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University College London Judicial Review of Expropriation. the Case View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery University College London Judicial Review of Expropriation. The case of Mexico Carlos Reynaldo Herrera-Martin A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Laws of University College London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, May 2014 1 Declaration I, Carlos Herrera Martin confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract The emergence of a more visible and powerful judiciary in Mexico in the last 20 years fits a pattern seen in new democracies all over the world. Democratization and judicialization in post-authoritarian regimes seem to converge, at times acting as mutually reinforcing processes. As part of the strengthening of the courts, the role of judicial review of administrative action has expanded considerably and it has given them a bigger role determining the boundaries of the relationship between citizens and the administration. This thesis looks at one instance of judicialization of administrative law using judicial review of expropriation in Mexico as a case study. Mexico has had some form of constitutional review since the nineteenth century, but its role has been largely ignored because Mexico’s system of government for the most part of the twentieth century can be described as a dominant party system in which a single party governed for almost 70 years. The Mexican political system was somewhere in between a full authoritarian regime and a democracy. In this context, formal judicial independence was severely limited and it was assumed that the courts never challenged the executive branch and were completely subordinate. This research examines how the Supreme Court in Mexico decided cases in which owners challenged expropriation orders between 1917 and 2008 and it concludes that judicial review of administrative action in Mexico was stronger than what is generally presupposed and that this judicialization of administrative law is increasingly having some negative consequences. 3 Acknowledgments This thesis has been a long, at times enjoyable, at times complicated, journey, but I have been fortunate to come across friends along most of the way. There are many people that contributed in one way or another and I would like to take this opportunity to say thanks to everyone. This research was funded by CONACYT and I am extremely thankful for that. I would not have been able to come this far without the incredible support and patience of my two supervisors, Jane Holder and Jeff King. They went well beyond the call of duty. The PhD project started in conversations with Antonio Azuela and Camilo Saavedra and I am very grateful for all their continuous support and I look forward to continue having those conversations about football, courts and expropriation. In the Faculty of Laws there were many who at one point or another gave me a word of encouragement, or were willing to give their time to discuss my thesis. I am especially grateful to Dr. Cheryl Thomas, Dr. Douglas Guilfoyle, Dr. Nigel Balmer, Pascoe Pleasence, and last but not least I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Allyson Diduck I would also like to thank everyone in the PhD room. This was the best part of this journey and I always thought that if nothing else, the PhD had been worth it just to meet such a great bunch of people. I cannot mention everyone, but I will try to mention a few, so thanks to Joe, to Pritam, to Carrie, to Andres, to Claire, Michael, and everyone else that made the trek so enjoyable. 4 In Mexico I received the generous help and support of Dr. Salvador Nava, Alfonso Leon, Salvador Lucio, Raul Mejia, Dr. José Ramón Cossío Díaz and Dr. Roberto Lara during my fieldwork. I would also like to thank all the interviewees that generously gave their time. For their continuous friendship which has given me so many happy memories and has helped me through many complicated times I would also like to thank Mochis, Escoto, Vidal and Kiwi. My family have been a pillar and I would not have been able to do this without the help from my two sisters and my mother. I am fortunate to have such an amazing family. Finally I have to thank my wife Noemí. I owe so much to her that she deserves at least half of this PhD. I want to dedicate this thesis to the memory of my father, my grandmother and my grandfather who started this project with me, but unfortunately cannot be here to see it finished. Father I really miss you. 5 Judicial Review of Expropriation. The case of Mexico Table of Contents TABLE OF CASES ............................................................................................................................................ 11 TABLE OF LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................................. 15 TABLE OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... 17 LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 1............................................................................................................................................................. 19 Judicial Review of Expropriation: The Case of Mexico................................................................................. 19 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 19 1.2 The contested nature of expropriation........................................................................................................ 20 1.2.1 Expropriation examined ..................................................................................................................... 20 1.2.2 Judicial review of expropriation......................................................................................................... 22 1.2.3 Judicial review and expropriation in Mexico ..................................................................................... 23 1.3 Unanswered Questions............................................................................................................................... 25 1.4 Methodological approach........................................................................................................................... 27 1.4.1 Research Design and Methodology.................................................................................................... 28 1.4.2 Systematic content analysis of judicial decisions............................................................................... 29 1.4.3 Qualitative interviews and media analysis ......................................................................................... 30 1.4.4 Case studies and comparative analysis............................................................................................... 31 1.4.5 Reliability, replicability and validity.................................................................................................. 32 1.5 Overview of the thesis ............................................................................................................................... 32 1.6 Insights for Comparative Constitutional Law............................................................................................ 37 1.6.1 Strong judicial review ........................................................................................................................ 37 1.6.2 Impact of judicial review.................................................................................................................... 39 1.6.3 The Mexican Supreme Court and Comparative Constitutional Law.................................................. 42 1.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 49 6 Chapter 2............................................................................................................................................................. 50 A Comparative Perspective on Expropriation ................................................................................................. 50 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 50 2.2 Comparative expropriation ........................................................................................................................ 51 2.2.1 Expropriation in National Constitutions............................................................................................. 51 2.2.2 The compensation requirement in a comparative perspective............................................................ 53 2.2.3 The public purpose requirement in a comparative perspective .......................................................... 57 2.3 Expropriation in international law ............................................................................................................. 58 2.3.1 Standards of compensation................................................................................................................
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