Sources of history and Major approach to History 1. James Rennell first surveyor general of Bangal, 1767 (Survey of India began scientific mapping) 2. Abbe Duboi's - Hindu manner and Customs; Bishop herber's journal 3. James Burnes - Narrative of visit to court of Sinde 4. Alexander Burnes - Travels into Bokhra 5. CJC Davidson - Diary of travels and adventure in upper India 6. John Butler - Travels and adventure in the province of Assam (All above British) 7. Patana Kalam - Painting, under patronage of East India Company

Advent of the Europeans in India 1. Portuguese in India

Background 1. 1453 - Constantinople fall to Ottoman Turk 2. Muslim rural monopoly over Red sea route and land 3. Europe - Renaissance - Economic development - Prosperity - Demand for luxury goods increased 4. Idea to find route to India became obsession for Prince Henry of Portugal (Navigator) [Pope Nicholos 5 gave right to navigate to prince] 5. Portugal and Spain, Treaty of Tordesilas 1494 [Atlantic line divide, Portugal east of Cape Verde island] 6. In 1487 Borthholomew Diasa tried but end at rounding cape of good hope 7. First to enter India and last to leave Vasco Da gama 1. 1498 - Arrival of three ship under Vasco Da Gama, led by Gujarathi pilot Abdul Majid 2. zamorin (Samuthiri) - Hindu ruler of Calicut, welcomed Vasco Da Gama [Arab of Malbar Apprehension] 3. Role of muslim middleman reduced (around 10 times more profit in pepper) 4. Came back in 1501 - Zamorin declined offer to exclude Arab rulers - Rupture with Zamorin 5. Factory at Cannanore Pedro Alvarez Cabral 1. 1500 - Established factory at Calicut 2. Conflict with Arab - Advantageous treaty with local rulers of Cochin and Cannanore 3. 1503- First Portuguese fort at Cochin (Not linked to Pedro probably) Francisco De Almeida 1. 1505 - King appointed him as governor in India for three year (equipped with forces), Second fort at Cannanore 2. Task to consolidate Portuguese position in India and destroy Muslim trader by seizing Aden, Mallacca and Ormuz 3. Naval Battle of Diu (1509) - Portuguese defeated by ally forces of Gujarat navy, Zamorin and Egyptian navy 4. Avenged defeat by crushing both the navies 5. Blue Water Policy (Cartaze system) - Make Portuguese master of Indian ocean Alfonso de Albuquerque 1. Real founder of Portuguese power in East (Strong hold in Red sea, Malabar and Malacca) 2. Introduced permit system (Advantage of unavailability of timber in red sea region) 3. Acquired Goa from Sultan of Bijapur (1510) 4. Abolition of Sati 5. Encouraged to take local wives (Settlement approach) 6. Introduced new crops like Tobacco and cashew nut 7. Bitter persecution of Muslim a serious drawback of his policy Nino Da Cunha 1. 1529 - Governor 2. 1530 - Shifted capital to Goa 3. Attempted to increase power in Bangal (Hooghly) 4. Conflict with Bahadur Shaha of Gujarat (killed him) Favorable condition for Portuguese 1. Divided north 2. Bahamani kingdom was breaking 3. Poor naval strength of Indian kings 4. Canon placed on Portuguese ships Administration 1. Head viceroy (three years term) 2. Vedor da fazenda - Responsible for revenue Religious policy 1. Zeal to promote Christianity 2. Intolerant towards towards Muslim 3. Initially tolerant towards Hindu but later prosecuted 4. Religious relation with Akbar 5. Capture of Mughal ship and Muslims led to conflict with Jahangir 6. Slave trade (Hindu and Muslim) - Seizure of girl from Mumtaz Mahal - 1632 Mughal Seize of Hoogly Downfall 1. Religious policy 2. Hoogly used for piracy 3. Forceful conversion to Christianity 4. Rise of Marathas as neighbors 5. Unfair and dishonest trade practices (piracy, robbery) [Hooghly as base for piracy in BoB] 6. Discovery of Brazil 7. Loss of importance of Goa with fall of Vijaynagar empire 8. Rise of Dutch and British Significance of Portuguese 1. Emergence of Naval power 2. System of drilling group of infantry on Spanish model 3. Organizational skill in creation of royal arsenals, dockyard, regular system of pilots was noteworthy 4. Art of silversmith and goldsmith flourished in Goa 5. Church construction

2. Dutch in India

Dutch Settlement 1. 1605 - First factory in Masulipattanam 2. Captured Nagapatnam from Portuguese 3. Factories on Coromandal coast, UP, Bihar, Bangal, Gujarat 4. Pulicat (1609), Surat (1616), Bimilpatanam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Baranagar, Kasimbazar, Balasore, Patana, Nagapatanam (1658), Cochin Anglo Dutch Rivalry 1. Amboyana (Indonesia) massacred by Dutch initiated rivalry 2. Compromise in 1667 by which British withdrawal of claim on Indonesia and Dutch retirement from India (main motive trade hence Indonesia was more lucrative) 3. Anglo Dutch war 1672 - Capture of British ships in Bay of Bengal 4. English retaliation in the Hoogly war of 1759 which crushed Dutch ambition in India (Battle of Bidara/ Chinsura)

