Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18729-0 — Transnationalism in Iranian Political Thought: the Life and Times of Ahmad Fardid Ali Mirsepassi Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18729-0 — Transnationalism in Iranian Political Thought: The Life and Times of Ahmad Fardid Ali Mirsepassi Index More Information

Index

absolute truth, 233 Arendt, Hannah, 123 Achaemenid nationalism, 54–55 Aristotelian philosophy, 103–104 Adkhavan-Sales, Mehdi, 57 art, as part of metaphysics, 285–286 Adorno, Theodor, 142–143, 193–194, Asad, Talal, 156–157, 164–165, 252 212–213 critique of authenticity, 194 Ashouri, Dariush, 153, 310, Afary, Janet, 169–171, 184 325, 344 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 38–39 Atashi, Manouchehr, 295 Afshar, Iraj, 149 Ataturk, Kemal, 25–26 agency, validity of, 351 authenticity Ahmad, Jalal Al-e, 49, 50–51, 270, Adorno on, 194 276, 311, 333 Iqbal on, 27–28, 32 Akhundzadeh, Mirza Fath-Ali, 52–53 of Iranian culture, 52–55 Alavi, Bozorg, 44 of Islam, 18–19, 21, 27–28, 32, Albert the Great, 103–104 91–92, 158–160 Almond, Ian, 169 authoritarianism, 9–10 alternative Iran, 121–122 autonomy of religion, 214 Amanat, Abbas, 41, 109, 310 Avicenna, 18, 103, 244, 250–251 Amoli, Seyyed Haydar, 312–313 Anderson, Kevin, 170, 171, 184 Babism, 36, 38 Anglo-Persian agreement, 5 Baghai, Mozaffar, 70 anti-Enlightenment, 133, 136 Bahar, Mohammad Taghi, 44 anti-modernism, 318, 347 Bani Sadr, Abolhassan, 263, 292 Islamist discourse influenced by, 348 Barrès, Maurice, 139 anti-Orientalism, 186–187, 273–277 Bases scientifiques d’une philosophie anti-rationalism, 18 de l’histoire (Le Bon), 275 anti-Semitism, 122 Bataille, Georges, 112, 188, 197–199 Dreyfus Affair and, 122–123 sacred sociology, 199 of Fardid, 344 Bayat, Mangol, 41 anti-Western attitudes, among Iranian Bazargan, Mehdi, 168 intellectuals, 49, 50, 51–52. See Havalat-e Tarikhi argument against, also Westoxification 299 Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas Beaulieu, Alain, 169 al-Arabi, 135 Being, for Heidegger, 202–203, Arani, Taghi, 44, 79–80, 348–349 235–236 Donya, 80 Being and Nothingness on erfan, 81 (Sartre), 208 The Archaeology of Knowledge Being and Time (Heidegger), 112, (Foucault), 196 133–134, 302 Aref, 52–53 Bendix, Reinhard, 51

383

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18729-0 — Transnationalism in Iranian Political Thought: The Life and Times of Ahmad Fardid Ali Mirsepassi Index More Information

384 Index

Bergman, Ingmar, 22 Constitutional movement. See Bergson, Henri, 11–12, 74, 85 Mashruteh movement Arani on, 79–80 Constitutional Revolution, 4, 34, critique of positivism, 93 281–284 Elm-e Hozuri and, 94–100 double Westoxification and, 282 Fardid and, 77–78, 88–94, 248–253, external influences on, 4–5 254 Fardid on, 5–6 Forughi on, 85 French Revolution as influence on, intuition for, 86–87, 94–96, 110, 283 231 German Enlightenment tradition Iqbal influenced by, 25 and, 118 mysticism for, 249, 250 nationalist movement and, 5–6 Rashid-Yasemi on, 84 Russian Social Democracy and, 35 Vojud-e Dahri and, 101 Shi’a radicalism and, 35 Westoxification of, 249 Western liberalism and, 35 Bergson, Henri, works of Constitutionalism, 282 Creative Evolution, 84, 85–88, Corbet, Gustave, 125 98–99 Corbin, Henry, 11, 12, 34, 100, 114 Matter and Memory, 85–88, on alternative Iran, 121–122 98–99 anti-Enlightenment visions, 133, 136 Time and Free Will, 84, 85–88, 94 anti-Semitism and, 122 The Two Sources of Morality and apolitical life of, 118–119 Religion, 81–82, 85–88 on causality, 206 Bergsonian shock, 109 critique of, 117 Berman, Marshall, 40 on demystification of real world, bin Laden, Osama, 221–222 193–194 Iranian Revolution (1978) influence Dreyfus Affair and, 122–123 on, 7 early life of, 122 The Blind Owl (Hedayat), 54, 67 on empirical knowledge, 204–208 Bloch, Ernst, 202 self-creation over, 194–197 Boehme, Jacob, 105–106, 125 Fardid influenced by, 68–69, 73–74, Boroujerdi (Ayatollah), 7 102–103, 111–116, 119–122, Bourke, Jason, 302 139–143, 248–253, 308, 319 Brecht, Bertolt, 46–47 Foucault and, 187 Burroughs, William S., 187 Heidegger as influence on, 112, Bush, George W., 272 119–122, 133–137, 190 hermeneutics for, 135–136 Camus, Albert, 46–47 on hermeneutics of religions, 120 capitalism. See liberal capitalism Hurqalya and, 132, 136 causality, 206 in Iran, 134 censorship, 292 Iranian philosophy influenced by, censorship, of intellectuals, 47 141 Chatterjee, Partha, 212–213, 224 as Iranophile scholar, 117, 142–143 Chevalier, Jacques, 92 Islamic legalism and, 191–192 Chubak, Said, 44 on mapping of the imaginal, 124, colonialism, 51 125–128 academic denunciation of, 350 Mellon as patron of, 116 Confederation of Iranian on modernity, 140 Students, 46 on monotheism, 124 conformism, in academia, 351 on Muslim spirituality, 114–115

