring thethe realmrealm ofof Mu’izzMu’izz al-al- ddawlah,awlah, thethe ofoffi cialscials wouldwould fi rstrst askask forfor thethe king’sking’s permissionpermission toto punishpunish thethe thievesthieves andand thenthen wwouldould taketake himhim outout fromfrom thethe prisonprison inin thethe eveningevening andand thenthen hanghang themthem fromfrom theirtheir shouldershoulder aandnd arms,arms, kkeepeep themthem inin thatthat situationsituation untiluntil thethe dawndawn andand thenthen beheadbehead them.them. Sometimes,Sometimes, ttheyhey wouldwould alsoalso leaveleave thethe prisonersprisoners inin thatthat situationsituation untiluntil they’rethey’re dieddied (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1986:1986: 588).588). AAduddud al-dawlahal-dawlah threwthrew IbnIbn Baqih,Baqih, thethe ministerminister ofof AdudAdud al-dawlahal-dawlah BakhtiarBakhtiar (967–978(967–978 AD)AD) uundernder thethe feetfeet ofof thethe elephantselephants becausebecause ofof hishis enmityenmity withwith himhim andand thenthen hangedhanged hishis life-life- llessess corpuscorpus (Ibn(Ibn Miskawayh,Miskawayh, 1997:1997: 450/6).450/6). HeHe alsoalso threwthrew a slaveslave girl,girl, whomwhom hehe adoredadored andand llovedoved a lotlot andand hadhad beenbeen distracteddistracted fromfrom thethe administrativeadministrative affairsaffairs ofof thethe countrycountry becausebecause ooff her,her, inin thethe TigrisTigris andand drowneddrowned herher (Ibn(Ibn Taghtaghi,Taghtaghi, 1988:1988: 51–52).51–52). OOff thethe otherother punishmentpunishment methodsmethods whichwhich werewere alsoalso seenseen asas waysways ofof earningearning moneymoney wwasas thethe conconfi scationscation ofof thethe propertiesproperties ofof thethe ministersministers andand thethe afaffl uentuent people.people. TheThe ppropertiesroperties werewere usuallyusually conconfi scatedscated forfor twotwo reasons.reasons. OneOne waswas whenwhen thethe kingking becamebecame aangryngry atat someone.someone. InIn thisthis case,case, hehe orderedordered thatthat hishis assetsassets bebe conconfi scated.scated. TheThe secondsecond rreasoneason waswas thethe emptinessemptiness ofof thethe governmentgovernment treasurytreasury andand thethe king’sking’s immediateimmediate needneed fforor money.money. Apparently,Apparently, thethe majoritymajority ofof conconfi scationsscations inin thisthis periodperiod werewere mademade inin orderorder ttoo winwin moneymoney andand itit waswas somethingsomething rarerare thatthat thethe assetsassets ofof peoplepeople werewere conconfi scatedscated forfor ttakingaking revengerevenge onon themthem (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1985:1985: 396396 – 402).402). TThishis ttraditionradition existedexisted throughoutthroughout tthehe wholewhole rulerule ofof thethe Buyids.Buyids. OneOne ofof thethe casescases ofof conconfi scationscation waswas thatthat whenwhen a minis-minis- tterer oror oneone ofof thethe dignitariesdignitaries died,died, thethe kingking wouldwould seizeseize hishis properties,properties, inin suchsuch a wayway tthathat Mu’izzMu’izz al-dawlahal-dawlah arrestedarrested thethe familyfamily ofof hishis ministerminister AbuAbu MuhammadMuhammad MahlabiMahlabi andand ccononfi scatedscated theirtheir propertiesproperties afterafter hishis deathdeath (Ibn(Ibn Miskawayh:Miskawayh: 1997,1997, 247–248/6).247–248/6). FakhrFakhr aal-dawlahl-dawlah (977–997(977–997 AD)AD) alsoalso orderedordered thethe conconfi scationscation ofof thethe propertiesproperties ofof hishis eruditeerudite mministerinister SahebSaheb IbnIbn EbadEbad (Ibn(Ibn Athir,Athir, 2003:2003: 55348/12).348/12). TThehe BuyidsBuyids wouldwould alsoalso sometimessometimes conconfi scatescate thethe propertiesproperties ofof thethe caliphs.caliphs. ForFor instance,instance, IIzzzz aal-dawlahl-dawlah BakhtiyarBakhtiyar ggotot 400,000400,000 ddinarsinars ffromrom tthehe ccaliphaliph Al-Ta’iAl-Ta’i ((974–991974–991 AD)AD) inin 972972 AADD andand hehe waswas forcedforced toto sellsell hishis garmentsgarments andand thethe furniturefurniture ofof hishis domiciledomicile (ibid,(ibid, 5158).5158). 22.. RitesRites andand ttraditionsraditions rrelatedelated ttoo bbirth,irth, mmarriagearriage aandnd mmourningourning 22.1..1. BBirthirth HHoldingolding ceremoniesceremonies forfor thethe birthdaybirthday anniversaryanniversary isis consideredconsidered anan ancientancient tradition.tradition. AAduddud al-dawlahal-dawlah celebratedcelebrated hishis birthdaybirthday everyevery yearyear basedbased onon thethe solarsolar calendar.calendar. HeHe wouldwould hholdold a gloriousglorious ceremonyceremony andand wouldwould enterenter thethe hallhall aroundaround oneone hourhour earlierearlier beforebefore hishis ex-ex- aactct birthbirth time.time. InIn thethe ceremony,ceremony, allall kindskinds ofof decorativedecorative fl owersowers andand fruitsfruits werewere providedprovided aandnd allall thethe platesplates werewere mademade ofof goldgold andand silver.silver. AdudAdud al-dawlah’sal-dawlah’s exclusiveexclusive astronomerastronomer wwouldould comecome forward,forward, kisskiss thethe fl ooroor andand greetgreet him.him. TheThe singers,singers, musiciansmusicians andand slavesslaves wwouldould allall standstand inin theirtheir specialspecial positionspositions andand exceptexcept forfor a fewfew dignitaries,dignitaries, nobodynobody waswas aallowedllowed toto sitsit atat thethe presencepresence ofof thethe king.king. TheThe high-rankinghigh-ranking dignitariesdignitaries andand fi guresgures ofof thethe ccityity wouldwould comecome forwardforward toto congratulatecongratulate andand thethe poetspoets wouldwould singsing thethe poemspoems theythey com-com- pposedosed onon thethe occasionoccasion ofof thethe king’sking’s birthdaybirthday (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1986:1986: 347).347).

