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RESET CHAPTER 2: Development and Assessment of Methodologies to Improve Local Microclimate with the Use of RES Techniques

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RESET CHAPTER 2: Development and Assessment of Methodologies to Improve Local Microclimate with the Use of RES Techniques CONTENTS RESSET - Chapter 1: Collection and documentation of the input data and evaluation tools required to carry out the study................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Development and assessment of methodologies to improve local microclimate with the use of RES techniques............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Energy Balance of Settlements ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Microclimate in Settlements .......................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Use of Passive Cooling Techniques applied to Outdoor Spaces ................................................... 6 2. Passive solar heating and cooling and advanced glazing materials...................................................... 8 2.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Building-integrated PV .................................................................................................................. 8 2.3. Passive solar systems ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.4. Passive solar heating ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.5. Passive solar cooling.................................................................................................................... 10 2.6. Advanced glazing materials......................................................................................................... 10 2.7. Evaluation tools............................................................................................................................ 10 2.8. Evaluation of calculation and design tools in energy efficient housing ...................................... 11 2.9. Simulation methods...................................................................................................................... 12 3. Active Solar Systems .......................................................................................................................... 13 3.1. Water based – air based systems.................................................................................................. 13 3.2. Water based systems .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.1. Large central systems............................................................................................................ 13 3.2.2. Medium size central systems ................................................................................................ 14 3.2.3. Small size building systems .................................................................................................. 15 3.3. Air based systems......................................................................................................................... 16 4. Aspects related to demand side management and district heating and cooling for the energy efficient design of settlements. Contribution by WIP ...................................................................................... 19 4.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 19 4.2. District Heating and Cooling ....................................................................................................... 19 4.3. Demand Side Management .......................................................................................................... 23 5. References........................................................................................................................................... 24 RESET CHAPTER 2: Development and assessment of methodologies to improve local microclimate with the use of RES techniques.......................................................................................................... 25 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 25 2. Topography as a Climate Modifier .................................................................................................... 25 3. Urbanisation and Related Problems.................................................................................................... 25 2. Main Environmental Problems in Cities of Developed Countries...................................................... 28 2.1 Over Consumption of Resources .................................................................................................. 28 2.2 Thermal Degradation of Cities...................................................................................................... 28 2.3 Air Pollution and Noise................................................................................................................. 30 3. Main Environmental Problems in Cities of Less Developed Countries ............................................. 32 3.1. Urban Poverty .............................................................................................................................. 32 3.2. Housing ........................................................................................................................................ 32 3.3 Energy and Air Quality................................................................................................................. 32 3.3. Lack of Infrastructures................................................................................................................. 33 4. Techniques to Improve Microclimate................................................................................................. 34 1 4.1 Use of Cool Materials ................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Use of Vegetation.......................................................................................................................... 35 References............................................................................................................................................... 36 Figures..................................................................................................................................................... 41 RESSET CHAPTER 3: Development and assessment of the potential of methodologies to improve the design and performance of the buildings constructed within the settlements by implementing the use of passive and active RES systems and techniques............................................................................ 44 3:1 Daylighting.............................................................................................................................. 44 3:2 Passive Solar ........................................................................................................................... 48 3:3 Glazing Materials.................................................................................................................... 53 3:4 Active Solar Case Studies....................................................................................................... 55 3:4 Active Solar Case Studies....................................................................................................... 56 3:5 PV Integration......................................................................................................................... 61 3:5 PV Integration......................................................................................................................... 62 PV System Components ......................................................................................................................... 62 Solar cells............................................................................................................................................ 62 PV Inverter.......................................................................................................................................... 63 PV modules......................................................................................................................................... 63 PV building integration....................................................................................................................... 63 PV building integration requires harmonized solutions on three levels: ................................................ 63 Construction level ............................................................................................................................... 63 Energy level ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Architectural level............................................................................................................................... 65 Design of
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