Index 385

as mystic, 218 Davari, Reza, 153, 270, 294 on mystical unconscious, 201–204 death of man. See man, death of on mysticism, 112–114 death of the ego. See fana intellectual traditions of, 192–193 Debray, Régis, 46 Nietzsche as influence on, 121 decadent mysticism, 27 Orientalist tradition of, 118–119 “Delam Bara-ye Baghcheh Misuzad” Pahlavi and, 116 (Farrokhzad), 58 philosophy for, development of, Delcassé, Théophile, 123 128–133 democracy as alternative to the academic denunciations of, 350 Enlightenment, 131–132 Fardid’s critique of, 286–287 as Platonist, 129–130 in Iran, 282 political Islam and, 13 Islam and, 6, 241 post-metaphysical other for, demystification 137–139 classical sociologists on, 193–194 privileging of mythical over defined, 193 empirical thought, 119–122 Descartes, René, 106, 125 prophetic philosophy, 204 Dewey, John, 74 reconciliation theory, 140 Fardid influenced by, 77 rejection of modernity by, 115 dialectic, 296 on the secular, 122–125 Diruz. See yesterday on self-creation over knowledge, The Divine Encounter and Apocalyptic 194–197 Revelations (Fardid), 222–223 Sohrawardî as influence on, 124, Donya, 80 125–128, 129, 130 double Westoxification, 275–276 spiritual Shi’ism for, 15, 78, 168, Constitutional Revolution 191 and, 282 on Sufi heritage, 134 Dowlatabadi, Mahmoud, 58 Western influences on, critiques of, dreams, 221 297 Dreyfus, Hubert, 213 on Zoroastrianism, 102–103 Dreyfus Affair, 233–234 cosmopolitanism, modernity and Drumont, Eduoard, 139 Mashruteh movement and, 42–43 Dugin, Alexander, 347 transformation of local institutions Durkheim, Émile, 137–138, 255, 256 as part of, 40 demystification of reality for, counter-Enlightenment 193–194 German, 10 Fardid’s critique of, 256 Heidegger on, 23–24, 133–134 Dustdar, Aramesh, 75 Creative Evolution (Bergson), 84, 85, 98–99 Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 44 creativity. See the imaginal; self- Eastern Spirituality, 9, 300–301 creation construction of, 14–15 critique, validity of, 351 humanism and, 241–242 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 28 Westoxification and, 20 The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Echkart, Meister, 104–105, 310, Mind (Le Bon), xii, 75 312–313 unity of existence, 105 Daneshvar, Simin, 49 Eliade, Mircea, 137 Darvishian, Ali Ashraf, 57–58 elm al-asma (knowledge of signs), 226. Dasein, 154, 157, 205, 235 See also etymology

