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Page 1 Principles of Mobile Computing Applications (1) EEC173B/ECS152C, Spring 2009 Computers for the next decades? . Computers are integrated Introduction to Wireless/Mobile Networking ‐ Small, cheap, portable, replaceable ‐ no more separate Motivation devices Design Constraints & Challenges . Advances in technology Taxonomy & Class Roadmap ‐ More computing power in smaller devices History & Evolution ‐ Flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption Areas of Research ‐ New user interfaces due to small dimensions ‐ More bandwidth per cubic meter ‐ Multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc., overlay networks Acknowledgment: Selected slides from Prof. Schiller & Prof. Goldsmith 2 Wireless vs. Mobile Communication Mobile Communication . Two aspects of mobility: . The demand for mobile communication creates ‐ User mobility: users communicate “anytime, anywhere, with the need for integration of wireless networks into anyone” existing fixed networks: ‐ Device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere ‐ Local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11, to the network ETSI (HIPERLAN) ‐ Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP . Wireless vs. mobile Examples ‐ Wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and stationary computer ISDN notebook in a hotel (Ethernet) wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) 3 4 Page 1 Principles of Mobile Computing Applications (1) . Accessibility . Vehicles ‐ Interface should be simple and intuitive to allow for quick, on‐the‐spot information access. ‐ Transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB . Location Awareness ‐ Personal communication using GSM ‐ Information should always be relevant to the userʹs current location. Computer are aware of their environment and ‐ Position via GPS adapt ‐ Local ad‐hoc network with vehicles close‐by to prevent . Context Awareness accidents, guidance system, redundancy ‐ Computer recognize the location of the user and react ‐ Vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high‐speed trains) can appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding) be transmitted in advance for maintenance . Mobility . Emergencies ‐ Device should be efficient in both space and weight freeing ‐ Early transmission of patient data to the hospital, the users from physical burdens. current status, first diagnosis . Security ‐ Replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of ‐ Device should be secure enough for users to store personal earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. data and respect userʹs privacy. ‐ Crisis, war, ... 5 6 Mobile and wireless services – Example Application: Road Traffic Always Best Connected UMTS, GSM LAN LAN, WLAN GSM 53 kbit/s 115 kbit/s 100 Mbit/s, 780 kbit/s Bluetooth 500 kbit/s WLAN 54 Mbit/s UMTS, WLAN, c o h DAB, GSM, d a cdma2000, TETRA, ... UMTS, DECT 2 Mbit/s Personal Travel Assistant, GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s, DAB, PDA, laptop, WLAN 780 kbit/s GSM, UMTS, WLAN, UMTS, GSM GSM 115 kbit/s, Bluetooth, ... 384 kbit/s WLAN 11 Mbit/s 7 8 Page 2 Applications (2) Location‐Dependent Services . Traveling salesmen . Location‐aware services ‐ Direct access to customer files stored in a central location ‐ What services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment ‐ Consistent databases for all agents ‐ Mobile office . Follow‐on services ‐ Automatic call‐forwarding, transmission of the actual . Replacement of fixed networks workspace to the current location ‐ Remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities . Information services ‐ Flexibility for trade shows ‐ “Push”, e.g., current special offers in the supermarket ‐ LANs in historic buildings ‐ “Pull”, e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake? . Entertainment, education, ... Support services ‐ Outdoor Internet access ‐ Caches, intermediate results, state information etc. ‐ Intelligent travel guide with up‐to‐date History “follow” the mobile device through the fixed network location dependent information Info . ‐ Ad‐hoc networks for Privacy multi user games ‐ Who should gain knowledge about the location 9 10 Mobile Devices Wireless Data Vision Pager PDA Laptop • receive only • simpler graphical displays • fully functional Integration of heterogeneous fixed and • tiny displays • character recognition • standard applications mobile networks with varying • simple text • simplified WWW transmission characteristics messages regional Sensors, embedded vertical controllers handover metropolitan area Mobile phones Palmtop • voice, data • tiny keyboard • simple versions • simple graphical displays campus-based of standard applications horizontal handover Performance in-house 11 12 Page 3 Voice versus Data versus Video What Is the Future of Wireless Data? Voice Data