3. British in India

Charter of Queen Elizabeth 1. 1600 - Exclusive right for trading into East Indies 2. Initially 15 years monopoly later extended indefinitely Footholds in West and South 1. 1609 - Captain Hawkins in Darbar of Jahangir 2. 1611 - Factory at Masulipattanam 3. 1612 - defeated Portuguese in Surat - Jahangir impressed - Permission for factory in Surat 4. Permission to set up factory at Agra, Ahmdabad and Bharooch 5. 1662 - Bombay gifted to Charls II by King of Portugal (Western presidency from Surat to Bombay in 1687) 6. Goldan Farman by Sultan of Govalconda - 1632, privilege to trade at port of Govalconda 7. 1639 - Chandrgiri ruler permission, St. George factory Madras Footholds in Bangal 1. 1651 - Shaha Shauja allowed English trade in Bangal 2. 1667 - Aurangazeb farman for granting permission of trade in Bengal 3. Mughal raid on Hoogly later 1691 factory at Sutanuti 4. 1696 - Rebel of Zamindar Shobha Singh - Fortification of Sutanuti factory (1700 - Fort William) 5. Charles Eyer was first president of eastern presidency Farrukshiyar's Farman (1715) 1. In Bangal - Import export excluded from additional custom duties 2. Permitted to issue dastaks for transportation of goods 3. Permitted to rent more land around Culcutta 4. Hyderabad - Freedom from duties in trade 5. Surat - With annual payment excepted from all duties 6. Coins minted at Bombay to have currency throughout Mughal empire 7. Farrukhsiyar introduced revenue farming in Bengal. Merging of two English companies 1. English revolution 1688 2. Rival company in the opposition of monopoly 3. Under pressure of parliament and crown merger in 1708 (United company of merchant of England trading to east Indies)

4. The French in India

Foundation 1. Last to came (Minister Colbert of Louise 14) 2. French EIC - 1664, 50 years monopoly 3. 1667 - Factory at Surat by Caron 4. 1669 - Factory at Masulipattanam 5. Permission from Shahist Khan to establish township at Chandernagore (near Culcatta) 6. 1674 - Pondicherry (Famncois Martin) 7. 1693 - Dutch captured Pondicherry, but in 1697 by treaty of Ryswick restored 8. French company was backed by Reunion and Madagaskar 9. Joseph Dupleix was the originator of subsidiary alliance (Hyderbad)

French - English Rivalry Background 1. Reflects traditional rivalry (Started with Austrian war of succession and ended with Seven years war) 2. Politically unstable south India 3. Decline of Hyderbad as signal of decline of Muslim Expansionism 4. Trade conflicts First Carnatic (name of Coromandel coast) War (1740 - 48) 1. Immediate Cause - English navy seized French ships, French retaliated by seizing Madras 2. Result - Treaty of Aiz La Chapelle, Madras handed over to British and French got their territories in North America 3. Significance - Remembered for battle of St. Thomas (Madras), Small French army defeated large forces of Nawab of Carnatic (Eye opener that small discipline force can defeat large Indian army) Second Carnatic War (1749-54) 1. Background - Dupleix sought to increase French power and political influence 2. Immediate Cause - Death of Nizam ul Mulk, Accession of Son of Nizam (English) opposed by Grandon of Nawab of Carnatic (French) 3. Result - Dupleix recalled due to heavy financial losses, Godeheu adopted policy of negotiation, French and British agreed to not interfere in native prince (Fear of repercussion in America prompted French to end hostility) 4. Implication - Indian authority started becoming dependent on European power Third Carnatic War (1758 - 63) 1. Background - Seven years war 2. Causes - French army captured fort St. David and Vizianagaram 3. Battle of Wandiwash - 1760, Lost of Jinji and Mahe, won by British 4. Result - Treaty of peace of Paris (restored territories to France) , French political influence disappeared 5. Significance - Clear indication about fall of India in hands of European no matter who won Causes English Success 1. Private company vs Controlled by state 2. Superior English navy 3. English had Calcutta, Bombay and Madras while French only had Pondicherry 4. French subordinated commercial interest to territorial ambition (Issue of funding) 5. Superiority of commander in British camp (Dupleix was not man of action)

5. The Danes

1620 factory at Tranquebar, Better known for missionary activities

6. Why English Succeeded over others?

1. Capitalistic vs Feudal mindset (Company structure) 2. Election vs Nomination of board of directors 3. Naval superiority (Learned from Portuguese) 4. Early industrial revolution 5. Military skill and discipline 6. Stable government in Britain 7. Lesser zeal of religion 8. Use of debt market (Worlds first central bank to sell debt bond)

India on the eve of British Conquest 1. Panipat

Battle of Panipat 1. First Babar vs Ibrahim Lodi 2. Second Akbar vs Hemu 3. Third Maratha vs Ahmad Shaha Abdali [To avenge expulsion of Timur Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India]

Why Panipat ? 1. Plain terrain suitable for cavalry 2. Strategic location for Delhi 3. Easier for logistic and advantage of insulating capital 4. Because of grand trunk road easier for conqueror to find their way there 5. Less monsoon 6. Artisans or Smiths of this region were expert in making warfare related material

