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Sources of history and Major approach to History 1. James Rennell first surveyor general of Bangal, 1767 (Survey of India began scientific mapping) 2. Abbe Duboi's - Hindu manner and Customs; Bishop herber's journal 3. James Burnes - Narrative of visit to court of Sinde 4. Alexander Burnes - Travels into Bokhra 5. CJC Davidson - Diary of travels and adventure in upper India 6. John Butler - Travels and adventure in the province of Assam (All above British) 7. Patana Kalam - Painting, under patronage of East India Company Advent of the Europeans in India 1. Portuguese in India Background 1. 1453 - Constantinople fall to Ottoman Turk 2. Muslim rural monopoly over Red sea route and land 3. Europe - Renaissance - Economic development - Prosperity - Demand for luxury goods increased 4. Idea to find route to India became obsession for Prince Henry of Portugal (Navigator) [Pope Nicholos 5 gave right to navigate to prince] 5. Portugal and Spain, Treaty of Tordesilas 1494 [Atlantic line divide, Portugal east of Cape Verde island] 6. In 1487 Borthholomew Diasa tried but end at rounding cape of good hope 7. First to enter India and last to leave Vasco Da gama 1. 1498 - Arrival of three ship under Vasco Da Gama, led by Gujarathi pilot Abdul Majid 2. zamorin (Samuthiri) - Hindu ruler of Calicut, welcomed Vasco Da Gama [Arab of Malbar Apprehension] 3. Role of muslim middleman reduced (around 10 times more profit in pepper) 4. Came back in 1501 - Zamorin declined offer to exclude Arab rulers - Rupture with Zamorin 5. Factory at Cannanore Pedro Alvarez Cabral 1. 1500 - Established factory at Calicut 2. Conflict with Arab - Advantageous treaty with local rulers of Cochin and Cannanore 3. 1503- First Portuguese fort at Cochin (Not linked to Pedro probably) Francisco De Almeida 1. 1505 - King appointed him as governor in India for three year (equipped with forces), Second fort at Cannanore 2. Task to consolidate Portuguese position in India and destroy Muslim trader by seizing Aden, Mallacca and Ormuz 3. Naval Battle of Diu (1509) - Portuguese defeated by ally forces of Gujarat navy, Zamorin and Egyptian navy 4. Avenged defeat by crushing both the navies 5. Blue Water Policy (Cartaze system) - Make Portuguese master of Indian ocean Alfonso de Albuquerque 1. Real founder of Portuguese power in East (Strong hold in Red sea, Malabar and Malacca) 2. Introduced permit system (Advantage of unavailability of timber in red sea region) 3. Acquired Goa from Sultan of Bijapur (1510) 4. Abolition of Sati 5. Encouraged to take local wives (Settlement approach) 6. Introduced new crops like Tobacco and cashew nut 7. Bitter persecution of Muslim a serious drawback of his policy Nino Da Cunha 1. 1529 - Governor 2. 1530 - Shifted capital to Goa 3. Attempted to increase power in Bangal (Hooghly) 4. Conflict with Bahadur Shaha of Gujarat (killed him) Favorable condition for Portuguese 1. Divided north 2. Bahamani kingdom was breaking 3. Poor naval strength of Indian kings 4. Canon placed on Portuguese ships Administration 1. Head viceroy (three years term) 2. Vedor da fazenda - Responsible for revenue Religious policy 1. Zeal to promote Christianity 2. Intolerant towards towards Muslim 3. Initially tolerant towards Hindu but later prosecuted 4. Religious relation with Akbar 5. Capture of Mughal ship and Muslims led to conflict with Jahangir 6. Slave trade (Hindu and Muslim) - Seizure of girl from Mumtaz Mahal - 1632 Mughal Seize of Hoogly Downfall 1. Religious policy 2. Hoogly used for piracy 3. Forceful conversion to Christianity 4. Rise of Marathas as neighbors 5. Unfair and dishonest trade practices (piracy, robbery) [Hooghly as base for piracy in BoB] 6. Discovery of Brazil 7. Loss of importance of Goa with fall of Vijaynagar empire 8. Rise of Dutch and British Significance of Portuguese 1. Emergence of Naval power 2. System of drilling group of infantry on Spanish model 3. Organizational skill in creation of royal arsenals, dockyard, regular system of pilots was noteworthy 4. Art of silversmith and goldsmith flourished in Goa 5. Church construction 2. Dutch in India Dutch Settlement 1. 1605 - First factory in Masulipattanam 2. Captured Nagapatnam from Portuguese 3. Factories on Coromandal coast, UP, Bihar, Bangal, Gujarat 4. Pulicat (1609), Surat (1616), Bimilpatanam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Baranagar, Kasimbazar, Balasore, Patana, Nagapatanam (1658), Cochin Anglo Dutch Rivalry 1. Amboyana (Indonesia) massacred by Dutch initiated rivalry 2. Compromise in 1667 by which British withdrawal of claim on Indonesia and Dutch retirement from India (main motive trade hence Indonesia was more lucrative) 3. Anglo Dutch war 1672 - Capture of British ships in Bay of Bengal 4. English retaliation in the Hoogly war of 1759 which crushed Dutch ambition in India (Battle of Bidara/ Chinsura) 3. British in India Charter of Queen Elizabeth 1. 1600 - Exclusive right for trading into East Indies 2. Initially 15 years monopoly later extended indefinitely Footholds in West and South 1. 1609 - Captain Hawkins in Darbar of Jahangir 2. 