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Economic and Environmental Analysis of Investing in Solar Water Heating Systems
sustainability Article Economic and Environmental Analysis of Investing in Solar Water Heating Systems Alexandru ¸Serban 1, Nicoleta B˘arbu¸t˘a-Mi¸su 2, Nicoleta Ciucescu 3, Simona Paraschiv 4 and Spiru Paraschiv 4,* 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500152 Brasov, Romania; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Economics, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, 157 Marasesti Street, 600115 Bacau, Romania; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-721-320-403 Academic Editor: Francesco Asdrubali Received: 26 August 2016; Accepted: 2 December 2016; Published: 8 December 2016 Abstract: Solar water heating (SWH) systems can provide a significant part of the heat energy that is required in the residential sector. The use of SWH systems is motivated by the desire to reduce energy consumption and especially to reduce a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purposes of the present paper consist in: assessing the solar potential; analysing the possibility of using solar energy to heat water for residential applications in Romania; investigating the economic potential of SWH systems; and their contribution to saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions. The results showed that if solar systems are used, the annual energy savings amount to approximately 71%, and the reduction of GHG emissions into the atmosphere are of 18.5 tonnes of CO2 over the lifespan of the system, with a discounted payback period of 6.8–8.6 years, in accordance with the savings achieved depending on system characteristics, the solar radiation available, ambient air temperature and on heating load characteristics. -
Solar Energy: State of the Art
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 27, 2021 Solar energy: state of the art Furbo, Simon; Shah, Louise Jivan; Jordan, Ulrike Publication date: 2003 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Furbo, S., Shah, L. J., & Jordan, U. (2003). Solar energy: state of the art. BYG Sagsrapport No. SR 03-14 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Editors: Simon Furbo Louise Jivan Shah Ulrike Jordan Solar Energy State of the art DANMARKS TEKNISKE UNIVERSITET Internal Report BYG·DTU SR-03-14 2003 ISSN 1601 - 8605 Solar Energy State of the art Editors: Simon Furbo Louise Jivan Shah Ulrike Jordan Department of Civil Engineering DTU-bygning 118 2800 Kgs. Lyngby http://www.byg.dtu.dk 2003 PREFACE In June 2003 the Ph.D. course Solar Heating was carried out at Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. -
Net Energy Analysis of a Solar Combi System with Seasonal Thermal Energy Store
Net energy analysis of a solar combi system with Seasonal Thermal Energy Store Colclough, S., & McGrath, T. (2015). Net energy analysis of a solar combi system with Seasonal Thermal Energy Store. Applied Energy, 147, 611-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.088 Published in: Applied Energy Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © Elsevier 2015. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the author and source are cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:29. Sep. 2021 Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Applied Energy Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: Net Energy analysis of a Solar Combi System with Seasonal Thermal Energy Store Article Type: Original Paper Keywords: Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage; STES; Passive House; Life Cycle Analysis; Net Energy Ratio Corresponding Author: Dr. -
A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
sustainability Review A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage Ioan Sarbu * ID and Calin Sebarchievici Department of Building Services Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Piata Victoriei, No. 2A, 300006 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-256-403-991; Fax: +40-256-403-987 Received: 7 December 2017; Accepted: 10 January 2018; Published: 14 January 2018 Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. This paper is focused on TES technologies that provide a way of valorizing solar heat and reducing the energy demand of buildings. The principles of several energy storage methods and calculation of storage capacities are described. Sensible heat storage technologies, including water tank, underground, and packed-bed storage methods, are briefly reviewed. Additionally, latent-heat storage systems associated with phase-change materials for use in solar heating/cooling of buildings, solar water heating, heat-pump systems, and concentrating solar power plants as well as thermo-chemical storage are discussed. Finally, cool thermal energy storage is also briefly reviewed and outstanding information on the performance and costs of TES systems are included. Keywords: storage system; phase-change materials; chemical storage; cold storage; performance 1. Introduction Recent projections predict that the primary energy consumption will rise by 48% in 2040 [1]. On the other hand, the depletion of fossil resources in addition to their negative impact on the environment has accelerated the shift toward sustainable energy sources. -
Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Strategies in Passive House Design
On a Path to Zero Energy Construction: Passive House & Building Workshop Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Strategies in Passive House Design John Semmelhack www.think-little.com AGENDA o HVAC goals o Heating, Cooling, Dehumidification o Ventilation o Single-family, mixed-humid climate focus HVAC GOALS o We don’t build buildings in order to save energy o Our first job is to provide comfort! o Indoor Air Quality – first, do no harm HEAT – COOL – DEHU AGENDA o PHIUS heating + cooling load standards o Load calculations o Equipment selection o Supplemental dehumidification? o Duct design PHIUS HEATING + COOLING METRICS PHIUS HEATING + COOLING METRICS For a 2,500ft2 house: 10,000 Btu/hr heating load 12,250 Btu/hr cooling load “1-ton” LOAD CALCULATIONS* Why do we do load calcs? * aka “Peak loads” or “Design Loads” LOAD CALCULATIONS Why do we do load calcs? Prior to selecting equipment, we need to know how much heat we need to add or remove in order to maintain comfort during peak/design conditions. We’d like to pick equipment that’s neither too small (bad comfort) nor too big (higher cost and bad comfort) ……but just right! LOAD CALCULATIONS Three loads: 1. Heating 2. Sensible cooling 3. Latent cooling (aka dehumidification) LOAD CALCULATIONS Three loads: 1. Heating 2. Sensible cooling 3. Latent cooling LOAD CALCULATION METHODS Manual J o Room-by-room or block load o Typically uses 1% and 99% ASHRAE design temperatures o Incorporates solar and internal gains for cooling, but not for heating o Thermal mass/lag is accounted for in solar gains. -