386 Index

elm-e hozuri (intuitive knowledge), 18, anti-rationalism of, 18 94–100, 110, 230–234. See also anti-Semitism of, 344 intuition on authentic Islam, 18–19, 21, in Bergson works, 94, 100 27–28, 32, 91–92, 158–160 defined, 94 authoritarian attitude of, 9–10 Emami, Sa’d, 272 Bergson and, 77–78, 88–94, empirical knowledge. See knowledge, 248–253, 254 empirical on causality, 206 Emruz. See today on censorship, 292 Engebert, Ulrich, 103–104 class analysis by, 298–299 Engineer, Asghar Ali, 29, 31 on cleansing of Islam, 21 the Enlightenment. See also anti- conspiracy theories of, 331–332 Enlightenment; counter- on Constitutional Revolution, 5–6 Enlightenment; modernity Corbin as influence on, 68–69, alternatives to, 131–132 73–74, 102–103, 111–116, Foucault rejection of, 186 119–122, 139–143, 248–253, French tradition of, 136 308, 319 German tradition of, 106, 107, 118 as creative person, 334 Universal Referents and, 180 critical observations about, 307–308 Eranos conferences, 137 critique of democracy, 286–287 erfan-e nazari (speculative mysticism), critique of human sciences, 253–257 81, 112, 137. See also Sufism critique of humanism, 160, 166, Ergriffenheit (primal ontic seizure), 205, 241–244 209–210 critique of Iranian intellectuals, Eshghi, Mirzadeh, 52–53 291–297 Eslam, Fada’iyan-e, 294–295 critique of liberalism, 262 Esm Shanasi, 155 critique of Orientalist tradition, 153, esotericism, 254 163 eternal existence. See vojud-e dahri critique of Western thought, 141, etymology, 223–230 157–159 in critique of Western philosophy, on cultural revolution, benefits of, 225–226 248 Westoxification and, 227–228 on death of God, 242 Europe defense of dogmatism, 257–262 Confederation of Iranian Students on democracy in conflict with Islam, in, 46 6, 241 Fardid in, 147–151, 313 on demystification of real world, 193–194 Fada’iyan-e Eslam, 265–266 on dialectic, 296 fall of Mosaddegh, 307 difficulty in understanding, fana (death of the ego), 208 333–334, 335 Al-Farabi, 18, 244 division of history for, 236, 239 Farah (Queen), 264 Durkheim critiqued by, 256–257 Farda. See tomorrow early years of, 71–74 Fardid, Ahmad, 33, 60, 114, 222–223. Eastern Spirituality and, 9, 300 See also Westoxification construction of, 14–15 aggression toward others, 336 humanism and, 242 on alternative Iran, 121–122 Westoxification and, 20 ambitions for power, 337–344 eccentricity of, 336 anecdotes about, 328 elitism of, 322

Index 387

elm-e hozuri and, 230–234 life chronology, x–xii on empirical knowledge, 204–208 marginalization of, after 1978 self-creation over, 194–197 Iranian Revolution, 264, 312, ethical slurs of, 331–332 342–343 etymology of, 223–230 Marxism and, 3–4, 296 in Europe, 147, 313 critique of, 297–300 Foucault and, 187 on liberal intellectualism, critique Frankfurt School and, 300 of, 297–300 on freemasons, 279, 331–332 metamorphosis of, 300–303 friendships for, volatility of, 279 on moderation of Islamic traditions, as fundamentalist, 261 259–261 on German Christian philosophy, 103 on modernity, 140 on German Enlightenment, as mystic, 218 philosophical development on mysticism during, 107 critique of, 249 on German mystic philosophy, 103 intellectual traditions of, 192–193 havalat-e tarikhi and, 154, 205, negative attributes of, 330–332 235–241 Nietzsche as influence on, 121 Hedayat and, 67–68 from 1935 to 1946 Heidegger and, 3, 4, 100–109, 112, on Bergson, 77–78, 88–94 113, 119–122, 190 Dewey as influence, 77 hermeneutics for, 320, 323 erfan-e nazari, 137 historical Islam for, 15, 191 Hedayat as influence, 76 as indecisive, 335–336 intellectual development, 67–76 on infallibility of leadership, 291 mystical reading of Western intellectual development of, 8 philosophy, 68–69 intellectual shortcomings of, philosophical influences, 68–69, 108–109 100–109 on intellectualism, 326–327 published writings, 76 on intelligence, 99–100 Western influences, 74–75 on intuition, 230–234 writings of, 74–75 on Iranian heritage, 315–316 as omniscient, 324 Iranian Revolution (1978) and, 6–7, as oral philosopher, 69 266–269 paranoia of, 331 marginalization after, 264, 312, on Persian philosophy, 244–245 342–343 philosophical legacy, 324–325 on Islamic Republic of Iran, as philosophical visionary, 321–322, 312, 340 343 Islamic scholarship of, 325–327 as political candidate, 265–266 on Islamism as social change political Islam and, 13–14 model, 3 politicization of philosophy for, Islamist utopia for, 300 245–248 Kant and, 100–109 priority of intuitive knowledge for, 18 on Kasravi, 294–295 privileging of language by, 156 on Khomeini, 288–291, 341–342 privileging of mythical over lack of discipline, 346 empirical thought, 119–122 Le Bon and, 251–252 on Rafsanjani, 257, 258–259 as leading philosophical influence in on reason, 230–234 Iran, 311–313 rejection of modernity by, 115, leftism and, 300 157–159