2. Mughal Empire

Important events and emperor 1. Jahandar shah - introduced izara system to improve financial situation, abolished Jaziya 2. Maratha vs Muhmad shah, Maratha invaded Delhi, 1737 3. Battle of Karnal - 1739, Nadir Shaha imprisoned Muhmad Shaha 4. Farukshiyar killed by Sayyad brothers with help Martaha (First time Mughal emperor killed by noble) 5. Alamgir II - Battle of Plassey 6. Shaha Alam II - Panipat & Buxar 7. Akbar II - Gave title Raja to Rammohan Rai, Stop minting Mughal coins 8. With legal terms on 1st November 1858 Mughal regime came to end Cause of Decline 1. Incapable rulers after Aurangazeb 2. Zamindar helped nobles to carve out independent kingdoms 3. Jahagirdari crisis 4. Stagnation of trade, industry and scientific development 5. Rise of regional aspiration 6. With absence of law of succession, war of succession 7. Vast empire, inefficient administration 8. Religious policy of Aurangazeb 9. Deccan policy of Aurangazeb 10. Advent of europeans

3. Socio - Economic Condition

Agriculture 1. Technically backward 2. Reward for peasant were inadequate (Worst in British era) Trade and Industry 1. Large export (India sink of precious metal) 2. Ship building industry started flourishing (Not compare to British) Status of Education 1. Traditional 2. Over reliance on ancient learning (Original thoughts discouraged) 3. Elementary school - Hindu - Pathshala; Muslim - Maktabas (Confined to reading, writing and arithmatic) 4. Children from lower caste attended school but female presence was rare 5. Madarsha for higher Arabic and Persian learning 6. Chatuspatis or Tol for higher education for Hindu Social Set-Up 1. Aming Hindus many caste, many sects and Caste councils 2. Patriarchal society 3. Among muslims nobles divided as Irani, Afgani, Hindustani, Shia Sunni 4. Sharif Muslim - noble, preist, scholars ; Ailaf - Army affairs 5. Religious conversion major divisive force 6. Upper caste women remained at home while lower caste worked in fields 7. Purdah, Sati, Child marriage, polygamy existed 8. Dowry widespread in Bengal and Rajasthan 9. life of widow miserable (Parashuram bhau tried to promote widow remarriage) 10. Prevalence of slaves, Hereditary (But marriage among them allowed and children were free citizen) Development in Art, Architecture and Culture 1. Bada Imambara - 1784, Lucknow, Asaf Ud Daula 2. Sawai Jai Sing - Pink city of Jaipur and five astronomical observation, Time table called Jij Muhammad Shahi to study astronomy 3. Rajputana, Kangara painting became prominent 4. Growth of Urdu language and poetry 5. Heer Ranjha composed by Waris shaha (Punjabi literature) 6. Tamil language enriched by Sittar poetry

Expansion and Consolidation of British Power 1. Causes of British Success in India

1. Superior Arms, Military and Strategy 2. Better military discipline and regular salary 3. Civil discipline and fair selection system (Indians nepotism and caste based) 4. Brilliant leadership and support of second line leaders 5. Strong financial back up 6. Nationalist pride

2. British Conquest of Bangal

Bangal on the eve of British Conquest 1. 60% of Import of Britain from Asia came from Bangal 2. 1700 - Murshid Kuli Khan 3. Bangal isolated from invasion of Maratha 4. All governor resented special privileges enjoyed by British (Chief cause of conflict) The Battle of Plassy (1757) Causes 1. Rampant misuse of privileges of British, affected Nawab's finance 2. British fortified Culcutta without Nawab's permission 3. English suspect that Siraj will reduce trade privileges 4. Siraj attacked and seized English fort in Culcutta 5. Propagated black hole tragedy The Battle 1. Clive, Mir Jafar, Jagath Seth (banker) alliance (Victory decided before the battle ) 2. Conspiracy led defeat of strong force of Nawab by hands of handful force of Clive 3. Siraj captured and murdered Significance 1. Mir Jafar gave large some of money and Jamindari of 24 Paraganas 2. Established British military supremacy 3. Sovereignty of British over Culcutta recognized 4. Start of British rule in India

Mir Kasim and treaty of 1760 1. Jafar conspiracy with Dutch against Clive 2. Dutch defeat 3. Company to get half share of Chunam trade in Sylhet 4. 5 lakh towards financing company war in South India 5. Cede to company Burdwan, Midanpur and Chitgaon 6. Company's Friend Kasim's Friend and Company's Enemy Kasim's and vice versa 7. Result - Jafar resigned in favor of Kasim Steps taken by Mir Kasim 1. Shifted capital from Murshidabad to Munger (To distant from Culcutta) 2. Reorganize bureaucracy and enhance skill and efficiency of army

The Battle of Buxar (1764) Causes 1. Kasim belied expectation of Company 2. Misuse of dastak created tension 3. Kasim decided to abolish duty; British protested for having preferential treatment 4. Confederacy of Kasim, Nawab of Awadh and Mughal emperor The Battle 1. Major Hector Munro army defeated combine army of Mughal, Awadh and Kasim 2. English won great victory over north India 3. Mir Jafar again made Nawab 4. Midanpore, Burdwan and Chittagong to English for maintenance of army 5. Duty free trade for British in Bengal (Except 2% duty on salt) The treaty of Allahabad 1. Shaha Alam agreed to reside at Alahabad under company protection & Farman to grant diwani of Bangal Bihar and Orissa to EIC 2. Awadh made a buffer state against Afgan and Maratha, Nawab as a friend of company Dual governance in Bangal 1. Introduced by Robert Clive 2. Diwani and Nijamat (Police and Judiciary) under British [Nijamat via right to nominate deputy Subhdar] 3. Administrative failure (Warren hasting did away with dual governance in 1772)

