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Download File When Theft Becomes Grievance Dispossessions as a Cause of Redistributive Land Claims in 20 th Century Latin America Maria Paula Saffon Sanin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2015 © 2015 Maria Paula Saffon Sanin All rights reserved ABSTRACT When Theft Becomes Grievance Dispossessions as a Cause of Redistributive Land Claims in 20 th Century Latin America Maria Paula Saffon Sanin Under what conditions is redistribution demanded from below? It is not always the case that, in the face of inequality, the poor have the motivation or the collective capacity to bring redistributive claims to the political arena. This dissertation argues that claims for land redistribution are more likely to emerge in places where prior dispossessions (or land theft) occurred, and where those dispossessions targeted lands to which prior legal rights existed. Although dispossessions increase land inequality, it is not inequality alone, but rather the process by which it was created, which generates a perception of illegitimacy of the distribution of property rights. An attack against prior legal rights to land generates the justification and the capacity to mobilize against dispossessions. These, in turn, enable the translation of grievances into political claims for land redistribution. The type of legal rights attacked by dispossessions defines the trajectories of rural conflict and agrarian reform in different countries. The stronger and more certain the legal rights to the land are, the higher the mobilization for land reform and the more radical its outcomes are likely to be. When dispossessions ignore or deny property or ownership rights, rural mobilization will be high and will generate radical land reform outcomes. In turn, the infringement of legal possession rights is likely to generate medium levels of rural mobilization and moderate land reform policies. Finally, when dispossessions target lands that are occupied de facto, rural mobilization will be low and it will not promote land reform policies. The dissertation proposes a methodological strategy to apply the theory, which consists in the study of the impact of dispossessions that occur during critical eras for the political economy of land. Such eras are initiated by exogenous shocks that generate an increase in the value of land, and hence produce incentives for land appropriation, and for its dispossession when the lands are occupied. The theoretical and methodological strategy are applied to Latin America through the analysis of the impact of one such critical era—the region’s first export boom (1870- 1920s)—on rural political contestation in the mid-20th century (1910s-60s). The dissertation offers an in-depth study of the Mexican and Colombian cases. It shows that each of these cases followed different trajectories of rural conflict and land reform during the periods under analysis because dispossessions varied in scope and targeted different types of legal land rights during the export boom. In Mexico, dispossessions were massive and mainly attacked ownership rights of indigenous/peasant groups, while in Colombia they were less massive but still significant, and they mainly attacked legal possession rights of settlers of the agrarian frontier. The two main cases are compared with each other, as well as with the case of Argentina, which is argued to illustrate the third path of rural contestation in the region— characterized by fewer dispossessions that mainly attacked indigenous groups who de facto occupied the lands. The study of the two main cases combines qualitative analysis based on historical and secondary literature with GIS geo-referencing and basic quantitative analyses of unexplored archival data. The study of the third case is based on secondary literature. The data on which the dissertation is grounded was obtained through intense archival work in Mexico City, Bogotá and Buenos Aires during an 18 month-long period. For each of the main case studies, I constructed a dataset that contains all petitions of protection against land conflicts made before administrative authorities during the export boom, as well as all agrarian reform land allocation decisions made in the subsequent period. The datasets also include indicators of population, distance to post- colonial institutions, land fertility and suitability, and other historical and geographical controls. The theory and methodological strategy are formulated in a general way, which may be used to explain other contexts and time periods. The findings of the dissertation expect to produce positive and normative theoretical implications on different strands of the political science literature, including the politics of redistribution and land reform, contentious politics and social movements, historical institutionalism, the impact of colonialism, the theory of property rights, ethnic and identity politics, and theories of justice. Table of Contents List of Diagrams, Graphs, Tables, Maps, Pictures and Charts……………………………….ii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Theoretical and Methodological Framework ....................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Research Design ....................................................................................................... 46 Chapter 3: The Mexican Path .................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 4: Quantitative Study of Mexico ................................................................................. 96 Appendix 1. Regression Analysis Tables for Mexico ......................................................... 114 Chapter 5: The Colombian Path ............................................................................................. 118 Chapter 6: Quantitative Study of Colombia .......................................................................... 149 Appendix 2. Regression Analysis Tables for Colombia ..................................................... 165 Chapter 7: Comparing the Paths and Beyond ....................................................................... 169 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 192 References .................................................................................................................................. 207 i List of Diagrams, Graphs, Tables, Maps, Pictures and Charts Diagram 1. Gist of the Argument: The Influence of Land Rights on Rural Mobilization and Agrarian Reform…………………………………………………………………………....2 Diagram 2. Focus of the Theory: The Demand Side of Agrarian Mobilization.......................6 Graph 1. Levels of Radicalism of 20th Century Agrarian Reforms and Land Inequality in the Preceding Decade in Latin America…………………………………………………....28 Table 1. Hypothesized Historical Periods and Processes…………………………………….34 Table 2. Hypothesized Relation between Land Rights Targeted by Dispossessions and Land Reform Outcomes………………………………………………………………………..44 Diagram 3. Expected Relation between Dispossessions of Previous Rights and Agrarian Reform Outcomes……………………………………………….………….…..49 Table 3. Expected Characteristics of Agrarian Reforms, depending on Dispossessions…...53 Map 1. Agricultural and Cattle Exports in Mexico (1900)…………………………………..66 Map 2. Railroad System in Mexico (1910).……………………………………………………66 Map 3. Indigenous Collective Lands before Disentailment in Mexico (1800) ……………...71 Map 4. Public Land Transfers by Survey Companies in Mexico (1867-1900) …………......74 Picture 1. Land Title Petition made by a Poor Illiterate Village in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico (1881)…………………………………………………………………..……………….78 Chart 1. Dispossession Threats by Terrain Type in Mexico (1867-1910) …………...……...79 Graph 2. Pueblos’ Land Title Petitions per Year in Mexico (1867-1910) ……………...…...80 Map 5. Dispossession Threats by type of Claimant in Mexico (1867-1910) ………...……...81 Map 6. Peasant Protests in Mexico (1629-1896) ……………….……………………………..84 Map 7. Agrarian Reform Land Allocations in Mexico (1916-1934)…………………………91 Map 8. Land Gini Coefficient in some Mexican States (1910)…………………………….....94 Table 4. Regression of Agrarian Reform Land Allocations on Dispossession Threats at Municipal Level in Mexico…..…………………...………………………………………..114 Table 5. Regression of Agrarian Reform Land Allocations on Interaction of ii Dispossession Threats and Old Pueblos at Municipal Level in Mexico……………………115 Table 6. Regression of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries on Dispossession Threats in Mexico……………………………………………………………………………………….116 Table 7. Regression of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries on Interaction of Dispossession Threats and Old Pueblos in Mexico………………………………………….117 Map 9. Agricultural Exports in Colombia (1893)…………………………………………...122 Map 10. Railroad System in Colombia (1920)……………………………………………….122 Map 11. Types of Land Tenure in Colombia (circa 1865)………………………………….125 Graph 3. Public Land Allocations and Coffee Production in Colombia (up to 1925)…….127 Picture 2. Telegram Requesting Land Protection in the Municipality of Barrancabermeja, Colombia (1922)………………………………………………………….132
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