388 Index

Fardid, Ahmad (cont.) death of man for, 185 religious centrality of language for, on demystification of real world, 20 193–194 role in Iranian political history, 3 on empirical knowledge, 204–208 on Sadr, 292 self-creation over, 194–197 scope of literary works, 109 Fardid and, 187 on self-creation over empirical gnostic tradition for, 210 knowledge, 194–197 Heidegger as influence on, 190 on Shariati, critique of, 292–293 on imaginary Islam, 190–193 Shayegan and, 266, 267–268, on Iranian Revolution (1978), 32, 269–270, 311, 321 168–184, 214 spiritual objectivity of, 317–318 collected writings on, 168, 174 spiritual politics of, 4 on madness, 203 sympathy for Leftist politics, on mystical unconscious, 201–204 247–248 on mysticism, 187 sympathy for Nazism, 344 intellectual traditions of, as unpopular, 336 192–193 valayat and, 285–287 on Nazism, 211 velayat and, 285–287 nostalgia for God, 209 vojud-e dahri and, 101 on ontological privilege, 173 Western influences on, 10–12, on politics of spirituality, 167, 169, 100–109 183, 184–190 on writing and thinking style, 159 rejection of the Enlightenment, 186 on Zoroastrianism, 102–103 scientific knowledge for, 188 Farno, Behrooz, 309, 310, 312–313, on self-creation over knowledge, 314–315 194–197 Farrokhzad, Forugh, 58, 295, 336 on spiritual Islam, 168 Fazlinejad, Payam, 271 on subjugated knowledges, 188 fetrat-e aghli (nature of reason), Sufism and, 208–211 106–107 on Westoxification, 167 film culture, in Iran, 58–59 Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Film-Farsi, 58–59 Gender and the Seductions of Mashdi Esma’il’, 62 Islamism (Afary and Anderson), The Swallows Return to Their Nest, 169–171 59–61 France. See also Corbin, Henry; French Film-Farsi, 58–59 Revolution fixed cultural identity, 203–204 anti-Semitism in, 122–123 Fokoli, 56 colonial rivalry with Great Britain, Forughi, Mohammad Ali, 79, 280 123 on Bergson, 85–88 Dreyfus Affair in, 122–123 as member of political and cultural the Enlightenment tradition in, 136 establishment, 87–88 rationalism in, 107 Foucault, Michel, 157, 164, 186, 188, Third Republic, 122–123, 131 196–197, 219 Frankfurt School, 193–194, 300 as anti-Orientalist, 186–187 Frederic the Great, 106 Bataille and, 198–199 freemasons, 279–280, 331–332 on causality, 206 French Revolution, 238 Corbin and, 187 Constitutional Revolution influenced critique of humanism, 166–167 by, 283 critique of Orientalism, 211–214 Rights of Man after, 290

Index 389

“From Kant to Heidegger” (Fardid), Corbin influenced by, 112, 119–122, 100–109 133–137, 190 fundamentalism, 261 counter-Enlightenment ideas of, 23–24, 134 Gellner, Ernest, 49 deconstruction of metaphysics, 229 German counter-Enlightenment, 10 Dugin influenced by, 347 of Heidegger, 23–24 Fardid and, 3, 4, 100–109, 112, German Enlightenment 113–114, 119–122, 190 Constitutional Revolution and, 118 Foucault influenced by, 190 Fardid on, 107–108 the imaginal and, 11 rationalism during, 106–108 Iqbal influenced by, 25 Germany as mystic, 218–219 Christian philosophy in, 103–106 Nietzsche as influence on, 121 mystic philosophy in, 103–106 nihilism for, 242 Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz, 170, 171, privileging of mythical over 178–179, 180–184 empirical thought, 119–122 on birth of ideas, 182 roots for, 28 on the Enlightenment, 180 What is Called Thinking, 318–319 on Iranian Revolution (1978), 184 Hemingway, Ernest, 46–47 on rule of law, 182–183 hermeneutics Gharbzadegi. See Westoxification for Corbin, 135–136 al-Ghazali, 28 for Fardid, 320, 323 global community, 225–226 history as distinct from, 127 gnostic tradition, for Foucault, 210 of religion, 120 gnosticism, 82 Sufism and, 320 God, death of, 242 historical Islam, 15, 191 Golestan, Ebrahim, 44 history. See also intellectual history, Golshan, Hamid, 100 of Iran Gorki, Maxim, 46–47 division of, for Fardid, 236–237, Great Britain 239–240 colonial rivalry with France, hermeneutics as distinct from, 127 123–124 of religion, 23 Pahlavi regime supported by, 5, 43 The History of Philosophy in Europe Greek rationalism, 27–28 (Forughi), 85–88, 280 Green Movement, 310 Hitler, Adolf, 138 Guevara, Ernesto Che, 46 Hokumat-e Ghanun (rule of law) Gutting, Gary, 173 movement, 38–39 Homayoun, Dariush, 153 Hafez, 9, 12, 320 Hossein, Seyyed, 137 Halliday, Fred, 7 human sciences Hashemi, Mansour, 309, 310, 313, defined, 253 324, 361 Fardid’s critique of, 253–257 havalat-e tarikhi, 154, 205, 235–241, Westoxification and, 257 299. See also Dasein humanism Hedayat, Sadegh, 44, 54, 67, 70, 150 Eastern Spirituality and, 242 Fardid and, 67–68, 76 Fardid’s critique of, 160–163, 166, Heidegger, Martin, 11–12, 68–69, 114, 205–206, 241–244 164, 208 Foucault’s critique of, 166 on Being, 203, 235–236 mysticism influenced by, 162–163 Being and Time, 112, 134, 302 nation-states and, 161–162