Solar Community Energy and Storage Systems for Cold Climates
SOLAR COMMUNITY ENERGY AND STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR COLD CLIMATES by Farzin Masoumi Rad Bachelor of Applied Science (Mechanical Engineering), Shiraz University, Iran, 1986 Master of Applied Science (Mechanical Engineering), Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada, 2009 A dissertation presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the program of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2016 © Farzin M. Rad 2016 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this dissertation. This is a true copy of the dissertation, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my dissertation may be made electronically available to the public. ii SOLAR COMMUNITY ENERGY AND STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR COLD CLIMATES Farzin Masoumi Rad Doctor of Philosophy Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2016 Abstract For a hypothetical solar community located in Toronto, Ontario, the viability of two separate combined heating and cooling systems were investigated. Four TRNSYS integrated models were developed for different cases. First, an existing heating only solar community was modeled and compared with published performance data as the base case with suggested improvements. The base case community was then used to develop a hypothetical solar community, located in Toronto, requiring both heating and cooling. -
Passive House 101
PASSIVE HOUSE 101 An Introduction t o Passive Buildings & D e s i g n AGENDA What is Passive House Passive House Standards & Metrics Design Principles and Features Case Studies and Lessons Learned Can You Find the Passive House? Can You Find the Passive House? Passive House Passive House is a performance-based building certification that focuses on the dramatic reduction of energy use for space heating and cooling Passive House achieves: ● Dramatic reduction in overall energy use ● Dramatic reduction in carbon emissions ● Proven improvement in air quality, health, and occupant comfort ● Greater building durability ● Resilience to major weather events ● Lower operating costs ● Pathway to net-zero Goal: 90% reduction in heating and cooling loads comparted to a typical building Goal: 60-70% reduction in Typical Residential Passive House overall energy use Building comparted to typical buildings Measured Performance: 30-45% less carbon emissions than MA stretch code buildings Source: New Ecology Air Quality, Health, and Comfort Continuous ventilation of filtered air Increased use of non-toxic materials Consistent comfortable room temps Elimination of air drafts Increased natural lighting Quieter acoustic conditions Durability & Resilience Shelter in Place Maintain consistent indoor temps during extreme weather and power outages Durable & Long Lasting Construction Resists mold, rot, pests & water intrusion Passive Not Active Lower reliance on mechanical systems Passive House Examples Rocksbury House Placetailor Design/Build 33.2 EUI Wayland -
Performance Prediction of a Solar District Cooling System in Riyadh, Saudi T Arabia – a Case Study ⁎ G
Energy Conversion and Management 166 (2018) 372–384 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy Conversion and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman Performance prediction of a solar district cooling system in Riyadh, Saudi T Arabia – A case study ⁎ G. Franchini , G. Brumana, A. Perdichizzi Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 5 Marconi Street, Dalmine 24044, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The present paper aims to evaluate the performance of a solar district cooling system in typical Middle East Solar cooling climate conditions. A centralized cooling station is supposed to distribute chilled water for a residential com- District cooling pound through a piping network. Two different solar cooling technologies are compared: two-stage lithium- Parabolic trough bromide absorption chiller (2sABS) driven by Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) vs. single-stage lithium-bro- Absorption chiller mide absorption chiller (1sABS) fed by Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETCs). A computer code has been developed Thermal storage in Trnsys® (the transient simulation software developed by the University of Wisconsin) to simulate on hourly basis the annual operation of the solar cooling system, including building thermal load calculation, thermal losses in pipes and control strategy of the energy storage. A solar fraction of 70% was considered to size the solar field aperture area and the chiller capacity, within a multi-variable optimization process. An auxiliary com- pression chiller is supposed to cover the peak loads and to be used as backup unit. The two different solar cooling plants exhibit strongly different performance. For each plant configuration, the model determined the optimal size of every component leading to the primary cost minimization. -
Moisture Conditions in Passive House Wall Constructions