3. British Conquest of Mysore

Hyder Ali 1. Started as horseman in Wodeyar army 2. Politically and Financially unstable Mysore - 1761 - Hyder Ali became defacto ruler 3. Arm factory at Dindigul with help of French 4. Training of army on western line

First Anglo- Mysore War (1767 - 1769) 1. 1766 treaty of British with Nizam of Hydrabad 2. Nizam, Maratha and English allied together (But Haider used diplomatic skills) 3. Treaty of Madras - Humiliating treaty for British

Second Anglo Mysore War (1780 - 1784) Cause 1. Haider accused British of non observance of Madras treaty 2. Via Mahe French war material brought to Mysore 3. American civil war 4. English tried to capture Mahe Course of War 1. Anti English alliance with Maratha and Nizam 2. Haider defeat at Porto Novo but regrouped and defeated English Treaty of Manglore 1. Tipu concluded 2. Each party gave back territories

Third Anglo Mysore War (1790 - 1792) Cause 1. Tipu declared war against Travancore 2. English supported Travancore Treaty of Srirangapatnam 1. Near half of the territory of Mysore taken by victor (British + Maratha + Nizam) 2. War damage of 3 Cr Rupees taken from Tipu 3. Tipu's two son has hostages for payment of money

Fourth Anglo Mysore War (1799) 1. Wellesely was concerned about Tipu's friendship with French 2. Chargsheet against Tipu that he was plotting against British 3. Nizam and Maratha helped British 4. English won, Tipu died 5. A boy from Wodeyar dynasty placed on throne and Subsidiary Alliance imposed (1831 - William Bentinck took control on ground of misgovernance; 1881 - Lord Rippon restored Kingdom)

Tipu Sultan 1. Well educated 2. Organised army on European line 3. Built a Naval force 4. Patron of Science and Technology (Pioneer of rocket science in India; wrote military manual explaining functioning of rocket) 5. Introduced sericulture 6. Great lover of democracy and great diplomat 7. Gave support to French in setting up Jacobin Club (Became member) 8. Tree of liberty in Seringpatam 9. Reported as destroyer of Hindu temple but Sanctioned funds to repair Temple at Sringeri 10. Despised the use of Palanquins

4. British Conquest of Maratha

First Anglo Maratha War (1775-1782) Causes 1. Death of Madhavrao 2. Treaty of Surat, 1775 - Raghunathrao ceded Salesette and Bassein to English & portion of Surat and Bharuch revenue, In return British provided 2500 soldiers 3. Treaty of Purandar - Culcutta council rejected Surat treaty, Bombay council rejected this 4. Nana Phadanvis violated treaty Course of war 1. Maratha used Scorched earth policy (burning farmland and poisoning wells) 2. English surrendered in 1779 3. Treaty of Wadgaon signed Treaty of Salbai (1782) 1. Warren Hasting rejected treaty of Wadgaon 2. Defeated Shinde at Sipri 3. Treaty guaranteed peace for 20 years 4. Peshwa should not support any European 5. English enjoyed trade privileges as before

Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805) Causes 1. Bajirao II as Peshawa 2. Death of Nana Phadanvis in 1800 3. Peshawa killed brother of Jaswantrao Holkar, Holkar defeated armies of Peshawa and Shinde Treaty of Bassein (1802) 1. Signed by Bajirao II with English 2. Peshawa accepted subsidiary alliance 3. Shinde (Treaty of Surajianjangaon) and Bhosale (treaty of Devgaon) also concluded separate subsidiary treaty 4. Holkar accepted treaty of Rajpurghat Significance of treaty of Bassein 1. Company troops in Ponna, Strategic advantage of evenly spread company troops 2. Gave English key of India Third Anglo Maratha war (1817-1819) [Bhima Koregaon] Causes 1. Charter act of 1813 Company monopoly ended (Except tea and trade with China) (Hence more need of resources) 2. English charged Maratha giving shelter to Pindaris 3. British action against Pindaris seen as challenge to Maratha sovereignty 4. Bajirao II made a last bid by rallying Maratha chief Result 1. Treaty of Poona with Peshawa, Gwalior with Shinde and Mandasor with Holkar 2. Peshwaship abolished 3. Pratap Sing ruler of Satara; Bajirao II at Bithur near Kanpur

Why Maratha lost? 1. Inept, Selfish leadership 2. Defective nature of Maratha state (No spread of education, No organisation, No unification, Religio national movement) 3. Loose political set up 4. Inferior military system (Though artillery department at Poona it hardly functioned efficiently) 5. Unstable Economic policy 6. Superior English Diplomacy 7. Progressive British outlook vs Varna System