390 Index

humanism (cont.) intuitive knowledge. See elm-e hozuri political significance of, 163 Iqbal, Muhammad, 10–11, 23, Shariati’s critique of, 241 248–249 sociology and, 256 on authentic Islam, 27–28, 32 Westoxification and, 242–243 Bergson as influence on, 25 Hurqalya (world of image), 36–37, concreteness of Qur’an for, 27–28 132–133, 136 on creation of modern Islam, 25–26 Husserl, Edmund, 233 on Greek rationalism, 27–28 hybrid Islamic-nationalist ideology, 7 Heidegger as influence on, 25 on modern Iranian intellectual Ibn al-Arabi, 36, 327 history, 33–39 identity. See national identity on Muslim crisis, 26 identity politics, 302 on mysticism, 26–27, 220 identity thinking, 193–194 political Islam and, 13–14 idolatry, Marxism and, 298 Reconstruction of Religious Thought imaginal, 11, 124–128. See also in Islam, 45 Hurqalya Iran. See also Constitutional imaginary Islam, 190–193 Revolution; Fardid, Ahmad; imperialism, 51 intellectual history, of Iran; intellectual history, of Iran Iranian Revolution (1978); Islamic authenticity of Iranian culture and, Republic of Iran; national identity, 52–55 in Iran; Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza cosmopolitans as part of, 42–43 alternative, 121–122 diversity of intellectuals, 38 Anglo-Persian agreement in, 5 Iqbal on, 33–39 colonialism in, destructive effects Mashruteh movement and, 42–43 of, 51 messianic radicalism and, 38, 42, Corbin in, 134 47–48 critique of modernization in, 50–51 Persian influences on, 34–35 democratization of, 282 radical modernists as part of, 43–45 fall of Mosaddegh, 307 search for national identity, 45–59 Fardid as leading philosophical Western influences on, 74–75 influence in, 311–313 intellectuals, in Iran film culture in, 58–62 anti-Western sentiment among, 49, identity politics in, 302 50, 51–52 imperialism in, destructive effects censorship and government attacks of, 51 against, 47–48 learned classes in, during nineteenth cosmopolitans, 42–43 century, 33–34 critiques of, 291–297 Majles in, 4–5 diversity of, 38 modern knowledge in, 137 Fardid on, 326–327 modernity in, 277–281 literary influences on, 46–47 Qajar period in, 4, 41 in Mashruteh movement, 55 Rastakhiz Party in, 264 from 1935 to 1946, 67 restoration of heritage in, 315–316 radical modernists, 43–45 Westoxification of, 4, 10 Westoxification and, 49, 50, 57 Iranian Freedom Movement, 259 intelligence, 99–100 Iranian Revolution (1978), 4 intuition ascendancy of Islamic state as result for Bergson, 86–87, 94–96, 110, 231 of, 6–7 defined, 232 bin Laden influenced by, 7 reason and, 230–234 as collective experience, 340–341

Index 391

cultural effects from, 7 Fardid and death of man and, 185 ambivalent approval of, 340 Fardid and, 6–7, 266–269 lack of influence in, 312 marginalization of, 264, 312, founders of, 137 342–343 Islamic Revolution. See Iranian Foucault on, 32, 168–184, 214 Revolution (1978) collected writings on, 168, 174 Islamism Ghamari-Tabrizi on, 184 anti-modernism and, 348 Islamic Republic of Iran after, 6–7, as social change model, 3 263–273 Islamist utopia, 300 Fardid’s lack of influence in, 312 Isma’ilism, 36 founders of, 137 Khomeini and, 287–291 Jahanbegloo, Hossein, 310 mystical unconscious and, 201–204 Jahanbegloo, Ramin, 309, 310, 311, 330 philosophical purpose of, 185–186 Jalili, Vahid, 271 politics of spirituality and, 188–190 Jamal, Seyyed, 276, 279 post-modern mysticism and, The Jargon of Authenticity (Adorno), 197–201 142–143 religious effects from, 7 Jozi, Mohamad Reza, 309, 310, 313, Rodinson on, 185 314, 324–325 Westoxification and, 341 Jung, Carl, 137 Iranian Writers’ Association, 292 Jünger, Ernst, 137 Islam authentic kalam-e naghli (transmitted for Fardid, 18–19, 21, 27–28, 32, philosophy), 106, 107–108 91–92, 158–160 Kalidar (Dowlatabadi), 58 for Iqbal, 27–28, 32 Kant, Immanuel, 28, 68–69, 279 cleansing of, 21 Fardid and, 100–109 democracy as alien to, 6, 241 Kasravi, Ahmad, 54, 294–295 Freemasons and, 279–280 Kermani, Mirza Aga Khan, 52–53 historical, 15, 191 Khan, Malkom, 38–39, 279, 283 imaginary, 190–193 Khan-e Hastom (Adkhavan-Sales), 57 Iqbal and, 25–26 Kho’i, Esmail, 277 moderation of traditions, critique of, Khomeini (Ayatollah) 259–261 Fardid and, 288–291, 341–342 mystical, 11 infallibility of, 341–342 new orthodoxy for, 352 Iranian Revolution (1978) and, paper, 17 287–291 political, 13 Kiasari, Mahdi Zamanpour, 62 rational thought as influence on, Kimiai, Masoud, 59 158–160 knowledge, empirical saviors of, 352 deconstructive approach to, spiritual, 11, 15–16, 21, 168 204–208 spiritual Shi’ism and, 15, 78, 168 elm-e hozuri, 18, 94–100, 110 True, 17 in Bergson works, 94 Western influences on, 158–160 defined, 94 Westoxification of, 315 modern, 137 Zoroastrianism and, 102–103 Nietzsche and, 227 Islam after Islam, 21, 22–24 scientific, 188 Islamic legalism, 191–192 self-creation over, 194–197 Islamic Republic of Iran, 6–7, 263–273 subjugated, 188

