Realizing Constant Current and Constant Voltage Outputs and Input Zero Phase Angle of Wireless Power Transfer Systems with Minimum Component Counts
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600 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2021 Realizing Constant Current and Constant Voltage Outputs and Input Zero Phase Angle of Wireless Power Transfer Systems With Minimum Component Counts Jianghua Lu , Student Member, IEEE, Guorong Zhu , Senior Member, IEEE,DeyanLin,Member, IEEE, Yiming Zhang , Member, IEEE, Haoran Wang , Member, IEEE, and Chunting Chris Mi , Fellow, IEEE Abstract— In both normal and fast wireless electric vehicle advantages of its high specific energy, energy density, and high charging systems, constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) cycle lifetime. The wireless power transfer (WPT) technology charging profile, regardless of the variation of the battery [1], [2] using magnetic or electric field coupling, namely the state of charge, is one of the most essential characteristics to ensure the battery performance and reliability. The input zero inductive power transfer (IPT) or capacitive power transfer phase angle (ZPA) is able to minimize the system volt-ampere (CPT), provides a promising solution for both normal and fast rating, enhance the power transfer capability, and make it charging [3], [4] of EV Li-ion batteries. Over the full range easy to achieve soft-switching operation over the full range of of the Li-on battery charge, the battery pack equivalent load battery charging profile. Therefore, the load-independent CC and resistance, which defined as the ratio of the charging voltage CV output characteristics with ZPA conditions are necessary for wireless charging systems. However, the existing methods to the charging current, may be roughly from a few ohms to that can achieve these functions either add power switches or several hundred ohms [5]. With such a wide load range, a load- need a large number of compensation components, which make independent constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) charg- the system inefficient, uneconomical, and bulky. In this paper, ing profile [5]–[9] is desirable to ensure safety, durability, and a unified resonant tuning configuration with minimum passive performance of the battery. On the other hand, the zero phase component counts is proposed to achieve CC and CV outputs at two ZPA operating frequencies. According to the proposed angle (ZPA) between the input voltage and current, namely configuration, all the possible inductive power transfer (IPT) unit power factor, can minimize the apparent power required and capacitive power transfer (CPT) topologies are analogized. and enhance the power transfer capability [8]–[11]. Further- With these topologies, both CC and CV outputs with ZPA are more, based on ZPA, a zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition achieved using a minimum number of compensation components for the primary MOSFET-based inverter can be easily achieved and no additional power switches. Among all the simplest IPT topologies, a primary Series-secondary Series and Parallel (S-SP) to improve the system efficiency by slightly changing the value compensation topology is illustrated to demonstrate the analysis. of a compensation component [9], [12], [13] or the operating frequency [8], [14], or utilizing phase-shift control [15]. So, Index Terms— Capacitive power transfer (CPT), constant cur- rent (CC), constant voltage (CV), inductive power transfer (IPT), both CC and CV output characteristics with input ZPA are zero phase angle (ZPA), zero voltage switching (ZVS). necessary for wireless battery charging systems. A front- or back-end DC/DC converter is usually used to I. INTRODUCTION realize CC and CV output characteristics in WPT systems i-ION battery is expected to grow fast in various [11], [16], meanwhile, a variable frequency control method Lenergy storage applications such as, but not limited is applied to achieve ZPA [17]. However, the additional to, implantable pacemaker, cell phones, laptops, automated DC/DC converter will undoubtedly increase the system cost guided vehicles (AGVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) due to the and decrease the power density and the efficiency of the system. In addition, instability issue is inevitable for the Manuscript received August 6, 2019; revised December 15, 2019 and variable frequency control [18]. In order to avoid the above February 19, 2020; accepted March 23, 2020. Date of publication April 16, drawbacks, designing specified resonant conditions for the res- 2020; date of current version December 24, 2020. This work was supported in part by the Scholarship from the China Scholarship Council and in part by onant compensation topology in the WPT system are currently the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51777146 and effective solutions to achieve CC and/or CV outputs with Grant 51977163. The Associate Editor for this article was Z. Li. ZPA conditions. The load-independent output and/or input (Corresponding