80 SOCIOSPHERE № 1, 2014 ◊◊◊ ИСТОРИЯ ◊◊◊ 22.2..2. WWeddingedding AAmongmong thethe Dailamites,Dailamites, itit waswas impermissibleimpermissible forfor a girlgirl toto getget marriedmarried toto anan alienalien boyboy andand iiff someonesomeone violatedviolated thisthis rule,rule, sheshe wouldwould bebe punishedpunished toto death.death. OnceOnce a boyboy wantedwanted toto marrymarry a ggirl,irl, hhee wouldwould toto thethe girl’sgirl’s homehome andand thethe girl’sgirl’s familyfamily wouldwould welcome,welcome, greetgreet andand receivereceive him.him. IfIf tthehe boyboy acceptedaccepted theirtheir reception,reception, hehe wouldwould staystay atat theirtheir homehome forfor threethree daysdays andand duringduring thesethese ddays,ays, hehe wouldwould bebe askedasked nono questions.questions. AfterAfter thethe threethree days,days, theythey wouldwould startstart investigationsinvestigations aaboutbout himhim andand thenthen wouldwould callcall forfor marriagemarriage afterafter thethe boyboy wouldwould spendspend a wholewhole weekweek withwith thethe ggirlirl alonealone inin herher home.home. ForFor thethe weddingwedding ceremony,ceremony, thethe peoplepeople wouldwould igniteignite fi rere beforebefore thethe bbrideride andand groom’sgroom’s homehome afterafter thethe sunsetsunset whilewhile eacheach carryingcarrying a glassglass fullfull ofof roserose water.water. ThenThen a patriarchpatriarch fromfrom thethe groom’sgroom’s familyfamily wouldwould reciterecite anan eloquenteloquent statement,statement, andand a patriarchpatriarch ffromrom thethe bride’sbride’s familyfamily wouldwould respondrespond toto himhim byby a moremore eloquenteloquent statementstatement andand thenthen thethe mmarriagearriage ssermonermon wouldwould bebe delivered.delivered. ThenThen thethe glassesglasses fullfull ofof roserose waterwater wouldwould bebe hithit toto thethe wwalls,alls, andand eacheach ofof thethe peoplepeople carryingcarrying thosethose glassesglasses wouldwould bebe givengiven anan AfroushanehAfroushaneh plateplate [3].[3]. TThehe DailamiteDailamite womenwomen didn’tdidn’t getget marriedmarried againagain afterafter thethe deathdeath ofof theirtheir spouses,spouses, otherwiseotherwise thethe cchildrenhildren wouldwould encircleencircle theirtheir homeshomes andand throwthrow stonesstones atat themthem (Maghdesi,(Maghdesi, 1982:1982: 545–7/2).545–7/2). IInn tthehe BuyidsBuyids era,era, thethe marriagesmarriages werewere mostlymostly drivendriven byby politicalpolitical motives.motives. InIn thisthis period,period, wwee cancan fi ndnd numerousnumerous casescases ofof thethe marriagemarriage ofof DailamiteDailamite princesprinces toto thethe neighboringneighboring powerspowers fforor thethe sakesake ofof establishingestablishing peacepeace andand friendship.friendship. TheThe mostmost prominentprominent instanceinstance waswas thethe mar-mar- rriageiage ofof thethe SeljukSeljuk ToghrulToghrul BeigBeig (1038–1063(1038–1063 AD)AD) toto thethe daughterdaughter ofof AbuAbu KalijarKalijar andand thethe mar-mar- rriageiage ofof AbuAbu KalijarKalijar (1024–1049(1024–1049 AAD)D) toto thethe daughterdaughter ofof SultanSultan Davoud,Davoud, thethe brotherbrother ofof Togh-Togh- rrulul BeigBeig (Ibn(Ibn Athir,Athir, 2006:2006: 55779/13).779/13). PPoliticalolitical mmarriagesarriages iinn tthishis pperioderiod causedcaused thatthat sometimessometimes tthehe rulersrulers wedwed theirtheir daughtersdaughters inin anan earlyearly age.age. ForFor example,example, IzzIzz al-dawlahal-dawlah BakhtiyarBakhtiyar wedwed hishis ddaughteraughter toto AbuAbu TaghlibTaghlib IbnIbn HamdanHamdan whenwhen sheshe waswas onlyonly 3 yearsyears oldold (ibid,(ibid, 2004:2004: 5154/12).5154/12). HHowever,owever, sometimessometimes thethe marriagesmarriages tooktook placeplace inin accordanceaccordance withwith thethe specialspecial traditionstraditions ofof tthehe Dailamites.Dailamites. ForFor instance,instance, inin thethe yearyear 959,959, Mu’ayyadMu’ayyad al-dawlah,al-dawlah, thethe sonson ofof RuknRukn al-dawlah,al-dawlah, ttraveledraveled toto BaghdadBaghdad fromfrom RayRay andand gotgot marriedmarried toto hishis cousincousin Mu’izzMu’izz al-dawlahal-dawlah (ibid,(ibid, 5069).5069). 22.3..3. MMourningourning TThehe DailamitesDailamites gatheredgathered aroundaround eacheach otherother withwith barebare heads.heads. TheyThey wouldwould covercover them-them- sselveselves withwith a sacksack andand rollroll itit overover theirtheir headsheads andand beardsbeards whilewhile mourningmourning andand lamentinglamenting ((Maghdesi,Maghdesi, 1982:1982: 5545/2).45/2). TThehe mmourningourning ceremonyceremony wouldwould lastlast threethree daysdays andand nights,nights, asas RRuknukn aal-dawlahl-dawlah mademade hishis headhead andand feetfeet bare,bare, grievinggrieving forfor thethe deathdeath ofof hishis brotherbrother ImadImad aal-dawlahl-dawlah (933–950(933–950 AD),AD), wwentent toto hishis brother’sbrother’s tombtomb whilewhile moaningmoaning andand stayedstayed therethere forfor tthreehree daysdays andand nightsnights (M(Mīrr-Khv-Khvānnd,d, 11960:960: 1146/4).46/4). TThehe extremismextremism ofof thethe DailamitesDailamites inin observingobserving mourningmourning ceremoniesceremonies waswas a properproper ggroundround soso thatthat inin 963963 AD,AD, Mu’izzMu’izz al-dawlahal-dawlah couldcould givegive anan ofoffi ccialial statusstatus toto thethe mourningmourning cceremonieseremonies ofof ImamImam HusseinHussein onon thethe DayDay ofof AshuraAshura thatthat werewere previouslypreviously heldheld unofunoffi cially.cially. AAmongmong thethe otherother customscustoms ofof mourningmourning inin thisthis periodperiod waswas wearingwearing blackblack clothesclothes whilewhile ttakingaking ppartart inin thethe ceremonies.ceremonies. HavingHaving