392 Index

knowledge of signs. See elm al-asma Massignon, Louis, 129, 137, 167, 168. Koyré, Alexandre, 197–198, 232–234 See also spiritual Shi’ism on absolute truth, 133 Matter and Memory (Bergson), 85–88, political vision of, 233–234 98–99 Mekaniki, Jalal, 258 language Mellon, Paul, 116 Fardid’s privileging of, 156 messianic radicalism, 38–39, 47–48 philology and, 226 as mobilizing axis, 42 religious centrality of, 20 metaphysics role in Mashruteh movement, 55–56 components of, 285–286 Shadman on, 55–56 death of, 242 Le Bon, Gustave, xii, 75, 251–252, 275 deconstruction of, 229 learned class, 33–34 Meybodi, Alireza, 72, 150 leftist movements, 46, 300 Mill, John Stuart, 42 Leibniz, Wilhelm, 106 Mirfattah, Seyyed Ali, 309, 313, 320, liberal capitalism, 3–4 324–325, 327, 333, 343 liberal democracy. See democracy Mirshakkak, Yousef Ali, 273, 336 liberal intellectuals, 297–300. See also modernity. See also anti-modernism; Bazargan, Mehdi; Bani Sadr, cosmopolitanism, modernity and Abolhassan; Soroush, Abdolkarim Corbin and, 140 Liberation Movement of Iran, 263 rejection of, 115–116 for Fardid, 140 Madadpour, Mohamad, 222–223, 334 rejection of, 115–116, 157–159 madness, 203 in Iran, 277–281 Magnus, Albert. See Albert the Great Mashruteh movement and, 41–42 Mahmoud, Saba, 156–157, 164–165, pastoral, 197–198 212–213 Mofatteh, Mohammad, 137 Maistre, Joseph de, 238 Mohajerani, Ata’ollah, 310, 321–322, Mallarmé, Stéphane, 187 326, 330, 341–342 man, death of, 185 Mohammadzadeh, Ebrahim, 271 Mani, 105–106 Mohseni, Majid, 60–61 Mao Zedong, 46 Moin, Mohammad, 44 Marcuse, Herbert, 252 Molla Sadra, 105, 135 Marighela, Carlos, 46 moral guardianship. See valayat Martinism, 114 Mortazavi, Badri, 69, 147 Marxism, 121 Mosaddegh, Mohammad, 44, 147, critiques of, 297–300 182–183 demystification of reality and, Motahhari, Morteza, 137 193–194 Les Motifs zoroastriens dans la Fardid and, 3–4, 296 philosophie de Sohrawardî idolatry and, 298 (Corbin), 100–101 Mashdi Esma’il’, 62 Mousavi, Seyyed Abd al-Javad, Mashruteh (Constitutional) movement, 270–271, 309, 321, 324, 328–329 38–39 Moussa, Abu, 17 cosmopolitanism and, 42–43 mujtahid, 16 fall of Reza Shah and, 43–44 Muslim crisis, 26 intellectuals in, 55–56 Mutazilites, 108 language as focus of, 55–56 mystical Islam, 11 modernity and, 41–42 mystical time, 30–31 radical modernists and, 43–45 mystical unconscious, 201–204

