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Hushållens Överskuldsättning I Norden

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Hushållens Överskuldsättning I Norden Hushållens överskuldsättning i Norden Rapport från ett samnordiskt forskningsseminarium om orsakerna till och konsekvenserna av nordiska konsumenters överskuldsättning Hushållens överskuldsättning i Norden Rapport från ett samnordiskt forskningsseminarium om orsakerna till och konsekvenserna av nordiska konsumenters överskuldsättning TemaNord 2004:513 Hushållens överskuldsättning i Norden Rapport från ett samnordiskt forskningsseminarium om orsakerna till och konsekvenserna av nordiska konsumenters överskuldsättning TemaNord 2004:513 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2004 ISBN 92-893-1035-9 ISSN 0908-6692 Nordic Council of Ministers Nordic Council Store Strandstræde 18 Store Strandstræde 18 DK-1255 Copenhagen K DK-1255 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 Phone (+45) 3396 0400 Fax (+45) 3396 0202 Fax (+45) 3311 1870 www.norden.org Consumer Co-operation in the Nordic Countries The aim of the co-operation in the Nordic Committee of Senior Officials on Consumer Affairs is to promote consumer safety, protect their financial and legal interests, inform consumers and promote their education, and promote consumer influence in society. Exchange of information, reports, and research will contribute to the Nordic consumer policy and provides a platform for joint Nordic presentation in international contexts. The Nordic Council of Ministers was established in 1971. It submits proposals on co-operation between the governments of the five Nordic countries to the Nordic Council, implements the Council's recommendations and reports on results, while directing the work carried out in the targeted areas. The Prime Ministers of the five Nordic countries assume overall responsibility for the co-operation measures, which are co-ordinated by the ministers for co-operation and the Nordic Co-operation committee. The composition of the Council of Ministers varies, depending on the nature of the issue to be treated. The Nordic Council was formed in 1952 to promote co-operation between the parliaments and governments of Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Finland joined in 1955. At the sessions held by the Council, representatives from the Faroe Islands and Greenland form part of the Danish delegation, while Åland is represented on the Finnish delegation. The Council consists of 87 elected members - all of whom are members of parliament. The Nordic Council takes initiatives, acts in a consultative capacity and monitors co-operation measures. The Council operates via its institutions: the Plenary Assembly, the Presidium and standing committees. Innehåll / Contents Innehåll / Contents ............................................................................................................5 Förord................................................................................................................................7 Preface...............................................................................................................................9 Sammanfattning ..............................................................................................................11 Summary .........................................................................................................................13 Medverkande / Contributors (in alphabetical order)......................................................15 Att definiera och mäta skuldproblem/ Defining and measuring debt problems .............21 Challenges in Measuring Debt Problems....................................................................22 The relative debt burden and the likelihood of running into debt- and payment problems......................................................................................................................37 Managing straitened circumstances ............................................................................52 Juridiska aspekter på överskuldsättning / Legal aspects of overindebtedness................77 Erfaringer med gjeldsordningsloven: Behovet for endringer......................................78 Några funderingar och anledningar med juridiska aspekter till att överskuldsättning kan uppstå: Förslag till förändringar...........................................................................95 Överskuldsattas hälsa och livskvalitet/ Health and quality of life in overindebtedness109 From the pressure of economic recession to its aftermath........................................110 Syvässä velkakriisissä olevien ihmisten selviytymiskeinot ja uupumus...................120 Krisbetingade känsloreaktioner hos överskuldsatta.................................................142 Barn och unga i konsumtionssamhället / Children and Young People in