inin mindmind thisthis tradition,tradition, thethe BuyidBuyid kingskings wouldwould putput oonn blackblack clothesclothes whilewhile mourning,mourning, likelike SamsamSamsam al-dawlahal-dawlah whowho worewore a blackblack clothcloth toto com-com- mmemorateemorate thethe deathdeath ofof hishis fatherfather (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1986:1986: 247).247). IInn tthehe BuyidsBuyids era,era, thethe commanderscommanders andand afaffl uentuent peoplepeople builtbuilt shrinesshrines andand memorialsmemorials fforor themselvesthemselves whilewhile theythey werewere stillstill alive,alive, oror suchsuch shrinesshrines wouldwould bebe builtbuilt forfor themthem byby theirtheir ddescendantsescendants afterafter theirtheir death.death. ForFor instance,instance, Mu’izzMu’izz al-dawlahal-dawlah waswas buriedburied inin thethe tombtomb wwhichhich waswas preparedprepared forfor himhim inin thethe Maqabir-e-QurayshMaqabir-e-Quraysh (Kazemiyyah)(Kazemiyyah) (ibid:(ibid: 812).812). 33.. MMoraloral rritesites aandnd ttraditionsraditions 33.1..1. TThehe cceremonieseremonies ooff rrespectingespecting tthehe eelderlylderly OOnene ofof thethe specialspecial customscustoms ofof thethe DailamitesDailamites isis thethe necessitynecessity forfor thethe youngstersyoungsters toto ob-ob- sserveerve politenesspoliteness andand respectrespect towardtoward thethe elderelder membersmembers ofof thethe family.family. TheThe DailamitesDailamites wouldwould bbowow downdown andand kisskiss thethe fl ooroor beforebefore thethe elderselders andand wouldwould nevernever sitsit atat theirtheir presence.presence. AsAs anan iinstance,nstance, wwhenhen Mu’izzMu’izz al-dawlahal-dawlah wentwent toto meetmeet hishis olderolder brotherbrother inin Arrajan,Arrajan, hehe bowedbowed downdown aandnd kissedkissed thethe fl ooroor andand didn’tdidn’t acceptaccept toto sitsit whilewhile ImadImad al-dawlahal-dawlah hashas beenbeen insistinginsisting himhim ooverver andand overover toto taketake a sitsit beforebefore him.him. AdudAdud al-dawlahal-dawlah diddid thethe samesame whenwhen hehe conferredconferred wwithith hishis father,father, RuknRukn al-dawlah,al-dawlah, inin IsfahanIsfahan (Ibn(Ibn Miskawayeh,Miskawayeh, 1997:1997: 149/6,149/6, 4430).30). 33.2..2. MMagnanimityagnanimity MMagnanimityagnanimity andand assistingassisting thethe othersothers areare amongamong thethe praiseworthypraiseworthy characteristicscharacteristics ofof thethe DDailamites.ailamites. SellingSelling breadbread waswas notnot prevalentprevalent inin thethe DailamiteDailamite landslands andand itit waswas consideredconsidered anan iinsult.nsult. IfIf a foreignerforeigner arrivedarrived atat thisthis land,land, hehe mustmust surelysurely havehave gonegone toto thethe homehome ofof oneone ofof thethe

СОЦИОСФЕРА № 1, 2014 81 ◊◊◊ НАУКА ◊◊◊ nnativesatives andand receivedreceived foodstufffoodstuff asas muchmuch asas hehe neededneeded (Maghdesi,(Maghdesi, aaaa:aaaa: 546/2).546/2). TheThe BuyidBuyid kkings,ings, eespeciallyspecially thethe fi rstrst generationgeneration ofof them,them, enjoyedenjoyed thisthis characteristic.characteristic. TheyThey treatedtreated thosethose wwhoho camecame toto meetmeet themthem withwith absoluteabsolute magnanimitymagnanimity andand nobility.nobility. ForFor instance,instance, inin 966966 ADAD aandnd afterafter IbrahimIbrahim IbnIbn MMarzbanarzban ((961–981961–981 AAD),D), tthehe rruleruler ofof Azerbaijan,Azerbaijan, ssoughtought refugerefuge inin RuknRukn aal-dawlah,l-dawlah, hehe sentsent hishis minister,minister, IbnIbn Amid,Amid, alongalong withwith IbrahimIbrahim toto taketake AzerbaijanAzerbaijan back.back. AfterAfter a while,while, hehe entrustedentrusted thethe leadershipleadership ofof thethe citycity toto Ibrahim.Ibrahim. However,However, sincesince hehe consideredconsidered himhim aann iincompetentncompetent rulerruler whowho cannotcannot taketake carecare ofof thethe currentcurrent affairs,affairs, hehe wrotewrote a letterletter toto RuknRukn aal-Dawlahl-Dawlah andand askedasked himhim toto givegive himhim thethe administrationadministration ofof Azerbaijan.Azerbaijan. ButBut RunkRunk al-dawlahal-dawlah rrejectedejected thethe requestrequest ofof IbnIbn Amid,Amid, andand calledcalled himhim toto Ray,Ray, consideringconsidering itit somethingsomething contrarycontrary ttoo ethicsethics andand principlesprinciples ofof magnanimity.magnanimity. «Rukn«Rukn al-Dawlahal-Dawlah didn’tdidn’t acceptaccept thethe request,request, thoughtthought llikeike thethe deep-thinkingdeep-thinking peoplepeople asas himself.himself. PeoplePeople wouldwould say:say: thethe emiremir openedopened thethe landland forfor itsits oownerwner whowho hadhad soughtsought asylumasylum andand thenthen covetedcoveted it».it». (Ibn(Ibn Miskawayeh,Miskawayeh, 1997:1997: 283/6).283/6). 33.3..3. HHospitalityospitality IIraniansranians hhaveave aalwayslways bbeeneen renownedrenowned forfor theirtheir hospitality.hospitality. OnOn thethe hospitalityhospitality ofof thethe BuyidBuyid kkingsings andand theirtheir companions,companions, IbnIbn HoghalHoghal writes,writes, “the“the kingskings andand dignitariesdignitaries ofof FarsFars areare veryvery pperseveranterseverant inin hospitalityhospitality andand receivingreceiving theirtheir guests.guests. TheyThey adornadorn theirtheir tableclothstablecloths withwith sev-sev- eeralral typestypes ofof cuisinescuisines andand orderorder thatthat priorprior toto thethe servingserving ofof thethe meal,meal, sweetmeatsweetmeat andand fruitsfruits bbee broughtbrought forfor thethe guests.guests. InIn theirtheir partiesparties andand meetings,meetings, ruderude oror obsceneobscene wordswords oror impoliteimpolite bbehaviorsehaviors aarere stronglystrongly shunned.shunned. TheyThey exaggerateexaggerate inin embellishingembellishing theirtheir homes,homes, tableclothtablecloth andand ggarmentarment andand competecompete withwith eacheach otherother inin thisthis regard.”regard.” (Ibn(Ibn Hoghal,Hoghal, 1992:1992: 254).254). 