1611 - Factory at Masulipattanam 3. 1612 - defeated Portuguese in Surat - Jahangir impressed - Permission for factory in Surat 4. Permission to set up factory at Agra, Ahmdabad and Bharooch 5. 1662 - Bombay gifted to Charls II by King of Portugal (Western presidency from Surat to Bombay in 1687) 6. Goldan Farman by Sultan of Govalconda - 1632, privilege to trade at port of Govalconda 7. 1639 - Chandrgiri ruler permission, St. George factory Madras Footholds in Bangal 1. 1651 - Shaha Shauja allowed English trade in Bangal 2. 1667 - Aurangazeb farman for granting permission of trade in Bengal 3. Mughal raid on Hoogly later 1691 factory at Sutanuti 4. 1696 - Rebel of Zamindar Shobha Singh - Fortification of Sutanuti factory (1700 - Fort William) 5. Charles Eyer was first president of eastern presidency Farrukshiyar's Farman (1715) 1. In Bangal - Import export excluded from additional custom duties 2. Permitted to issue dastaks for transportation of goods 3. Permitted to rent more land around Culcutta 4. Hyderabad - Freedom from duties in trade 5. Surat - With annual payment excepted from all duties 6. Coins minted at Bombay to have currency throughout Mughal empire 7. Farrukhsiyar introduced revenue farming in Bengal. Merging of two English companies 1. English revolution 1688 2. Rival company in the opposition of monopoly 3. Under pressure of parliament and crown merger in 1708 (United company of merchant of England trading to east Indies) 4. The French in India Foundation 1. Last to came (Minister Colbert of Louise 14) 2. French EIC - 1664, 50 years monopoly 3. 1667 - Factory at Surat by Caron 4. 1669 - Factory at Masulipattanam 5. Permission from Shahist Khan to establish township at Chandernagore (near Culcatta) 6. 1674 - Pondicherry (Famncois Martin) 7. 1693 - Dutch captured Pondicherry, but in 1697 by treaty of Ryswick restored 8. French company was backed by Reunion and Madagaskar 9. Joseph Dupleix was the originator of subsidiary alliance (Hyderbad) French - English Rivalry Background 1. Reflects traditional rivalry (Started with Austrian war of succession and ended with Seven years war) 2. Politically unstable south India 3. Decline of Hyderbad as signal of decline of Muslim Expansionism 4. Trade conflicts First Carnatic (name of Coromandel coast) War (1740 - 48) 1. Immediate Cause - English navy seized French ships, French retaliated by seizing Madras 2. Result - Treaty of Aiz La Chapelle, Madras handed over to British and French got their territories in North America 3. Significance - Remembered for battle of St. Thomas (Madras), Small French army defeated large forces of Nawab of Carnatic (Eye opener that small discipline force can defeat large Indian army) Second Carnatic War (1749-54) 1. Background - Dupleix sought to increase French power and political influence 2. Immediate Cause - Death of Nizam ul Mulk, Accession of Son of Nizam (English) opposed by Grandon of Nawab of Carnatic (French) 3. Result - Dupleix recalled due to heavy financial losses, Godeheu adopted policy of negotiation, French and British agreed to not interfere in native prince (Fear of repercussion in America prompted French to end hostility) 4. Implication - Indian authority started becoming dependent on European power Third Carnatic War (1758 - 63) 1. Background - Seven years war 2. Causes - French army captured fort St. David and Vizianagaram 3. Battle of Wandiwash - 1760, Lost of Jinji and Mahe, won by British 4. Result - Treaty of peace of Paris (restored territories to France) , French political influence disappeared 5. Significance - Clear indication about fall of India in hands of European no matter who won Causes English Success 1. Private company vs Controlled by state 2. Superior English navy 3. English had Calcutta, Bombay and Madras while French only had Pondicherry 4. French subordinated commercial interest to territorial ambition (Issue of funding) 5. Superiority of commander in British camp (Dupleix was not man of action) 5. The Danes 1620 factory at Tranquebar, Better known for missionary activities 6. Why English Succeeded over others? 1. Capitalistic vs Feudal mindset (Company structure) 2. Election vs Nomination of board of directors 3. Naval superiority (Learned from Portuguese) 4. Early industrial revolution 5. Military skill and discipline 6. Stable government in Britain 7. Lesser zeal of religion 8. Use of debt market (Worlds first central bank to sell debt bond) India on the eve of British Conquest 1. Panipat Battle of Panipat 1. First Babar vs Ibrahim Lodi 2. Second Akbar vs Hemu 3. Third Maratha vs Ahmad Shaha Abdali [To avenge expulsion of Timur Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India] Why Panipat ? 1. Plain terrain suitable for cavalry 2. Strategic location for Delhi 3. Easier for logistic and advantage of insulating capital 4. Because of grand trunk road easier for conqueror to find their way there 5. Less monsoon 6. Artisans or Smiths of this region were expert in making warfare related material 2. Mughal Empire Important events and emperor 1.
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