5. British Conquest of Sindh

Talpura Amir 1. British factory at Thatta, Sarfaraj khan force to close down this factory 2. 1783 Talpuras under Mir Fateh Ali Khan established control over Sindh 3. Char yar (brother) divided kingdom among themselves 4. Amir ordered British to quit SIndh in 1800 Treaty of Eternal Friendship 1. 1807 Alliance of Tilsit with Alexander I of Russia joined Napolean 2. One condition of alliance combine invasion of India by land route 3. British wanted Barrier between Russia and British India 4. Treaty with Amir, both side agreed to exclude French from Sindh (1820 Excludes American) Treaty of 1832 1. No English would settle in Sindh, Passport required for traders 2. Free passage through Sindh for British traders & use of Indus (no warship) 3. Old treaties confirmed Lord Auckland ad Sindh 1. Looked at Sindh from perspective of saving India from Russian invasion and counteracting influence over Afgan (Amir were not strong as Ranjeet, consolidation in SIndh was needed) 2. 1838 tripartite treaty gave right to British to intervene between Sindh and Punjab 3. Sindh accept subsidiary alliance in 1839 4. 1843 Sindh merged in British India (Afgan war on soil of Sindh -> charged Amir with treasonable charges -> treaty -> revolt -> Annexation)

6. Conquest of Punjab

Consolidation of Punjab under Sikh 1. Murder of Banda Bahadur -> Sikh's divided into Bandai (liberal) and Tat Khalsa (orthodox) 2. Kapur Sing Faijalpurajja organised Sikh as Dal Khalsa 3. Weakness of Mughal -> Dal Khalsa consolidated as Misl (12 important) 4. Ranjeet Sing of Shukarchakiya Misl [Ranjeet code J&K] 5. Ranjeet sing exploited political turmoil of region (Ruthless policy of blood and iron) Treaty of Amritsar (1809) 1. English and Ranjeet Singh 2. River Sutlaj as boundary line Punjab after Ranjeet Singh 1. His son was not efficient 2. Power Struggle

First Anglo Sikh War (1845-46) Causes 1. Anarchy after death of Ranjeet Singh 2. Increased British troop near border 3. Sikh army crossed Sutlaj Treaty of Lahore 1. British resident at Lahore 2. Kashmir sold to Gulab Singh to pay war indemnity 3. As Sikh not satisfied with treaty, later treaty of Bhairowal

Second Anglo Sikh War (1848-1849) Cause 1. Humiliating treaties 2. Revolt by Mulraj and murder of English officer (over replacing him as governor) Result 1. Surrender of Sikh army 2. Annexation of Punjab 3. 1853 Punjab under Chief Commissioner 4. Gave two side mutual respect for each other fighting power 5. Then after Sikh to fight loyally on British side (Even in revolt of 1857)

7. Extension of British Paramountcy through administrative policy

The policy of ring fence 1. Warren Hasting [Contemporary to Nepolean] 2. Creating buffer zone to defend companies territory, eg. Awadh 3. State brought under ring fence, were assured of military assistance under external aggression at their own expense Subsidiary Alliance 1. Lord Wellesely (1798-1805) 2. State compelled to accept permanent British army within its territory & to pay for maintenance 3. Posting of British resident in court 4. State can't employ other European without permission 5. Can't go for war or negotiation without consulting governor general 6. Started with fear of Napolean expedition 7. Made Indian ruler weak and irresponsible 8. First state Hyderabad (1798 and 1800) 9. Stages - First - Help with troops; Second - Making a common cause; Third - Ask for money and not men; Fourth - High fixed fee or else cede territory Doctrine of Lapse 1. Adopted son can be heir to private property but not state (Said to be based on Hindu law, Ranjit Singh annexed few) 2. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) [Not originator but too many cases arose] 3. 7 states annexed by Dalhousie under doctrine of lapse [Satara, Sambalpur, Jhanshi, Nagpur] 4. Bhagat and Udaipur given back [Rule of law] 5. Awadh annexation for maladministration [Dalhousie was hesitating but court of director ordered; Political blunder led to revolt of 1857]

8. Relation of British India with neighboring countries

Anglo Bhutanese relation 1. Frequent raids by Bhutanese 2. British were forced to surrender passes leading to Assam 3. Bhutanese forced to surrender passes on annual payment of subsidies [Productive area of tea, 1865]

Anglo Nepalese relation Treaty of Sagauli (1816) 1. Nepal accepted British resident 2. Ceded Garwal and Kumaon 3. Gorakhas joined British Indian army in large number 4. Titaliya Treaty with Sikkim gave the land to Sikkim that snatched away from Nepal

Anglo Burmese relation First Burma war (1824-1826) Treaty of Yandabo 1. Cede coastal province of Arakan and Tenasserim 2. Abandon claims on Assam, Jantia 3. Accepted British resident

Second Burma War (1852) - To get hold on timber resources Third Burma War (1885) 1. Invasion and annexation of Upper Burma by Dufferin 2. Burma separated from India in 1935

Anglo Tibetian relation - Treaty of Lhasa (1904) [Fear of Russian arms] (Anglo Russian convention 1907, In Tibet two powers would not negotiate without mediation of China) Gorkha contingent under Colonel Younghusband on a special mission to Tibet to oblige Tibetans to come to an agreement.