Index 393

mysticism, 23, 82 Nughtavism, 36 anti-rationalism and, 18 Nuri, Fazlollah (Sheikh), 50 Corbin on, 112–114 Nushin, Abdolhossein, 44 decadent, 27 erfan-e nazari, 78–88 objective knowledge. See knowledge for Fardid ontological error, 240 critique of, 249 The Order of Things (Foucault), 186, intellectual traditions of, 192–193 188, 196–197, 219 Foucault on, 187 Orientalist tradition, 118–119. See also humanism as influence on, 162–163 anti-Orientalism intellectual traditions of, 192–193 critique of, 153–163, 211–214 intellectualization of, 27 genealogy of, 158 Iqbal on, 26–27, 220 Said’s critique of, 351 post-modern, 197–201 Ostad, 312–313, 315, 316, 318–319, Sufism and, 220 320, 322, 337, 339–340 Otto, Rudolf, 137 Naderi, Amir, 59 Ottoman empire, 4–5 Naked Lunch (Burroughs), 187 Nandy, Ashis, 350 Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza Naraghi, Ehsan, 272, 277, 296–297 (Shah), 5 Nasiri, Mahdi, 270–271 abdication and fall of, 43–44 Nasr, Hossein, 113, 117, 309 British support of, 5, 43 Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 148–149, celebration of pre-Islamic Iranian 264–265, 309–310 history under, 54–55 Natel-Khanlari, Parviz, 101 Corbin as patron of, 116 National Front of Iran, 263 national identity under reign national identity, in Iran, 45–59 of, 46 Fokoli and, 56 Rastakhiz Party under, 264 global events as influence on, 46 treatment of political dissidents leftist movements as influence on, 46 under, 150–151 during Pahlavi regime, 46 paper Islam, 17 Nationalism: A Derivative Discourse pastoral modernity, 197–198 (Chatterjee), 224 Pazoki, Bahman, 310, 314, 325, nationalist movements 329–330, 332–333 Achaemenid nationalism, 54–55 peripatetic school, 103–104 Constitutional Revolution and, 5 Peyman, Habibollah, 297 during Qajar period, 53–54 philology, 226 nation-states, humanism and, 161–162 philosophy nativism, 345 in metaphysics, 285–286 nature of reason. See fetrat-e aghli politicization of, 245–248 Nazism, 211 Platonists, 125 Fardid’s sympathy for, 344 Corbin as, 129–130 Neo-Platonism, 82 Plotinus, 82 Neruda, Pablo, 46–47 Poets in a Destitute Time New Poets, 336 (Davari), 294 Nicholas of Cusa, 105 Polanyi, Michael, 233 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 121, 227 Political Islam, 13–14. See also Eastern nihilism for, 242 Spirituality nihilism, 242 political rule. See velayat 1979 Islamic Revolution, 36 politics, metaphysics and, 285–286

394 Index

politics of spirituality reality, demystification of, 193–194 Foucault on, 167, 169, 183, reason, intuition and, 230–234 184–190 reconciliation, as theory, 140 Iranian Revolution (1978) and, Reconstruction of Religious Thought 188–190 in Islam, 45 Rodinson on, 176–177 religion. See also Islam politics of the imaginary, 12–24 autonomy of, 214 Hafez and, 12 hermeneutics of, 120 mystic scholars, 13 history of, 23 Sufi traditions as influence on, 12–13 science and, 29–30 Popper, Karl, 245, 246, 288–289, 344 secularization of, 27 Portmann, Adolf, 137 Religion After Religion: Gershom positivism, 93 Scholem, Mircea Eliade, and post-metaphysical other, 137 Henry Corbin at Eranos postmodern mysticism, 197–201 (Wasserstrom), 22, 111, 254–255 Preparata, G., 184 Religion within the Limits of Reason primal ontic seizure. See Ergriffenheit Alone (Kant), 279–280 Principle of Hope (Bloch), 202 religious reform movement prophetic philosophy, 204–205 Babism, 36, 38 Shaykhism, 36, 38 al-Qaeda, 221–222 remembering of God. See Zikr Qajar, Jalal al-Din Mirza, 52–53 Renan, Ernest, 42 Qajar period, in Iran, 4, 41 Resurgence Party. See Rastakhiz Party nationalism movements during, revolution, as teleology, 181 53–54 Revolutionary Guard, 271 Qunawi, Sadr al-Din Mohammad, 105 Reza, Ahmad, 69, 147 Qur’an Rights of Man, 290 concreteness of, 27–28 Rodinson, Maxime, 169, 174–178, 213 global community in, 225–226 on Iranian Revolution (1978), mystical time in, 30–31 purpose of, 185 new creation in, 19 on politics of spirituality, 176–177 objective of remembrance in, 19 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 42 pure origin of, 31–32 rule of law, 182–183 science and, 29–30 rule of law movement. See Hokumat-e Ghanun movement radical modernists, 43–45 Rumi, 9, 84, 85 fall of Reza Shah and, 43–44 Russell, Bertrand, 47 Rafsanjani, Akbar (Ayatollah), 257, Russian empire, 4–5 258–259 Russian Social Democracy, 35 Rashid-Yasemi, Gholamreza, 79, 83, 84–85 Sabbah, Hassan-i, 37 Rastakhiz Party (Resurgence Party), Sabzevari, Molla Hadi, 244–245 264 The Sacred (Otto), 137 rationalism. See also anti-rationalism; sacred sociology, 199 German Enlightenment; Scientific Sadighi, Gholam Hossein, 149 Revolution Sadra, Molla, 18, 244, 246–247 French, 107–108 Western influences on, critiques Greek, 27–28 of, 297 intuition and, 94–96 Said, Edward, 155–156, 164–165, Leibniz and, 106 211–212 Mutazilites and, 108 critique of Orientalist tradition, 351