33.4..4. TTravelingraveling IInn tthehe BuyidsBuyids era,era, ifif someonesomeone intendedintended toto travel,travel, hehe wouldwould usuallyusually gogo withwith a cara-cara- vvan.an. OOtherwise,therwise, ddifferentifferent perilsperils couldcould threatenthreaten him.him. TheThe meansmeans ofof travelingtraveling mostlymostly in-in- ccludedluded horse,horse, camel,camel, mule-littermule-litter [4][4] andand palanquinpalanquin [5].[5]. SomeSome peoplepeople wouldwould alsoalso traveltravel oonn theirtheir feet.feet. Moreover,Moreover, thethe kingskings usedused camelscamels inin theirtheir journeys.journeys. AdudAdud al-dawlahal-dawlah hadhad a ccamelamel namednamed «Toruk»«Toruk» whichwhich waswas unparalleledunparalleled inin beingbeing easy-paced.easy-paced. WhenWhen somesome travel-travel- eersrs enteredentered thethe city,city, theythey wouldwould residereside inin thethe caravanserai.caravanserai. EvenEven ifif thethe patricianspatricians andand bigbig sscholarscholars whowho camecame toto thethe citycity hadn’thadn’t anyany friendsfriends oror relativesrelatives toto residereside atat theirtheir home,home, theythey wwouldould staystay inin thethe chamberschambers ofof thethe caravanseraicaravanserai (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1994:1994: 630–631).630–631). SSometimes,ometimes, anan entryentry licenselicense waswas neededneeded forfor enteringentering a citycity oror leavingleaving it.it. ForFor instance,instance, iinn ShirazShiraz wwhichhich waswas thethe capitalcapital ofof thethe Buyids,Buyids, anyany individualindividual whowho intendedintended toto enterenter thethe ccityity oror leaveleave itit shouldshould receivereceive anan entryentry andand leavingleaving permission,permission, otherwise,otherwise, hehe wouldwould bebe aarrestedrrested (Maghdesi,(Maghdesi, 1982:1982: 640/2;640/2; MMetz,etz, 11984984 4458/2,58/2, 5538).38). 44.. TheThe cceremonieseremonies ooff sstagingtaging ffestivalsestivals AAfterfter thethe ArabArab conquestconquest ofof IranIran andand thethe arrivalarrival ofof IslamIslam inin Iran,Iran, manymany ofof thethe IranianIranian ffestivals,estivals, especiallyespecially thosethose whichwhich werewere rootedrooted inin thethe ancientancient beliefsbeliefs andand customscustoms ofof thethe Ira-Ira- nnianian ppeopleeople beganbegan toto fadefade out.out. However,However, sincesince thethe nationalnational – religiousreligious festivalsfestivals werewere con-con- ssideredidered partpart ofof thethe culturalcultural identityidentity ofof thethe Iranians,Iranians, theythey werewere notnot consignedconsigned toto oblivionoblivion allall aatt once;once; rather,rather, tthehe majoritymajority ofof themthem turnedturned intointo newnew formatsformats andand shapesshapes inin lineline withwith thethe nnewew religiousreligious policypolicy aimedaimed atat survival.survival. Here,Here, thethe DailamiteDailamite lands,lands, becausebecause ofof theirtheir specialspecial ggeographicaleographical situation,situation, werewere immuneimmune toto thethe penetrationpenetration ofof thethe Arabs,Arabs, andand soso a properproper spacespace wwasas providedprovided forfor thethe preservationpreservation ofof Iran’sIran’s ancientancient cultureculture andand civilization.civilization. TheThe effortsefforts mmadeade byby thethe Buyids,Buyids, whowho hadhad originatedoriginated fromfrom thethe DailamiteDailamite lands,lands, werewere immenselyimmensely re-re- mmarkablearkable iinn kkeepingeeping andand preservingpreserving thethe IranianIranian customscustoms andand festivals,festivals, especiallyespecially Nowruz,Nowruz, MMehreganehregan andand Sadeh.Sadeh. TheyThey paidpaid a heavyheavy costcost forfor thethe preparationpreparation ofof thesethese festivals.festivals. 44.1..1. NNowruzowruz NNowruz,owruz, wwhichhich isis mostlymostly associatedassociated withwith thethe mythologicalmythological IranianIranian kingking JamshidJamshid [6],[6], iiss oneone ofof thethe greatestgreatest IranianIranian festivals,festivals, celebratedcelebrated onon thethe fi rstrst dayday ofof thethe fi rstrst monthmonth ofof tthehe solarsolar yearyear andand concomitantconcomitant withwith thethe vernalvernal equinoxequinox whenwhen thethe sunsun comescomes toto thethe Aries.Aries. TThehe originaloriginal wordword forfor NowruzNowruz inin thethe PahlaviPahlavi languagelanguage waswas «Nog«Nog Ruz»Ruz» whichwhich laterlater onon waswas ppronouncedronounced asas «Nok«Nok Ruz»Ruz» (Oshidari,(Oshidari, 2007:2007: 455;455; Razi,Razi, 22007:007: 3321,21, 3328).28). IItt wwasas ccustomaryustomary tthathat onon thisthis day,day, peoplepeople wouldwould presentpresent eacheach otherother giftsgifts suchsuch asas clothesclothes andand sugar.sugar. AmongAmong tthehe otherother famousfamous ritesrites onon thisthis dayday waswas thethe AbrizganAbrizgan ceremonyceremony [7][7] ofof washingwashing oneselfoneself aandnd splashingsplashing waterwater onon thethe others.others. Besides,Besides, thethe SassanidSassanid kingskings inin NowruzNowruz threwthrew pub-pub- llicic partiesparties forfor sixsix daysdays forfor thethe differentdifferent ranksranks ofof people,people, farmers,farmers, militarymilitary members,members, thethe hhigh-rankingigh-ranking oofffi cials,cials, priests,priests, closeclose relativesrelatives andand specialspecial guests,guests, theirtheir ownown familiesfamilies andand sservantservants andand eventuallyeventually thethe conconfi dantsdants andand intimatesintimates (Biruni,(Biruni, 2010:2010: 3326–327,26–327, 3331–332).31–332).