Anglo Afghan relation Forward policy of Auckland - Company had to take initiative to protect boundary from Russian invasion [Spirited forward policy - Lytton] Anglo Afghan War (1839-1842) 1. Tripartite treaty of 1838 [Shaha Shauja, Sikh and British] [Involve a Sindh angle] 2. Dost Amir surrendered and Shaha Shauja made Amir 3. Afghan didnt accept Shaha Shauja 4. Settlement with Dost Muhammad John Lawrence's policy of masterly inactivity - Peace and non interference

Lytton (Conservative) and the policy of proud reserve - Aimed at having scientific frontier and safeguarding sphere of influence Second Anglo Afghan war (1870-1880) Treaty of Gondamark (1879) 1. Amir conduct foreign policy with consultation of British India 2. Permanent British resident 3. Ripon - Afghan kept as buffer state (1921 independence in foreign policy) North west frontier 1. Durand line between Afghan and British territories, 1893 2. Peaceful policy of Curzon

People's Resistance Against British Before 1857 1. Causes of peoples uprising

1. Land revenue settlement, Heavy burden of taxes, eviction of peasants 2. Loss of tribal people's hold over agriculture forest land 3. Devastation of handloom industry 4. Destruction of indigenous industry 5. Jamindar lost control over land (and hence priest, peasant and other)

2. Civil Uprisings

Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800) 1. Bihar and Bangal 2. Famine of 1770 [Immediate cause restriction on pilgrims visiting holy places ] 3. Raided companies factories and treasuries 4. Equal participation of Hindu and Muslim 5. Successful in establishing an independent government in Bogra and Mymensingh. 6. Manju Shaha, Chirag Ali, Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak 7. Debi Chaudhurani's participation recognized as women participation 8. Bankim Chandr Chatopadhyay novel Anandmath and Debi Chaudhurani

Revolt of Midanapore and Dhalabhum (1766-1774) 1. Bangal 2. Damodar Singh and Jagnath Dhal main leaders 3. Jamindar - Ryot relation disturbed because of new land revenue system

Revolt of Moamarias (1769-99) 1. Assam 2. Low cast peasant who followed teaching of Aniruddhadeva challenges authority of Ahom king 3. King took help from British

Civil uprising in Gorakhpur, Basti and Bahraich (1781) 1. Utter Pradesh 2. To meet war expense appointment of Hannary as Izardar (Revenue officer, Secret mission to check if how much surplus money was accessible in practice) 3. Zamindar revolted 4. Hennary dismissed and Izara removed

Revolt of Raja of Vijayanagarm (1794) 1. Northern Circas 2. Joint mission to to oust French from Northern Circas 3. After death of Anand Raju, Vijayramraju 4. Demand of British for money and to disband his troop 5. Subjects supported Vijayramraju

Revolt of Dhundia in Bednur (1799-1800) 1. Karnataka 2. Dhundia wagh converted to Islam by Tipu and put into jail 3. After release carved out a state against British 4. Get killed fighting against Wellesley

Resistance of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (1797; 1800-05) 1. Violation of treaty which accepted independence of Kotayam 2. English appointed uncle of Pazhassi and gave him a revenue target 3. Peasant exploitation to meet revenue target 4. Mass resistance led by Raja (Got killed)

Civil Rebellion in Awadh (1799) 1. Wajir ali khan replaced by Saddat Ali Khan 2. Massacre of Banares - Wajir Ali's guard killed European and attacked magistrate of Banares 3. Wajir Ali put in confinement

Uprising in Ganjam and Gumsur (1800; 1835-37) 1. Eastern Orrisa 2. Strikara Bhanj a zamindar refused to pay revenue 3. His son Dhananjay Bhaj rose to revolt after his death followers resisted 4. Doora Bisayi formidable leader arrested and Zamindar of Gumsur forfeited

Uprising in Palamau (1800-02) 1. Chotanagpur region Jharkhand 2. Bhukhan Singh was leader

Poligars Revolt (1795-1805) 1. Tinnevelly, Ramnathpuram, Sivagiri, Madurai and North Arcot 2. Kattabomman Nayakan 3. Company forces defeated by Veerpandiya Kattabomman 4. Raja of Pudukottai's agreement with British -> Kattabomman, Subramania Pillai hanged 5. Poligars imprisoned in fort of Palamcotta escaped, rebels took control of many forts 6. Poligars of North Arcot rebelled as they were deprived of collecting Kaval fees (hereditary police office)

Uprising in Bhiwani (1809) - Jat of Hariyana Diwan Velu Thampi's revolt (1808-1809) 1. Travancore 2. Kundara Proclamation - Thampi openly call to take arm against British

Disturbance in Bundelkhand (1808-1812) 1. Present MP & UP 2. Lakshman Dawa killedar of Ajaygarh fort 3. Darya Singh killedar of Kalanjar & Gopal SIngh military adventurer 4. To suppress - policy to binding hereditary chieftains (Contractual obligation known as Ikarnamahs)

Parlakimedi Outbreak (1813-14) 1. Ganjam, Odisha 2. Narayan Deo, Gajpathi Deo

Kutch or Cutch Rebellion (1816-1832) - Gujarat, Rao Bharmal, conciliatory policy

Rising at Bareilly (1816) 1. Imposition of police tax 2. Mufti Muhmad and his followers, Religious Jehad

Upsurge in Hathras (1817) 1. Aligarh and Agra 2. Dayaram and Bhagwat Singh

Paika Rebellion (1817) 1. Traditional landed militia of Odisha 2. Bakshi Jagbandhu Bidyadhar, Mukund Deva and Dinbandhu Santra 3. Succeeded in getting large remission (Suspension of sale of estate of defaulter at discretion)

Waghera Rising (1818-1820) 1. Badoda 2. Led by Okha Mandal 3. Peace treaty

Ahom Revolt (1828) 1. Assam 2. Led by Gomdhar Konwar, Narendr Gadadhar singh and Kumar Rupchand 3. Restoration of kngdom