Video 100 Delay < 100 ms– < 100 ms USA market 90 Packet Loss < 1% 0 <1% 80 BER 10-2 -10-3 < 10-5 < 10-7 70 cellular + PCS subs Data Rate 8-32 kbps 1-100 Mbps 1-20 Mbps 60 Internet users Traffic Continuous Bursty Continuous 50 paging subs millions 40 30 dedicated wireless 20 data subs laptop users 10 Wired Networks Trying to Integrate annual laptop sales (ATM, SONET, Multimedia Services) 0 1995 2000 *Estimates as of 1996 13 14 8C32810.80-Cimini-7/98 7C29822.008-Cimini-9/97 Gap between Wired and The Issue Is Performance !!! Wireless Network Capabilities "The mobile data market has been slow to take off, but progress is being made. The most formidable obstacle to user acceptance remains performance." I. Brodsky, "Countdown to Mobile Blast Off", LOCAL AREA PACKET SWITCHING WIDE AREA CIRCUIT SWITCHING Network World, February 19, 1996 100,000 100 M ATM 100,000 ATM Ethernet Mobile Network Radio Radio Mobility Signaling/ 10,000 FDDI 10,000 Multimedia Adaptation Protocols Protocols Control Routing wired- wireless Terminal & Control & Modem & Modem Protocols Mobility Ethernet bit-rate "gap" Control 1000 User 1000 User wired- wireless Bit-Rate Bit-Rate ISDN bit-rate "gap" Network (kbps) 2nd gen (kbps) Wireless Radio Interface 100 WLAN 100 28.8 modem Interface Radio Link Port 1st gen 32 kbps Polling WLAN 9.6 modem PCS 10 10 14.4 9.6 cellular digital cellular Packet 2.4 modem 1 1 2.4 cellular RADIO ACCESS SEGMENT MOBILE NETWORK SEGMENT Radio BROADBAND WIRELESS NETWORK .1 .1 .01 .01 19701980 1990 2000 19701980 1990 2000 • Link Performance: Data Rate and Quality YEAR YEAR • Network Performance: Access, Coverage, Reliability, QoS, and Internetworking 15 16 8C32810.79-Cimini-7/98 8C32810.81-Cimini-7/98 Page 4 EEC173B/ECS152C, Winter 2006 Technical Challenges 1. Scarce Radio Spectrum Introduction to Wireless/Mobile Networking 2. Radio Channel Characteristics Motivation . Time‐varying and location dependent Design Constraints & Challenges . Limits on signal coverage and data rates Taxonomy & Class Roadmap 3. Low power, low cost implementation History & Evolution 4. Mobility: Seamless Internetworking Areas of Research 5. Shared medium . Authentication, security, and privacy issues 18 1. Scarce Radio Spectrum Spectrum Allocation . Spectrum is expensive and heavily regulated . Frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied . 3G spectrum auction in EU ‐ $35 billion in England, $46 billion in Germany Q: Is spectrum really that scarce and expensive? 19 20 Page 5 Spectrum Usage: high Spectrum Usage: medium 1850-1900MHz Band 2300-2360MHz band 21 22 Spectrum Usage: Low Spectrum Occupancy Is Low . Shared Spectrum’s measurements indicate ‐ Low occupancy bands ‐ High occupancy bands ‐ Under 3GHz, over 62% of white space •White space: more than 1MHz wide 10 minutes long . FCC Spectrum Policy Task Force Report ‐ The limiting factor: spectrum access instead of physical scarcity of spectrum ‐ Due to legacy command‐and‐control regulation ‐ More flexible regulations needed 1990-2100MHz band 23 24 Page 6 3. Low‐Power/Low‐Cost Devices for 2. Channel Conditions Portability Compared to fixed networks, wireless networks have . Limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity . Time‐varying and location‐dependent transmission 2 performance ‐ CPU: power consumption ~ CV f •C: internal capacity, reduced by integration ‐ Higher loss‐rates due to interference, e.g., emissions of engines, microwaves, lightning •V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit ‐ Depends on strength of desired signals vs. noise and/or •f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally interference . Limited user interfaces . Low transmission rates ‐ Compromise between size of fingers and portability ‐ Local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with ‐ Integration of character/voice recognition, abstract GSM symbols . Higher delays, higher jitter . Limited memory ‐ Connection setup time with GSM in the second range, ‐ Limited value of mass memories with moving parts several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems ‐ Flash‐memory or ? as alternative 25 26 4. Mobility/Seamless Inter‐Networking 5. Shared Medium . Always shared medium . Interconnectivity between fixed network and ‐ Secure access mechanisms important heterogeneous wireless networks . Lower security, simpler active attacking ‐ Wireless Wide‐Area Networks (WWANs): Cellular networks ‐ Radio interface accessible for everyone, base station ‐ Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs): WiFi, IEEE 802.11x can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile ‐ Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMANs): WiMAX phones ‐ Wireless ad hoc networks, mobile ad hoc network ‐ Mesh/community networks ‐ Wireless sensor networks ‐ … Wearable motes? . Need efficient architecture and protocols 27 28
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