author: Chunting Chris Mi.) Jianghua Lu, Guorong Zhu, and Deyan Lin are with the School of characteristics of some widely-used compensation topologies Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China (e-mail: in both IPT and CPT systems are summarized in Tab. I [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]). [12]–[14], [19]–[38]. From Tab. I, one can conclude that Yiming Zhang and Chunting Chris Mi are with the Department of Elec- trical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, 1) Among all these compensation topologies, only the CA 92182 USA (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). double-sided LCC topology in the IPT system has been Haoran Wang is with the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark (e-mail: [email protected]). designed to achieve CC and CV outputs at two different Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TITS.2020.2985658 ZPA frequencies [8], [9]. 1558-0016 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information. Authorized licensed use limited to: San Diego State University. Downloaded on December 27,2020 at 17:19:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. LU et al.: REALIZING CC AND CV OUTPUTS AND INPUT ZPA OF WPT SYSTEMS WITH MINIMUM COMPONENT COUNTS 601 TABLE I LITERATURE REVIEW ON COMPENSATION TOPOLOGIES AND THEIR LOAD-INDEPENDENT OUTPUT AND/OR INPUT CHARACTERISTICS 2) Hybrid topologies [21], [39], [40] that combine different compensation topologies, for example, combining S-S and P-S [21], can achieve CC/CV charging with ZPA conditions. However, the exiting efforts still have the following challenges: 1) In the hybrid compensation topologies, additional power Fig. 1. (a) A normal L-section matching network and (b) a reversed L-section semiconductor devices are needed, which increase the matching network. system cost and power loss, and decrease the system possible are needed in IPT and CPT systems to achieve reliability. CC and CV outputs with ZPA. Compared with hybrid 2) Although there is no need for additional power semi- topologies, there is no need of some bidirectional power conductor devices for the double-sided LCC topology, switches for these topologies. Besides, it can improve the six additional compensation components in the volumetric and gravimetric power densities and decrease double-sided LCC compensation topology, especially the cost of the system because fewer compensation the primary and secondary compensation inductors, components are needed compared with the double-sided result in a large system volume, weight, and cost and LCC topology. will limit its applications where space and weight are 3) Among all the simplest IPT systems, an S-SP topology constrained. is chosen as an example to demonstrate the feasibility 3) There is currently no literature on CC and CV outputs and validity of the analysis. with ZPA conditions for CPT topology. So, if the CPT system is expected to be applied to charge Li-on bat- II. NORMAL AND REVERSED L-SECTION teries, more research about its load-independent output MATCHING NETWORKS and input characteristics are necessary. The normal and reversed L-section matching networks, To address the aforementioned issues, we study the simplest shown in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b) respectively, consisting of only topologies in IPT and CPT systems that can achieve both two lumped components: a parallel reactance and a series CC and CV outputs with ZPA using the least number of reactance, are the two types of the most basic resonant circuit components. Specifically, [41], [42]. In Fig. 1(a) and 1(b), X and X are the 1) A fact is revealed that a resonant tuning configuration 1N 2N reactances of the normal L-section, X and X are the that just consists of four lumped passive components 1R 2R reactances of the reversed L-section, and R represents an is the simplest resonant tank circuit to achieve CC ac ac load resistance. The output voltage of the normal L-section and CV outputs with ZPA. It means that an arbitrary (V ) and the output current of the reversed L-section (I ) resonant tank circuit composed of four or more lumped abN abR are expressed as components can be designed to realize CC and CV Rac · jX2N outputs at two different ZPA frequencies. VabN = IAB (1a) 2) According to the proposed simplest resonant tank circuit, Rac + (jX1N + jX2N) all the possible IPT and CPT topologies are analogized, jX2R IabR = VAB (1b) which implies that as few compensation components as Rac · (jX1R + jX2R) + jX1R · jX2R Authorized licensed use limited to: San Diego State University. Downloaded on December 27,2020 at 17:19:22 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 602 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JANUARY 2021 Fig. 2. A method of analyzing the load-independent output characteristics of an arbitrary resonant tank circuit. (a) A higher-order resonant circuit, (b) the equivalent circuit of Fig. 2(a) in CC mode, and (c) the equivalent circuit of Fig. 2(a) in CV mode. where, IAB and VAB are the phasor forms of the input current and voltage.