82 SOCIOSPHERE № 1, 2014 ◊◊◊ ИСТОРИЯ ◊◊◊ FFollowingollowing thethe arrivalarrival ofof IslamIslam inin Iran,Iran, tthehe ArabArab caliphscaliphs simplysimply acceptedaccepted suchsuch fes-fes- ttivalsivals asas MehreganMehregan andand NowruzNowruz inin orderorder toto getget ransomransom andand receivereceive giftsgifts whichwhich waswas tthehe traditiontradition ofof thethe IranianIranian kings.kings. TheThe UmmayadUmmayad caliphscaliphs specispecifi eded certaincertain amountsamounts ofof mmoneyoney toto increaseincrease theirtheir wageswages andand demandeddemanded thatthat thethe IranianIranian peoplepeople shouldshould paypay themthem ccompulsorilyompulsorily (Razi,(Razi, 2004:2004: 660).0). AAfterfter tthehe ddownfallownfall ofof thethe UmmayadUmmayad dynastydynasty andand thethe ccomingoming toto powerpower ofof thethe Abbasids,Abbasids, theythey acceptedaccepted manymany ofof thethe IranianIranian rituals.rituals. WithWith thethe eemergencemergence ofof symmetricsymmetric governmentsgovernments inin IranIran besidebeside thethe Abbasids,Abbasids, thesethese governmentsgovernments mmadeade manymany effortsefforts toto renovaterenovate andand promotepromote thethe ancientancient IranianIranian ritualsrituals andand customs.customs. OOnn tthehe qualityquality ofof thethe celebrationcelebration ofof NowruzNowruz inin thethe 1010tthh centurycentury inin thethe KarinehKarineh districtdistrict ooff Isfahan,Isfahan, IIbnbn HHoghaloghal wwrites,rites, KarinehKarineh hashas a bazaarbazaar wherewhere thethe peoplepeople congregatecongregate inin Now-Now- rruzuz forfor 7 daysdays toto rejoicerejoice andand entertainentertain andand playplay musicmusic withwith differentdifferent typestypes ofof foodsfoods andand aamazingmazing sstyles,tyles, whichwhich dazzlesdazzles thethe attendees.attendees. HugeHuge costscosts areare spentspent forfor thisthis feast;feast; beautifulbeautiful cclotheslothes areare putput onon andand singers,singers, bothboth malemale andand female,female, stagestage banquetsbanquets atat thethe seashoresseashores aandnd alsoalso inin thethe palacespalaces andand givegive theirtheir fetesfetes a specialspecial happinesshappiness andand exult.exult. PeoplePeople setset toto wwineine andand dinedine onon thethe rooftopsrooftops andand bazaarsbazaars andand linklink thethe nightsnights toto daysdays andand nobodynobody daresdares ttoo harmharm oror persecutepersecute them.them. ThisThis isis becausebecause theirtheir kingskings havehave allowedallowed themthem toto dodo so,so, andand wwithith thethe passagepassage ofof daysdays andand yearsyears andand hours,hours, thisthis hashas becomebecome a habithabit forfor themthem andand no-no- bbodyody preventsprevents thethe feastfeast fromfrom takingtaking placeplace (Ibn(Ibn Hoghal,Hoghal, 1992:1992: 310).310). IIbnbn AAmid,mid, tthehe ministerminister ofof RuknRukn al-dawlah,al-dawlah, celebratedcelebrated NowruzNowruz immenselyimmensely gloriouslygloriously aandnd Motenabbi,Motenabbi, thethe famousfamous ArabArab poet,poet, tooktook partpart inin itit andand composedcomposed anan odeode toto felicitatefelicitate NNowruz.owruz. AAlthoughlthough thethe namename ofof PersianPersian festivalsfestivals cancan bebe foundfound inin thethe ArabArab poemspoems beforebefore tthehe Buyids,Buyids, thisthis becamebecame muchmuch moremore pervasivepervasive duringduring theirtheir rulerule (Rouygar,(Rouygar, 2010:2010: 116).116). OOnene ofof thethe IranianIranian traditionstraditions priorprior toto thethe emergenceemergence ofof IslamIslam inin thethe NowruzNowruz daysdays wwhichhich waswas alsoalso prevalentprevalent amongamong thethe DailamitesDailamites waswas thethe customcustom ofof Nowruzi-khaniNowruzi-khani [8][8] ((Nazarzadeh,Nazarzadeh, 22012:012: 5507).07). MMoreover,oreover, dduringuring tthehe NNowruzowruz ddaysays iinn tthehe Buyids’Buyids’ era,era, carnivalscarnivals aandnd streetstreet celebrationscelebrations werewere inin voguevogue (Razi,(Razi, 2007:2007: 418).418). AAfterfter constructingconstructing thethe FanaFana KhosrowgardKhosrowgard (Kard(Kard FanaFana Khosrow),Khosrow), twotwo annualannual feasts,feasts, oneone onon tthehe SoroushSoroush RuzRuz (17(17tthh dayday ofof thethe monthmonth Farvardin)Farvardin) andand thethe otherother onon thethe HormozdHormozd RuzRuz (the(the fi rstrst ddayay ofof thethe monthmonth Aban)Aban) wouldwould bebe heldheld inin thisthis citycity bothboth ofof whichwhich werewere knownknown asas «Kard«Kard FanaFana KKhosrowhosrow festival»festival» oror «Adudi«Adudi Nowruz».Nowruz». InIn bothboth feasts,feasts, bazaarsbazaars werewere heldheld whichwhich lastedlasted forfor sevenseven ddaysays andand thethe peoplepeople wouldwould rejoicerejoice andand celebratecelebrate inin cheercheer (Biruni,(Biruni, 2010:2010: 357;357; Razi,Razi, 2007:2007: 323).323). IInn tthehe NowruzNowruz days,days, AdudAdud al-dawlaal-dawla wouldwould stagestage thethe AbrizanAbrizan ceremonyceremony (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1986:1986: 347).347). 