the Consumer Society...........................................................................................................................165 Holdninger om barns levekår under gjeldsordning...................................................166 Generational Consumption........................................................................................178 Youth and madness, old age and wisdom .................................................................187 New technology and consumer cultures of Finnish young people ...........................193 5 6 Förord Denna rapport är resultatet av det första tvärvetenskapliga forskarseminariet i Norden som behandlar överskuldsättning som samhällsfenomen. Till seminariet, som hölls på Hanaholmens kulturcentrum den 16-18 januari 2002, inbjöds merparten av de nordiska forskare och experter, som i sin forskning aktivt arbetat med överskuldsättningsfrågor under det sista decenniet. Framväxten av den moderna form av överskuldsättning som vi idag ser i de allra flesta västerländska samhällen, utgör ett allvarligt hot inte enbart mot de direkt drabbade individerna och hushållen, utan även mot samhället i sin helhet. Överskuldsättnings- problemen av den nya typ som vi här diskuterar, tog sin början i mitten och slutet av 1980-talet. Vad gäller de nordiska länderna tyder mycket på, att Norge och i viss mån Danmark, kom att drabbas tidigast, medan Sverige och Finland kom att drabbas extra hårt ungefär samtidigt, under den svåra ekonomiska recessionen 1990-1994. Man hade kunnat tro att den svåra situationen som vi bevittnade för ett tiotal år sedan skulle vara av övergående natur. Det finns dock inget som tyder på att detta antagande skulle stämma. Många nordiska hushåll är återigen höggradigt kreditberoende, och kan sägas balansera på en mycket skör tråd om hastigt påkomna och oförutsägbara omvärldshändelser skulle drabba dem. Det är också så att stora grupper av unga och ekonomiskt sårbara konsumenter nu träder in på kreditmarknaden. Statistik från de nordiska länderna, men även från länder inom den Europeiska Unionen, visar att antalet överskuldsatta hushåll, och hushåll med betalningsproblem, inte minskat påtagligt sedan krisåren. Detta sammantaget gör att vi kan tala om överskuldsättning som ett av det moderna konsumtionssamhällets mer allvarliga gissel. I föreliggande rapport ingår tolv delrapporter som belyser olika aspekter av överskuldsättningsfenomenet. Ett speciellt fokus ligger här på orsakerna till och konsekvenserna av överskuldsättning. Rapporten är indelad i fyra avsnitt på basis av gemensamma teman och frågeställningar. Vi har valt att författa huvuddelen av rapporterna på engelska av två skäl. För det första vill vi att rapporten även får spridning utanför de nordiska länderna, eftersom denna rapport sannolikt är unik också i den engelskspråkiga världen. För det andra vill vi med denna rapport inspirera till ytterligare forskning i det internationella forskarsamhället. Allra först vill jag tacka författarna, samt de seminariedeltagare som lämnade mycket värdefulla muntliga presentationer under seminariet. Dessa är Liam Edwards, Social Welfare Services, Cork, Ireland, Lars Lindencrone Petersen, High Court for Eastern Denmark, Juhani Iivari, National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health och Reijo Väärälä, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland. Jag vill också tacka Eeva-Liisa Luoma för värdefull hjälp vid editeringen av rapporten. Slutligen vill jag tacka Nordiska Ministerrådet, som möjliggjorde detta seminarium. Ett speciellt tack riktas till Jeppe Laessoe, Nordiska Ministerrådets förre koordinator för 7 konsumentforskning, som hjälpte till att initiera seminariet, samt Herdis Baldvinsdóttir, den nuvarande koordinatorn, för hennes värdefulla stöd under projektets gång. Mitthögskolan i Östersund i januari 2004. Richard Ahlström, projektledare 8 Preface This report is the outcome of the first Nordic cross-disciplinary research seminar on overindebtedness as a social problem. At the seminar, that took place at the Hanasaari Cultural Centre in Finland in Januari 16th –18th 2002, the majority of Nordic researchers and experts on overindebtedness issues were invited. The emergence of the new kind of overindebtedness, we are facing today in most western countries, constitutes a serious threat not only with regard to individuals and households subjected to overindebtedness, but also to the society as a whole. The problems of overindebtedness of the kind we are here discussing, originated in the mid- eighties. In a Nordic perspective, it seems that Norway and to some extent Denmark was affected at an early point in time, whereas Sweden and Finland were hit simultaneously during the severe economical recession 1990-1994. There has been an assumption that the severe condition we were witnessing ten years ago was transient.
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