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A Cosmopolitan Village: The Hellenistic Settlement at Gordion A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Martin Gregory Wells IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Andrea M. Berlin, Advisor May, 2012 © Martin Gregory Wells 2012 Acknowledgements This study is dedicated to my parents, John and Judy. Their constant love, enthusiasm, and support throughout my undergraduate and graduate careers have made this all possible. I thank them with all my heart for what they have done for me and I hope I continue to make them proud. And thank you to the rest of my family, Matt and Julia, Phil and Carla, Charlie and Donna, Cathleen Getty, and the entire Wells and Martois families. There will be more to talk about now that this is finished. I am deeply indebted to the members of my dissertation committee: Andrea Berlin of Boston University, G. Kenneth Sams of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Barbara Tsakirgis of Vanderbilt University, and Philip Sellew and Nita Krevans, both of the University of Minnesota. Despite their busy teaching, research, traveling and personal schedules, they found time to read my drafts and offer helpful comments and criticism. I thank them for all their assistance in bringing this dissertation to completion. I began this project in 2003 and, since that time, the faculty of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Studies at the University of Minnesota has been unfailing in their financial support. I am especially grateful for their nomination of my work for the Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship in addition to numerous grants for research trips to Gordion and to the Gordion Archives at the University of Pennsylvania Museum. I thank Oliver Nicholson and Eva von Dassow for their early and continued interest in my progress, George Sheets for his help regarding Attalid correspondence, and Nita Krevans for her much welcome advice and assistance during the final months. The office staff of Victoria Keller, Katherine Louis, John McEwen, Adam Mielke and Kate Gallagher has i been incredibly supportive over the years and I thank them all for their humor and their good-natured participation in my frequent office visits. Barbara Lehnhoff has been an unending source of advice, friendship and help since I started at Minnesota. I am a better person for knowing her. This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of the incredible people in charge of the Gordion Archives at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Keith DeVries introduced me to the Archives in the spring of 2004 and took an immediate interest in my work. We had many wonderful conversations in Philadelphia and at Gordion over the next two years before he passed away in 2006. He loved Gordion so much and I am sad he never got to see one of the houses he excavated finally published (Keith’s House, p. 111-121). Keith also introduced me to Gareth Darbyshire, the current curator of the Archives. Gareth’s help in the archives and his unflagging enthusiasm for Hellenistic Gordion made my trips to Philadelphia incredibly fun and far more productive than they would have been had he not been there. Furthermore, I am especially grateful for his help in with the iron objects from Roger’s House (p. 163). I know that I can count on Gareth for laughs and stimulating conversation every season at Gordion and I am proud to be his friend. I have been honored to work with the members of the Gordion community of archaeologists, scholars and researchers over the past eight years. They include Mary Voigt, Richard Liebhart, Jessie Johnson, Alison Fields, Naomi Miller, Andy Goldman, Brendan Burke, Kim Insua, Galya Bacheva, Janet Jones, Mark Lawall, Angie Elliot, Evin ii Erder, Cricket Harbeck, Ben Marsh, Lisa Kealhofer and Peter Grave. I thank them for their insight and expertise which has made and continues to make my work better. I also would like to express my gratitude to the representatives from the Turkish Ministry of Culture for their assistance. They are Melek Yıldızturan, Yıldız Ataş, Halil Demirdelen, Tolga Çelik, and Vahap Kaya. Zekeriya Utgu merits special thanks and praise for his tireless management of the Gordion Excavation House, as do all those who work for him. Several members of the Gordion community have been especially generous with their time and energy. Kathleen Lynch knows the wonder and frustration of the Young notebooks and her companionship in the Gordion cat room is so very much appreciated. I have enjoyed our shared excitement and pure joy at our discoveries of their discoveries. Brian Rose provided welcome encouragement and praise for even my smallest