44.2..2. MMehreganehregan IInn tthehe past,past, IraniansIranians calledcalled eacheach ofof thethe month’smonth’s 3030 daysdays withwith namesnames referringreferring toto thethe year’syear’s 1122 mmonths.onths. WWhenhen tthehe namename ofof thethe dayday andand thethe namename ofof thethe monthmonth wouldwould becomebecome thethe same,same, tthehe peoplepeople wouldwould celebratecelebrate thatthat day.day. OneOne ofof thethe mostmost importantimportant ofof thesethese daysdays isis Mehregan.Mehregan. MMehrehr isis thethe PersianPersian termterm forfor thethe sun,sun, andand sincesince thethe sunsun dawneddawned uponupon thethe peoplepeople ofof thethe worldworld iinn thisthis day,day, itit waswas titledtitled MehreganMehregan (Biruni,(Biruni, 2010:2010: 337).337). There’sThere’s anan intervalinterval ofof 174174 daysdays be-be- ttweenween NowruzNowruz andand Mehregan.Mehregan. MehreganMehregan marksmarks thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethe winterwinter andand alongalong withwith NNowuz,owuz, it’sit’s consideredconsidered toto bebe oneone ofof thethe mostmost prominentprominent IranianIranian festivalsfestivals [9][9] (Mas’udi,(Mas’udi, 1991).1991). AAsideside fromfrom thethe samenesssameness ofof thethe namename ofof thethe dayday andand month,month, otherother occasionsoccasions areare alsoalso ccalledalled asas reasonsreasons forfor thethe enshrinementenshrinement ofof thethe feast.feast. ForFor instance,instance, thethe celebrationcelebration ofof thisthis ffestivalestival isis associatedassociated withwith Fereydoon.Fereydoon. InIn thisthis regard,regard, Tha’alibiTha’alibi wrote,wrote, «The«The CreatorCreator gotgot rrelaxedelaxed aboutabout thethe creationcreation ofof ZahhakZahhak andand becamebecame certaincertain afterafter imprisoningimprisoning him,him, andand thisthis ddayay accidentallyaccidentally coincidedcoincided withwith thethe MehrMehr dayday ofof thethe monthmonth MehrMehr (of(of thethe PersianPersian calen-calen- ddar).ar). PPeopleeople celebratedcelebrated thisthis dayday andand calledcalled itit Mehregan».Mehregan». (Tha’alibi,(Tha’alibi, 1989:1989: 31).31). IInn tthehe IslamicIslamic ageage andand especiallyespecially duringduring thethe reignreign ofof thethe AbbasidAbbasid rulers,rulers, MehreganMehregan wwasas gloriouslygloriously celebratedcelebrated acrossacross thethe IslamicIslamic empireempire besidebeside Nowruz.Nowruz. OnOn thisthis day,day, thethe mmassesasses ofof peoplepeople changedchanged theirtheir mattresses,mattresses, homehome appliancesappliances andand clothesclothes soso asas toto getget pre-pre- pparedared forfor thethe coldcold season.season. OneOne ofof thethe characteristicscharacteristics ofof thisthis feastfeast waswas thatthat thethe dignitariesdignitaries aandnd ordinaryordinary ppeopleeople wouldwould presentpresent giftsgifts toto thethe king.king. OnceOnce whenwhen Al-SabiAl-Sabi waswas imprisoned,imprisoned, hhee composedcomposed anan odeode inin describingdescribing MehreganMehregan andand sentsent itit toto AdudAdud al-dawlahal-dawlah withwith oneone ddirham.irham. TThehe kkinging oorr tthehe caliphcaliph wouldwould threwthrew publicpublic partiesparties onon thisthis dayday likelike NowruzNowruz (Razi,(Razi, 22007:007: 5549–551;49–551; MMetz,etz, 11983:983: 4466–467/2)66–467/2) 44.3..3. SSadehadeh ffestivalestival SSadehadeh isis a PersianPersian termterm whichwhich isis readread «Sat»,«Sat», «Satag»,«Satag», «Sazak»«Sazak» andand «Saz»«Saz» inin PersianPersian aandnd ««Sazaq»Sazaq» aandnd ««Sadaq»Sadaq» iinn AArabic.rabic. SSadehadeh ffestivalestival isis thethe feastfeast ofof thethe emergenceemergence andand cre-cre- aationtion ofof fi rere (Razi,(Razi, 22004:004: 997).7). TThishis ffestivalestival iiss ccelebratedelebrated onon thethe nightnight ofof thethe tenthtenth dayday ofof СОЦИОСФЕРА № 1, 2014 83 ◊◊◊ НАУКА ◊◊◊ tthehe monthmonth Bahman.Bahman. InIn tthishis time,time, exactlyexactly 100100 daysdays havehave passedpassed sincesince thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethe ggrandrand winterwinter (Aban,(Aban, Azar,Azar, DDeyey aandnd 1010 ddaysays ofof Bahman).Bahman). AAccordingccording toto Iranians,Iranians, tthehe peakpeak ooff thethe excessexcess ofof thethe coldnesscoldness ofof thethe weatherweather endsends atat thisthis timetime andand thethe weatherweather tendstends toto bbecomeecome moderate.moderate. InIn orderorder toto fi gghtht thisthis devilishdevilish phenomenonphenomenon (coldness)(coldness) whichwhich damagesdamages ttheirheir agricultureagriculture andand livestock,livestock, theythey fl ameame fi re,re, thethe representationrepresentation ofof AhuraAhura Mazda,Mazda, onon thisthis iimportantmportant festivalfestival soso thatthat thethe devilishdevilish forcesforces weakenweaken andand evaporateevaporate (Razi,(Razi, 2005:2005: 576).576). AAsideside fromfrom ignitingigniting bigbig fi res,res, thethe SadehSadeh festivalfestival celebrationscelebrations usuallyusually seesee cheerfulcheerful cer-cer- eemoniesmonies andand elaborateelaborate parties.parties. OnOn thethe nightnight ofof SadehSadeh festival,festival, peoplepeople wouldwould sitsit atat thethe table-table- cclothloth afterafter thethe fi reworks.reworks. TheThe feastsfeasts ofof dancing,dancing, playingplaying musicmusic andand singingsinging wouldwould continuecontinue uuntilntil thethe dawn.dawn. TheThe nextnext day,day, thethe kingskings andand dignitariesdignitaries wouldwould hosthost greatgreat parties.parties. TheThe poetspoets wwouldould reciterecite thethe eulogieseulogies theythey hadhad composedcomposed andand receivereceive gifts.gifts. ThisThis exchangeexchange ofof giftsgifts andand oofferingffering ofof presentspresents isis usuallyusually accompaniedaccompanied byby felicitationsfelicitations andand greetingsgreetings (Razi,(Razi, 2005:2005: 601).601). DDuringuring thethe rulerule ofof AbbasidAbbasid kings,kings, thethe SadehSadeh festivalfestival waswas stillstill celebratedcelebrated withwith fi re-re- wworksorks aandnd galasgalas andand welcomedwelcomed byby thethe people.people. DailamiteDailamite kingskings includingincluding AzudAzud al-dawlahal-dawlah wwhichhich dominateddominated BaghdadBaghdad andand thethe AbbasidAbbasid caliphcaliph heldheld thesethese feastsfeasts inin BaghdadBaghdad (ibid:(ibid: 6608).08). IIbnbn NNabataabata hhasas anan odeode whichwhich praisespraises thethe fi rree thatthat hashas beenbeen ignitedignited atat thethe presencepresence ooff AzudAzud al-dawlaal-dawla andand hashas eulogizedeulogized thethe kingking (Rouygar,(Rouygar, 2010:2010: 116).116). 