Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas), studies from Mexico. Fishery, Ecology & Climate

Salinas-Zavala C.A. & CIBNOR-Jumbo-Squid-Team:

S. Camarillo-Coop, A. Mejia-Rebollo, R. Rosas-Luis, J. Ramos-Castillejos, R. Ramírez-Rojo, D Arizmendi, G. Bazzino, N. Dimaté & U. Markaida-Aburto.

[email protected] Honolulu, Hawaii, nov. 2006 OUTLINE

•FISHERY. •Geographical context. Transition Climate Zone •Landings & Retrospective •Socioeconomics aspects •ECOLOGY. •Gulf of Studies •Populations structure variability •Juveniles studies •West Coast of Baja & California Current Studies •Adults Spatial Distribution •Growth & Age •Feeding •Paralarvae collected •CLIMATE •ENSO vs. Spatial distribution changes •Biological Action Centers (BAC´S) •Some indicators of parallelisms between south/north hemispheres •REMARCKS FISHERY Fishery Geographic context

Oceanic thermic condition

Transition Zone

High interannual variability Fishery Landings & Retrospective

Fishing in west coast El Niño 03-04 La Niña 99-00 El Niño 97-98 La Niña 88-89 El Niño conditions 140,000

120,000 Japanese exploring 100,000 80,000 60,000

Landings (t) Landings 40,000 Artisanal period

No fishing period 2005

20,000 Exploring west coast Period high abundance 0 2007 2004 2001 1998 1995 1992 1989 1986 1983 1980 1977 1974 1971 Fishery Socioeconomics aspects

‰ Populations dynamics scarce knowledge. ‰ Fourth fishery in Mexico. ‰ Employs more than 3,500 fishermens in the Northwest Mexico. ‰ Mantain the fishery industry active & create parallel industries. ‰ Beneficious for the regional people. ‰ High potential to development add value industry. Fishery Socioeconomics aspects

Table I. Nominal & Real average price of Jumbo Squid in Guaymas for 1995 and 2003 Pangas Ships 1995 2003 1995 2003 Average nominal price 1.33 1.32 1.43 1.64 Average real price* 0.81 0.34 0.86 0.43 Price of 2003 equivalent to 1.7 2.6 1995

*Deflactation used Index of products-prices from Bank of Mexico 1994=0. Source: Data from landings records of major & minor boats, Fishery Office in Guaymas, Son.

4.00 3.50 (pesos) 3.00

each 2.50 b

n 2.00 o e

c 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Average pri 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year

Ship Average Price Pangas Average Price ECOLOGY

¨To increase the knowledge for the management of marine resources¨ Ecology Gulf of California Studies

1. Interannual variability of the populations structure FEMALES

80

70 Our results indicate the existence of a strong 60 50

variability in the population structure of jumbo squid ML (cm) 40

within the Gulf of California, mainly at level of the 30

sizes structure, which is reflected in the size of first 20

10 maturity. The changes in the abundance and 1996 1997 1998 1999 2003 2004 population structure of jumbo squid seem to be YEAR MALES related not only to the occurrence of events El Niño but also to the intensity or magnitude of such. 80 Figure show interannual variability of the mantle 70 dorsal length (MDL) of jumbo squid in Santa 60 50 ML (cm) ML Rosalía, BCS, Mexico. Data before 2003 from 40

Markaida (2002 & 2006) 30

20

10 1996 1997 1998 1999 2003 2004 YEAR Bazzino, et al., 2006 submitted Ecology Gulf of California Studies

2. Presence of paralarvae

During 2003 and 2004 were made in Santa Rosalia BCS monthly, nocturnal and superficial trawls with a conical simple net (60 cm of diameter and 505 µ). Organisms corresponding to the Rhynchoteuthion paralarvae characteristic of the Family Ommastrephidae were collected, which would indicate that the area is also used to carry out the spawning of this specie.