accomplishments. I thank him for his kind words and his Roman Archaeology teaching materials. Ken Sams has, for years, patiently answered my questions regarding all things related to the Young excavations. He shared his wisdom and good humor with me from my first visit to Gordion all the way through my dissertation defense. I am honored to have been able to work on the material he excavated (Ken’s House, pp. 128-131) and to present him with this study. I also owe a debt of gratitude to my friends and colleagues at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. David Scahill introduced me to AutoCAD and, in indulging my request, made the reconstructions I present here possible. James Herbst and Bruce Hartzler patiently discussed with me the pros and cons of Filemaker and Access. iii John Camp and Guy Sanders, consummate directors of the excavations of the Athenian Agora and Corinth respectively, showed continued interest in my project and career over the years and I am privileged to have worked with them both. I thank Jack Davis, John Oakley, Margie Miles, and Susan Rotroff for their advice and encouragement. I thank Bob Bridges for his enthusiasm and humor and his deep love of Anatolia. I thank Irene Romano for her work on the Gordion figurines and for a lovely lunch we shared in Loring hall. I thank Yannis Lolos for sitting at my desk in the Blegen Library and using my books; a stumbling introduction led to a wonderful conversation about houses. And I especially thank Mr. Charles K. Williams for his clear recording and the beautiful plans he drew while excavating at Gordion and for an exciting and though-provoking lunch and ouzo in Kolonaki. I also thank the members of the American School whose friendship over the years has made this work, and this field, much more bearable: Jason Harris, Yuki Furiya, Scott and Lindy Gallimore, Ben Sullivan, Charlotte Maxwell-Jones, Laura Surtees, Michael Laughy, Marcie Handler, Sarah Lima, Thanos Webb, Jody Cundy, Alicia Carter, Sarah James, Christina Kolb, Katerina Ragkou, Robert Pitt, Molly Richardson, Sherry Fox, Elene Balomenou, and Natassa Kanellopoulou. There are several people who have had a great impact on my work in the years since my first excavation in 1997. Andy Stewart, my professor at Berkeley and my director at Tel Dor, told me over a glass of Chianti that I should only go to graduate school if I wanted to get to the bottom of something. I hope this study serves to meet that requirement. Sarah Morris first introduced me to the rigors of graduate-level research, iv preparing me well for what lay ahead. I appreciate her continued interest in me and my work. Finally, I thank Nick Cahill for all the ways he has helped and inspired me with this project. Nick came to Minnesota in the early years to offer his advice on working with previously excavated material. That meeting, and his volume on Olynthus (in large part a model for what I have done with Hellenistic Gordion), gave me hope that I would actually be able to finish this dissertation. There are a few people to whom I owe a special thank you. Chris Hoffmann and Randon Brown, my friends from California, have been by my side from high school. They have cheered me on through the vicissitudes of nearly 20 years, never once questioning my abilities even when I questioned them myself. I hope I can repay them with the same motivation and focus they offered me. Becky Martin was there for me through most of this journey and I will always be grateful. There are several friends at the University of Minnesota, both in the department and outside of it, on whom I have grown to depend on dearly. They are true friends who have provided me with much needed distractions over the years. They are Sara Franck, John McEwen, Ed Stash, Derk Renwick, Kate Gallagher, Adam Mielke, Heather Woods, and Rachael Cullick. I deeply regret the loss of two incredible scholars who passed away before they could see this dissertation completed. Crawford Greenewalt Jr. passed in May of 2012. He was my professor at Berkeley and field director at Sardis from 1976-2007. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Pennsylvania and excavated at Gordion while as a graduate student there. His methodical excavation and meticulous record-keeping made it possible for me to reconstruct several of the houses he excavated and include them in my study v (Greenie’s Neighborhood, pp. 128-133). I wish he could have seen how important his work was to mine. Frederick Cooper passed in September of 2011. He was my professor at the University of Minnesota and a member of my dissertation committee. Fred guided me through the intricacies of AutoCAD and helped me develop my plan for managing the reconstructions.