44.4..4. GGhadirhadir AAl-Khumml-Khumm BBuyidsuyids werewere committedcommitted toto Iran’sIran’s ancientancient traditionstraditions andand rites,rites, andand sincesince theythey werewere MMuslimuslim andand Shiite,Shiite, theythey laidlaid thethe groundworkgroundwork forfor thethe prosperityprosperity andand boostingboosting ofof manymany SShiitehiite customscustoms andand pillars.pillars. AmongAmong thesethese customscustoms isis thethe enshrinementenshrinement ofof suchsuch feastsfeasts asas tthehe EidEid al-Ghadiral-Ghadir [10].[10]. Mu’izzMu’izz al-dawlah,al-dawlah, onon thethe 1818tthh ofof thethe DhuDhu al-Hijjahal-Hijjah monthmonth ofof thethe yyearear 352352 ofof thethe HijriHijri calendarcalendar (963(963 AD),AD), putput thethe enshrinementenshrinement ofof thethe GhadirGhadir al-Khummal-Khumm eeventvent asas thethe grandgrand festivalfestival ofof thethe ShiitesShiites onon hishis agenda.agenda. OnOn hishis order,order, thethe wholewhole citycity wouldwould bbee decorateddecorated onon thisthis night,night, andand atat thethe evening,evening, thethe frontfront partpart ofof thethe stationstation ofof thethe policepolice fforcesorces wouldwould bebe litlit byby fi rre.e. TThehe bbazaarsazaars wwereere oopenpen untiluntil thethe earlyearly morningmorning likelike thethe NewNew YYearear days,days, andand peoplepeople wouldwould spendspend thethe wholewhole nightnight inin cheercheer andand happinesshappiness (Ibn(Ibn Athir,Athir, 22004:004: 55092/12).092/12). IIbnbn AAthir’sthir’s aallusionllusion toto thethe lightinglighting ofof fi rere onon thethe dayday ofof EidEid Al-GhadirAl-Ghadir asas thethe grandgrand ffestivalestival ofof thethe MuslimsMuslims underlinesunderlines thethe continuationcontinuation ofof thethe ancientancient ritesrites andand traditionstraditions ofof tthehe IraniansIranians bbyy thethe Dailamites.Dailamites. CConclusiononclusion TThehe ritesrites andand traditionstraditions ofof eacheach tribetribe areare consistentconsistent withwith thethe livingliving conditionsconditions andand thethe ssocialocial circumstancescircumstances ofof thatthat tribetribe whichwhich cancan bebe subjectsubject toto changechange andand alterationalteration asas a resultresult ooff thethe emergenceemergence andand admissionadmission ofof newnew cultures.cultures. WithWith thethe arrivalarrival ofof IslamIslam inin IranIran andand thethe cconversiononversion ooff thethe majoritymajority ofof IraniansIranians fromfrom ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism ttoo Islam,Islam, tthehe ritesrites andand ritualsrituals ofof IIraniansranians wwereere aalsolso changedchanged onon thethe basisbasis ofof thethe newnew religion.religion. However,However, thethe landland ofof Dailam,Dailam, tthankshanks ttoo itsits particularparticular geographicalgeographical conditions,conditions, couldcould staystay awayaway fromfrom thethe ininfl uenceuence ofof Ar-Ar- aabsbs andand IslamIslam forfor nearlynearly threethree centuries.centuries. AsAs a result,result, thethe DailamitesDailamites preservedpreserved thethe ancientancient hheritageeritage ofof IranIran toto a greatgreat extentextent whilewhile keepingkeeping theirtheir ownown ethnicethnic ritesrites andand traditions.traditions. NNotesotes 11.. MMardavij,ardavij, tthehe ffounderounder ofof thethe Ziyarian,Ziyarian, intendedintended toto occupyoccupy BaghdadBaghdad andand returnreturn thethe tthronehrone toto thethe IraniansIranians andand annihilateannihilate thethe ArabArab governmentgovernment (Ibn(Ibn Tabtaba,Tabtaba, 1988:1988: 382).382). FForor thisthis purpose,purpose, hehe putput onon a gemmedgemmed crowncrown likelike thethe crowncrown ofof KhosrowKhosrow AnushiravanAnushiravan andand ssatat onon a goldengolden thronethrone andand helpedhelped thethe dignitariesdignitaries ofof hishis courtcourt toto sitsit onon silversilver thronesthrones (Ibn(Ibn AAthir,thir, 22004:004: 44859/11).859/11). HHee oorderedrdered hhisis aagentgent inin AhwazAhwaz toto renovaterenovate andand reconstructreconstruct thethe EEyvanyvan Al-MadainAl-Madain andand Taq-iTaq-i KKisraisra soso thatthat hehe maymay useuse themthem asas hishis restingresting placeplace afterafter thethe ooverthrowingverthrowing ofof thethe caliph.caliph. (Ibn(Ibn Miskawayh,Miskawayh, 2003:2003: 180/5).180/5). 22.. QQabaaba aandnd KKasaasa DDeylamieylami (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 11986:986: 6635).35). 33.. A kkindind ooff ssweetmeatweetmeat whichwhich isis preparedprepared usingusing fl ourour andand gritsgrits (Maghdesi,(Maghdesi, 1982:1982: 547:2).547:2). 44.. A bbox-likeox-like andand roofedroofed litterlitter (which(which waswas calledcalled PalkiPalki ifif itit didn’tdidn’t havehave roofs)roofs) andand twotwo ooff themthem werewere fastenedfastened toto thethe sidessides ofof a camelcamel likelike twotwo panspans ofof a scalescale andand oneone personperson wwouldould sitsit inin eacheach ofof themthem andand putput hishis luggageluggage beneathbeneath hishis feetfeet (Faqihi,(Faqihi, 1986:1986: 630).630). 55.. A rectangularrectangular andand roofedroofed litterlitter whichwhich hadhad fourfour arms.arms. TwoTwo armsarms werewere inin front,front, andand ttwowo armsarms werewere atat thethe back.back. TheThe twotwo frontfront armsarms wouldwould bebe fastenedfastened toto thethe camelcamel andand inin ssomeome cases,cases, theythey werewere putput onon thethe shouldersshoulders ofof somesome menmen (ibid).(ibid).