Surat Salt Agitation (1840) 1. Against raising salt duty, Attacks on European 2. Government withdrew additional salt duty

Kolhapur revolt (Gadkaris revolt, 1844) 1. During administrative reorganisation of Kolhapur, Gadkari disband 2. Occupied Samangarh and Bhudargarh

Savantvadi revolt (1844) - Phond Savant, Subana Nikam, Daji Lakshman and Har Sawant Dingnekar

Wahabi Movement 1. Islamic revivalist movement founded by Syed Ahmed of Rai Barelly [ Shah Waliullah confused] 2. Bihar, Bangal and Punjab 3. Teaching of Abdul Wahab of Saudi and Shaha Waliullah of Delhi 4. Advocated return to pure Islam 5. Dar ul Harb (land of Kafir) to be converted to Dar ul Islam 6. Jehad against Sikh kingdom of Punjab (English dominion target)

Kuka movement (1840) 1. By Bhagat Jawahar Mal (Sian Saheb) in western Punjab (After him Baba Ram Singh(founded namdhari Sikh sect)) 2. From religious purification movement to political movement 3. Abolition of caste; discouraging consumption of meat, alcohol and drugs; inter caste marriage; widow remarriage 4. Advocated wearing hand woven cloth and boycott English laws and products (Swadeshi and non co operation) 5. Kuka Revolt 1872

3. Peasant movement with religious overtone

Narkelberja uprising 1. Mir Nithar Ali or Titu Mir 2. Muslim peasant against Hindu land lords (later merged with Wahabi movement) The Pagal Panthis 1. Semi religious group of Hajong and Garo tribes, founded by Karam Shah (Bangal) 2. Kasam shaha son Tipu rose against Zamindar Faraizi Revolt 1. Muslims sect founded by Haji Shariat Allah (Son of Dadu Mian) of Faridapur (East Bangal) 2. Advocated radical religious, social and political change (merged with Wahabis) Moplah uprising 1. Malbar, Kerala 2. Hike in revenue demand and reduction in field size

4. Tribal Revolt

Causes Mainland 1. Affected joint membership and hence social fabric 2. Influx of non tribals because of extended agriculture 3. Restricted timber use, grazing and shifting cultivation 4. Exploited by moneylenders, police and traders 5. Christian missionaries interfered in tribal customs North Easter Frontier 1. Revolts often favor in political autonomy or complete independence 2. Movement were not forest based or agrarian revolt 3. Continued longer time 4. Desanskritisation movement also spread (Meitei movement to denounce malpractices of neo vaishnavite)

Characteristics 1. Not all outsiders seen as enemy (Poor or profession having socially and economically supportive role) 2. Resentment against imposition of laws by foreign government 3. Led by Massiaha like figure 4. Fought with outdated arms

Important tribal movements of mainland Pahariyas Rebellion 1. Pahariyas of Raj Mahal Hills (Jharkhand) 2. Led to peace, British declared their area as Damni Kol area Chuar Uprising (Revolt of Jangal Mahal) 1. Midanpore and Bankura (Bangal) 2. Sham Ganjan, Durjan Singh and Madhab Singh 3. Brutally suppressed Kol Mutiny (1831) 1. Issue of transfer of land from Kol to outsider 2. Chotanagpur 3. Buddho Bhagat and others killed or burnt thousands of outsiders Ho and Munda uprising 1. Raja Pratap organised Ho tribals of Jharkhand, joined by Mundas 2. Against new revenue policy and entry of Bangalis in their region 3. In 1900 Birsa Munda led rebellion The Santhal rebellion 1. Rajmahal hill (Bihar) 2. Rebel against Zamindar 3. Sidhu and Kanhu important leaders Khond uprising 1. Extending from Tamilnadu to Bangal & Orissa 2. Bhakra Bisnoi opposed suppression of human sacrifice, new taxes and entry of Zamindar in their area Koya revolts 1. Eastern Godavari track (Modern Andhra) 2. Thomma Sora and Raja Annatayar rebel against oppression by police and moneylenders, denial of their customary and forest rights Bhil Revolts 1. Maharashtra and Southern Rajasthan 2. Famine, economic distress and misgovernment 3. Govind Guru helped Bhil of South Rajsthan for Bhil raj Koli rising - Against unemployment and dismantling their forts Ramosi Rising 1. After annexation of Maratha lost their livehood 2. Rose under Chittur Singh, Umaji Naik and his supporter Bapu Trimbakji Sawant 3. Pacifist policy even recruited some of them Note : Adivasi Mahsabha was formed in 1937

Important tribal movements North East Region Khasi Uprising (1833) 1. EIC wanted to build road linking Salhyt and Brhamputra valley so influx of outsider 2. Garo, Khasi, Khaptis and Singphos organised themselve under Tirath Singh 3. To drive away stranger Singphos rebellion (1843) 1. Assam Burma border 2. Nirang Phidu led

5. Sepoy Mutinies

Causes 1. Discrimination in payment and promotions 2. Mistreatment by British officials 3. Refusal to pay foreign allowances when fighting in remote area 4. Religious objection (Canning's general service enlistment act 1856 ordering all recruits to serve inside and outside the country) Important mutinies 1. Vellore Mutiny of 1806 (Against interference in social and religious practices) 2. Mutiny of 47th native infantry 1824 (Crossing sea) 3. Revolt of Grenadier company, Assam 1825 4. Mutiny in Solapur 1838