Index 395

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 47, 208, speculative mysticism. See erfan-e 248–249 nazari Sattari, Jal, 153 Spencer, Herbert, 93 saviors of Islam, 352 spiritual Islam, 11, 15–16, 21, 168 Schmitt, Carl, 286 spiritual Shi’ism, 15, 78, 168, Scholem, Gershom, 137 191–192 science Spiritual Wisdom and Realm of Arts academic denunciations of, 350 (Madadpour), 334 Qur’an and, 29–30 Stauth, Georg, 169 religion and, 29–30 Strauss, Leo, 272 scientific knowledge, 188 Subaltern School, 350 Scientific Revolution, 127 subjugated knowledges, 188 secularism. See also humanism Sufism, 79, 134–135 academic denunciations Ergriffenheit and, 209–210 of, 350 fana and, 208 Corbin’s disdain for, 122–125 Foucault and, 208–211 validity of, 351–352 hermeneutics and, 320 self-creation, 194–197 mysticism and, 220 Sepehri, Sohrab, 295 Westoxification of, 315, 316 Shadman, Fakr al-Din, 55–56 Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din, Fokoli, 56 11, 36 obsession with language, 55–56 Surrealism, 187 Shamlu, Ahmad, 44, 47 The Swallows Return to Their Nest, sharia, 299 59–61 Shariati, Ali, 23, 25, 49, 50, 78, 141, Swedenborg, 114, 125 151, 208, 309 Symbolism, 187 critique of humanism, 241 Fardid’s critique of, 292–293 Tabatabai, Javad, 321 as interview source, 309 Tabataba’i, Allameh, 137 philosophical influences, 142 Tangsir, 59 Shariati, Ehsan, 270–271, 309, 311 tariqa, 299 Shariatmadari, Hossein, 262 Tavallali, Fereydun, 44 Shayegan, Dariush, 113–114, 117, Templars, 114 141 temporal time, 290–291 Fardid and, 266, 267–270, Third Republic, of France, 122–123, 311, 321 131 Shaykhism, 36, 38 Thomas of Aquinas, 103 Shi’a radicalism, 35, 37 Time and Free Will (Bergson), 84, Shi’ism, 37 85–88, 94 during Qajar period, 41 today (Emruz), 239 spiritual, 15, 78, 168, 191–192 tomorrow (Farda), 239 Shirazi, Makarem, 297 True Islam, 17 Shirazi, S. adreddin Moh. ammad. See the Truth, 299 Molla Sadra Tudeh Party, 43–45. See also radical simple Westoxification, 275–276 modernists Sirjani, Ali-Akbar Sa’idi, 262 al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 135–136 Sohrawardî, 124–128, 129, 130–131, The 27th International Congress of 135 Orientalists, 150 Sokhan, 101 The Two Sources of Morality and Soroush, Abdolkarim, 245, 264, Religion (Bergson), 81–82, 272, 310 85–88

396 Index

ulama, 35 human sciences and, 257 United States (US), Confederation of humanism and, 242–243 Iranian Students in, 46 of intellectuals, 49, 50, 57 unity of existence, 105 Iranian Revolution (1978) and, 341 Universal Referents, 180 of Islam, 315 US. See United States Jozi on, 314 utopia. See Islamist utopia Pazoki on, 314 popularization of, 270 valayat (moral guardianship), 285–287 simple, 275–276 velayat (political rule), 285–287 as style of self-expression, 274 Vieille, Paul, 47 of Sufism, 315, 316 vojud-e dahri (eternal existence), 101 What Is Called Thinking? (Heidegger), Voltaire, 42 318–319 von Baader, Franz, 114 Whitehead, Alfred North, 27 von Vollstaedt, Albert Gratf, 103 Wild Strawberries (Bergman), 22 Williams, Raymond, 60, 197–198 al-Wahhab, 25–26 Wolf, Christian, 106–107 Wasserstrom, Steven, 22, 111, transmitted philosophy of, 106, 254–255 107–108 Weber, Max, 193–194 world of image. See Hurqalya Western liberalism, 35 World War I, 131 Westoxification Gharbzadegi( ), 4, 10, worship. See Yazd 313–325 of Bergson, 249 Yazd (worship), 8 critique of Orientalist tradition and, Yazdi, Farrokhi, 52–53 153–163 Yazdi, Mesbah, 272 development as term, 149–150, 250 yesterday (Diruz), 239 double, 275–276, 282 Yushij, Nima, 44, 295 Eastern Spirituality and, 20 etymology and, 227–228 Zikr (remembering of God), 19 Farno on, 314–315 Zizek, Slavoj, 169 Fokoli and, 56 Zola, Émile, 138–139 Foucault on, 167 Zoroastrianism, 52, 202 as global condition of spiritual Islamic spiritual thought and, decline, 315 102–103