84 SOCIOSPHERE № 1, 2014 ◊◊◊ ИСТОРИЯ ◊◊◊ 66.. TTherehere areare differentdifferent extensiveextensive storiesstories onon thethe emergenceemergence andand foundationfoundation ofof Nowruz.Nowruz. HHowever,owever, thethe mostmost remarkableremarkable ofof themthem isis thatthat Jamshid,Jamshid, afterafter establishingestablishing a systemsystem ofof jjustust andand equitableequitable life,life, ascendedascended onon thethe thronethrone onon thethe dayday ofof HurmozdHurmozd ofof thethe monthmonth ofof FFarvardin.arvardin. PPeopleeople rrejoicedejoiced andand calledcalled thatthat dayday thethe «New«New Day»Day» andand thisthis becamebecame anan unfor-unfor- ggettableettable memorymemory ofof himhim (Razi,(Razi, 2007:2007: 265).265). 77.. InIn tthehe IranianIranian cculture,ulture, AbrizanAbrizan iiss tthehe namename referredreferred toto anan ancientancient festivalfestival whichwhich isis cele-cele- bbratedrated onon thethe 1313tthh dayday ofof thethe monthmonth Tir,Tir, thatthat isis thethe TirTir dayday ofof thethe monthmonth TirTir ofof thethe solarsolar calendar,calendar, aandnd onon thisthis day,day, peoplepeople wouldwould splashsplash waterwater onon eacheach otherother (Payandeh(Payandeh Langeroudi,Langeroudi, 1998:1998: 161).161). 88.. NNowruzi-khaniowruzi-khani iiss suchsuch thatthat a fewfew daysdays priorprior toto thethe beginningbeginning ofof Nowruz,Nowruz, a groupgroup ooff threethree oror fourfour singerssingers andand playersplayers wouldwould taketake a triptrip fromfrom oneone homehome toto anotheranother andand singsing ssongsongs whichwhich implyimply thethe arrivalarrival ofof springspring andand welcomingwelcoming ofof NowruzNowruz andand suchsuch poemspoems havehave bbeeneen recitedrecited inin IranIran forfor a longlong timetime (Nazarzadeh,(Nazarzadeh, 2012:2012: 507).507). 99.. YYaqubiaqubi hhasas mmeasuredeasured thethe intervalinterval betweenbetween NowruzNowruz andand MehreganMehregan atat 150150 daysdays andand AAdamdam MetzMetz hashas calculatedcalculated itit toto bebe 149149 daysdays (Yaqubi,(Yaqubi, 2003:2003: 217/1;217/1; Metz,Metz, 1983:1983: 466/2).466/2). 110.0. GGhadirhadir aal-Khumml-Khumm iiss thethe namename ofof a districtdistrict betweenbetween MeccaMecca andand MedinaMedina wherewhere PProphetrophet MuhammadMuhammad declareddeclared AliAli IbnIbn AbiAbi TalibTalib asas thethe leaderleader afterafter himselfhimself inin hishis lastlast ppilgrimage.ilgrimage. TheThe dayday ofof thisthis eventevent isis knownknown asas «Ghadir«Ghadir al-Khumm»al-Khumm» amongamong thethe Shiites.Shiites. BBibliographyibliography 11.. I Ibnbn AAthir,thir, IIzzuddin,zzuddin, AAl-Kamell-Kamel fi --tarikh,tarikh, ttranslatedranslated bbyy HamidrezaHamidreza Ajir,Ajir, TTehran,ehran, AAsatir,satir, vvol.ol. 1111 ((2003),2003), 1122 ((2004)2004) aandnd 1133 ((2005).2005). 22.. I Ibnbn aal-Juzayy,l-Juzayy, AAbdurrahmanbdurrahman IIbnbn AAlili IIbnbn MMuhammad,uhammad, AAl-Muntazaml-Muntazam fi TTarikh-ularikh-ul MMulukuluk wwalal Umam,Umam, BBeirut,eirut, DDarularul KutubKutub al-Ilmiyyah,al-Ilmiyyah, vol.vol. 14,14, 11992.992. 33.. I Ibnbn HHoghal,oghal, AAbulghassem,bulghassem, SSuraturat al-Ard,al-Ard, BBeirut,eirut, DDarularul MMaktabataktabat aal-Hayat,l-Hayat, 11992.992. 44.. I Ibnbn TTaghtaghi,aghtaghi, MMuhammaduhammad IIbnbn AAli,li, FFakhriakhri HHistory,istory, TTehran,ehran, EElmilmi FFarhangiarhangi PPublications.ublications. 55.. IbnIbn MMiskawayh,iskawayh, AAbubu AliAli AhmadAhmad IbnIbn Muhammad,Muhammad, TajarebTajareb al-Umam,al-Umam, Beirut,Beirut, DarulDarul MaktabMaktab al-Ilmiyyah,al-Ilmiyyah, vvol.ol. 55,, 22003.003. 66.. T Tajarebajareb aal-Umam,l-Umam, ttranslatedranslated bbyy AliAli NaghiNaghi Monzavi,Monzavi, Tehran,Tehran, TTousous PPublications,ublications, vol.vol. 66,, 11997.997. 77.. Al-Rudhrawari,Al-Rudhrawari, AAbubu SShudjahudja MohammadMohammad ibnibn al-Hosayn,al-Hosayn, Zeil-e-TajarebZeil-e-Tajareb al-Umam,al-Umam, editededited byby HH.. FF.. AAmadrouz,madrouz, EEgypt,gypt, TThehe CivilizationCivilization aandnd AArtsrts Company,Company, 1916.1916. 88.. 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