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 78 ( 2015 ) 219 – 224 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015 Moisture conditions in passive house wall constructions Lars Gullbrekkena*, Stig Gevingb, Berit Timea, Inger Andresena aSINTEF Buiding and Infrastructure, Trondheim, Norway bNTNU, Norwegian University of Science and technology, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering , Trondheim, Norway Abstract Buildings for the future, i.e zero emission buildings and passive houses, will need well insulated building envelopes, which includes increased insulation thicknesses for roof, wall and floor constructions. Increased insulation thicknesses may cause an increase in moisture levels and thereby increased risk of mold growth. There is need for increased knowledge about moisture levels in wood constructions of well insulated houses, to ensure robust and moisture safe solutions. Monitoring of wood moisture levels and temperatures have been performed in wall- and roof constructions of 4 passive houses in three different locations representing different climate conditions in Norway. © 20152015 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by byElsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd This. is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (Peerhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/-review under responsibility of the CENTRO). CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL. Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL Keywords: Wood fram wall, moisture, mould growth, 1. Introduction Buildings that are designed to meet the high energy performance requirement of the future, require well insulated building envelopes, with increased thicknesses of roof, wall and floor structures. Increased insulation thicknesses in the external structure could lead to increased moisture level and thus increased risk of mold growth. -
Passive House Standard: Heating a Home with a Hair Dryer
Passive Houses – “Homes you can Heat with a Hair Dryer.” For City of Portland ReTHINK Education Series 2009 By Tad Everhart - [email protected] – 503 239-8961 This is not the Time for “Incrementalism.” With potentially catastrophic climate change, severe economic decline, need for green collar jobs, and increasing energy prices, we need to build carbon-neutral buildings, not buildings that are merely x% “better than code.” After all, a code building is the worst building you can legally build. Why base our standard on the worst building? Passive House is an Approach that starts with Conservation and a Standard based on Science and Technology. Passive House starts from the premise that we must reduce energy use in buildings as far as possible. It recognizes that generally speaking, conserving energy and using it efficiently is less expensive than producing energy. It optimizes the building to the heating source as far as is technically and economically feasible. You can design and build a Passive House for no more than a 10% increase in costs---a cost quickly repaid. If we all lived in houses meeting the Passive House standard, we could lower our energy use to sustainable levels. And as technology progresses, we can raise the standards. Let’s Radically Reduce Building Energy Use: 90% below Conventional Buildings. At this level of efficiency, we can eliminate the conventional heating or air conditioning systems. This offsets any extra costs in building an energy-efficient envelope. Passive House Europe has 15,000 Passive Houses. The European Parliament adopted a resolution to make Passive House the mandatory building energy code for member nations starting 2012. -
RESET CHAPTER 2: Development and Assessment of Methodologies to Improve Local Microclimate with the Use of RES Techniques
CONTENTS RESSET - Chapter 1: Collection and documentation of the input data and evaluation tools required to carry out the study................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Development and assessment of methodologies to improve local microclimate with the use of RES techniques............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Energy Balance of Settlements ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Microclimate in Settlements .......................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Use of Passive Cooling Techniques applied to Outdoor Spaces ................................................... 6 2. Passive solar heating and cooling and advanced glazing materials...................................................... 8 2.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2. Building-integrated PV .................................................................................................................. 8 2.3. Passive solar systems .................................................................................................................... -
Calculating Design Heating Loads for Superinsulated Buildings
Technology Solutions for New and Existing Homes Building America Case Study Calculating Design Heating Loads for Superinsulated Buildings Ithaca, New York Superinsulated homes offer many benefits, including improved comfort, PROJECT INFORMATION reduced exterior noise, lower energy costs, and the ability to withstand power Project Name: Third Residential and fuel outages under much more comfortable conditions than a typical home. EcoVillage Experience (TREE) The tighter building envelope reduces the heating and cooling loads, requiring Location: Ithaca, NY much smaller heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equipment than for a Partners: conventional home. Sizing the mechanical system to these much lower loads Builder: AquaZephyr, LLC reduces first costs and the size of the distribution system. Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings, carb-swa.com Although these homes aren’t necessarily constructed with extra mass in the form of concrete floors and walls, the increase in insulation of the building Building Component: Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning envelope results in high thermal inertia that makes the building less sensitive to drastic temperature swings and decreases the peak heating load demand. Alter- Application: New and/or retrofit; single- family and/or multifamily native methods for calculating heating loads that take this inertia into account Year tested: 2014 (along with solar and internal gains) result in smaller and more appropriate design loads than those calculated using Manual J version 8 (MJ8). Climate zones: Cold (5–8) During the winter of 2013–2014, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building PERFORMANCE DATA America team Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) moni- Accuracy of Sizing Method: tored the energy use of three homes in the EcoVillage community in climate PHPP method: 30%–37% higher than zone 6 to evaluate the accuracy of two different mechanical system sizing actual design loads methods for low-load homes.