100 2003 2004 80

60

Ind. 40

20

0 JFMAMJJASOND Months Ecology

Presence of juveniles in the Gulf of California & West Coast

In research cruises inside and outside the Gulf of California, juveniles organisms with MDL between 1,81 - 8,58 cm were collected with dip-net, which suggests an ample distribution of the spawning & nursery grounds. These organisms are preserved in alcohol for future genetic analyses Ecology

Importance of the jumbo squid in the pelagic ecosystem of the Gulf of California

Nombre del Grupo Biomasa P/B Q/B EE (ton/km-2) base anual base anual 1 Aves marinas 0.01300 0.379 73.769 2 Cachalote 0.03 0.03 5.275 3 Mamíferos marinos 0.015 0.08 20.252 4 Tiburones pelágicos 0.473 7.628 0.736 Control top-down in central 5 Pelágicos mayores 0.195 1.257 9.747 0.7 6 Pelágicos medianos 1.109 0.885 5.198 0.965 part of the Gulf of California 7 Pelágicos menores 5.742 4.505 15.722 0.94 8 Demersales 1.792 0.956 3.782 0.869 9 Myctophidae 0.863 1.592 7.262 0.803 10 Calamar gigante 0.568 3.252 13.819 11 Eufausidos 1.1 7 24.886 12 Langostilla 2.7 1.201 17.362 13 Macrobentos 0.8320 3.48 12.704 0.907 14 Camarones 0.59 2.29 26.198 15 Zooplancton 12 25.678 86.264 0.900 16 Meiobentos 2.113 11.284 39.52 17 Fitoplancton 95.952 0.9 18 Detritus 3

Rosas-Luis, 2005 Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Studies Sampling squid Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Adults distribution

32 32 32 55 0..44 11000 32 .5 103

30 30 5 7 30 7.5 10.3 10 110.4 .415 5 110 .35 33. 111 3.4 .6 4151 30 110 13. .5 1 113 5 .6 445 3 7.. 11 1111 5 .55 17.5 117 28 1 28 17.6 .615 117 28 2 4.2 42 35. 3. 11.2425 .6 2 2004 3. 0 1223 2 5 1 1 28 .615 0.6 120 12 .6 23.6 45 123 7.45 1 27. 12 1.5 7.5 127 12 7.55 6 12 7..6 1122 .5 30.5 26 130 26 1 26 26 .55 133 5 37.4 .15 137

24 24 24 24 IMECOCAL 0407 IMECOCAL 0404/05 IMECOCAL 0401/02 IMECOCAL 0410 22 22 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 22 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110

32 32 32 32

30 30 30 30

28 28 28 28 2005

26 26 26 26

24 24 24 24

IMECOCAL 0504/05 IMECOCAL 0501/02 IMECOCAL 0510

22 22 22 22 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110 -118 -116 -114 -112 -110

The presence of the adults has been continously the last two years Mejia-Rebollo, 2006 Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Growth & Age Table II. Statistics comparation between growth curves of jumbo squid D. gigas from West coast 2004 & Gulf of California 1995-1997, in accordance for Integral Logistic Model. N number of individuals, SCR Residual square residuals, MCR Residual Exp2, *** P<0.001 Sex N Parameters SCR MCR F(3,385) P Females CO 143 Y∞ =877.5 1255.39 8.9035 K=0.009536 To=234.9 51.50 ***

GC 247 Y∞=896.1 489250 2005 K=0.0118 To=235 Males CO 46 Y∞=792.1 328.4971 7.465 K= 0.01065 To=214.3 12.24 ***

GC 133 Y∞=842.1 236077 1815 k=0.0116 to=223.3 Data for GC from Markaida, 2002 The growing parameters are statistically different between GC and CO Mejia-Rebollo, 2006 Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Feeding

Tabla III. Porcentage of preys in the diet of jumbo squid in the west coast of Baja California Peninsula Preys 2004 2005 Pleuroncodes planipes 61.45 74.77 Main prey Vincingueria spp 12.71 8.41 Mictophidae 2.78 2.04 Copepoda 10.25 Pteropoda 2.72 0.51 Piscies 0.90 3.56 Octopoda 0.11 0.59 Teuthidae 2.91 1.78 MONI 1.63 2.21 Others 4.54 6.13 Rosas-Luis, in prepation Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Feeding during the day

¨…..During a research cruise on board of BIP XII of the CIBNOR at March, 2005 were observed jumbo squids feeding during the day and surface at 23° 26.84´ LN and 110° 39.84´ LW (12:35 p.m.). The great abundance of red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) in the surface was evident and the squids swam throughout of them. When they were feeding elevated its arms and tentacles outside the water. Nine organisms were collected, eight were females in stages III, IV & V of maturity and one male in advanced stage of maturity V. The average of MDL was of 73,9 (♀) and 63,0 (♂) cm. Figure show squid feeding red crab in surface during the day and squid with red crab between arms.….¨ Ecology

West Coast off Peninsula of Baja California Studies

Paralarvae preserved on ethanol

252 Rhynchoteuthion 2005

Ramos-Castillejos, in preparation CLIMATE

¨Scales of variability & marine resources¨ Climate

ENSO vs Changes Distribution of Jumbo Squid

La Niña 1999

El Niño 1997

AREA Fishing site Santa Rosalía Santa Rosalía, Santa María, Cabo Vírgenes San Lucas San Lucas San Bruno San Bruno Mulegè Mulegé, Bahía Concepción, Punta Chivato, San Nicolás, Bahía de Santa Inés, El Coloradito, Isla San Marcos, Roca Lobos Loreto Ensenada Blanca, Ligui, Loreto Bahía de la Paz, Isla Espíritu Santo, San Juan de la Costa, El , Isla La Paz San José, El Sausoso, Pichilingue, San Evaristo Puerto Adolfo López Mateos, Buena Vista, Aguas Litorales, Bahía Bahía Magdalena Magdalena, Isla Magdalena, Puerto San Carlos, Banderitas, Punta Entrada

Dimaté, 2004 Climate

Basin effects on changes distribution of Jumbo Squid? Jumbo squid from West Coast off Baja Possible mechanism to explain the expansion of Dosidicus gigas population into the north hemisphere Dosidicus gigas

32° 9801-02 9807 ?

30°

28°

26°

24° 118° 116° 114° 112° 118° 116° 114° 112°

Org / 1000 m 3 1 - 15 16 - 63 64 - 255

256 - 1023

Camarillo-Coop, 2006 When El Niño events…

BACs

Punta Banda Punta Eugenia 1997

Bahía Magdalena Oligotrophic waters

San Diego Bight 2000+ Monterey Bay Exist parallelisms between South & North Hemispheres? Jumbo squid Landings Mexico Peru

250000 120,000

100,000 200000

80,000 150000 60,000 tons 100000 40,000 Captura (t)

20,000 50000

0 0 0 2 6 8 0 9 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 0

1986 1988 1 1 1994 1 1 2 2002 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005* Año * Preliminary Jigging Fleet Artisanal fleet Total

16000

14000

12000

10000 Chile 8000

6000 Landings (t) Landings 370,000 t in 2005! 4000

2000

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Spreading distribution

Sitka, Alaska

Photo: Dr. Hochberg 37° N - 40° S 125° W Surface – 1500 m

Main concentrations zones

Chiloe, Chile México: Central region of the Gulf of California • Sudamérica: Coast of Perú & After Wormuth, 1998 Chile Strandings La Jolla, 2002

New Port Beach 2004

Puerto Montt, Chile 2004

Chiloe, Chile 2004 KEY QUESTION

JUMBOJUMBO SQUIDSQUID AREARE SPREADINGSPREADING ITSITS GEOGRAPHICGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION ININ BOTHBOTH HEMISPHERES.HEMISPHERES.

YES Remarks

9 Jumbo squid is one of the most important fishery in Mexico

9 Recently is more frequently in the California Current

9 This specie is a voracious and active predator

9 It has an important paper in the trophic structure of the pelagic ecosystem

9 ENSO affect the distribution of Jumbo Squid in northwest Mexico

9 Already cross the border!

The next questions are:

How many years it will remain here?

Exist parallelism between south & north hemisphere spreading squids?

We need study the habitat & long term climate fluctuations NEWS!!

New Horizon cruise, 2006

Artificial fertilization Thanks!

Grupo Calamar Gigante CIBNOR Dr. César A. Salinas Zavala Dosidicus gigas e-mail [email protected] wild egg mass