6. Weakness of people's uprising

1. Localised, different time and different region 2. Semi feudal leadership, traditional outlook 3. Not because of national impulse but to protect personal rights 4. Outdated arms 5. No unified nationalist sentiments, hence pacified easily

The Revolt of 1857 1. Major Causes

Economic 1. New land revenue policy, heavy taxes hence involvement of moneylenders (Status issue for Zamindar) 2. Eviction of peasants 3. Annexation of state led to cut off of patronage for artisans 4. British policy discouraged handicraft to promote British goods 5. One way free trade 6. Increased pressure on land and agriculture Political 1. Company's greed policy created suspicion in all states 2. Right of succession denied to Hindu prince 3. Succession of Mughal prince 'Faquirudin' accepted conditionally Administrative causes 1. Rampant corruption 2. Foreign and alien look in the eyes of Indians Socio Religious Causes 1. Racial overtone & Superiority Complex 2. Activities of Christian missionaries 3. Attempt of socio religious reforms like Abolition of Sati, Widow remarriage and women education 4. Decision to tax Mosque and temple land 5. Religious disability act 1856 which modified Hindu custom (Changing religion will not debar son from inheriting property) Influence of outside event 1. British lost in First Afghan war, Punjab wars, Crimean war 2. Psychological repercussions of above war Discontent among Sepoys 1. Restriction on wearing caste or sectarian mark 2. general service enlistment act 1856 3. Would not be given foreign allowances when serving Punjab and Sindh 4. Annexation of Awadh, home of many Sepoy 5. Subordinate treatment 6. Sepoys were peasant in uniforms, hence effect of ruler distress

2. Beginning and spread of revolt

The Spark 1. Report of mixing bone dust in Atta 2. Cartridge of new en-field rifle had to be bitten off (Reportedly made up of cow and pig) Start 1. 19th NI of Behrampur mutiny 2. Mangal Pande - 34th NI, fired at sergeant major of his unit at Barrackpore 3. Began at Meerut on May 10, 1957, killed their officers and set off for Delhi after sunset Bahadur Shah as Symbolic head 1. Bahadur Shaha wrote letter to all rulers of India to join 2. Bengal army rose in revolt Civilians involvement 1. Supported by peasantry, artisans, shopkeeper, day laborers, zamindar, priest, civil servants 2. Peasant took advantage to destroy books of moneylenders 3. Attack on police stations, tehsil, law court Storm centers and leaders of the revolt 1. General Bakht Khan led revolt of Bareilly troops and brought them to Delhi 2. Kanpur - Nana Saheb (Adopted son of Bajirao II) 3. Begum Hajarath Mahal - Lucknow 4. Bareilly - Khan Bahadur 5. Bihar - Kunwar Singh 6. Maulavi Ahmadullah - Faizabad 7. Rani Laxmibai - Jhanshi (Raja Gangadhar rao), joined by Tatya Tope 8. Rani Laxmibai marched towards Gwalior but Shinde took side of British 9. Shah Mal - Baghpat Suppression of revolt 1. Great house of Mughal completly extinguished [Delhi : Willoughby, John Nicholson, Hudson] 2. Nana Saheb fled to Nepal [Kanpur : Sir Colin Campbell, Huge Wheeler] 3. Tatya Tope put to death 4. June 1858 Jhansi captured by Hugh Rose 5. Lucknow : Henry Lawrence, Inglis, Henry Havelock, James Outram, Colin Campbell 6. Banares : James Neil 7. End of 1858 entire India under control

3. Why the revolt failed? 1. All India participation was absent (probably because earlier revolt suppressed) 2. All classes did not join (Educated saw backward looking, Moneylender, Big Zamindar's class interest) 3. Poor arms and equipment (Role of electric telegraph) 4. Uncoordinated and poorly organized 5. No unified ideology (Modern nationalism was unknown)

4. Hindu Muslim Unity Factor 1. Respected each others sentiment (Immediate banning of cow slaughter) 2. Laxmibai had solid support of Afghan soldiers 3. Demonstrated that people and politics before 1857 were not communal 5. Nature of Revolt 1. British Historian - Unpatriotic, selfish Sepoy mutiny with no native leadership and popular support 2. Localised, restricted and poorly organised 3. Savarkar - First planned war of independence 6. Consequences

1. Act passed in 1858, Declared queen as sovereign of British India & appointment of secretory of state for India. Company rule abolished 2. Queen's proclamation, 1858 - Darbar of Alahabad, Announced by lord Canning, Governor general acquired additional title viceroy, Some positive promises 3. Era of annexation ended 4. British to respect dignity of local prince 5. Indian state accepted paramountcy of British crown 6. Freedom of religion 7. Equal and impartially protection under law 8. Equal opportunity in government service (Indian civil services act 1861) 9. Indian soldiers reduced, Effort to kept army away from civilians 10. Separate army unit on the basis of caste/creed/religion 11. All higher army post and Artillery unit reserved for Europeans 12. Army Amalgamation scheme / Linked Battalion Scheme 13. Complete non interference in traditional fabric of India (Era of reform came to end) 14. Divide and rule policy 15. Autocratic rule

7. White Mutiny 1861

1. Before revolt two armies Queen's army and EIC troops 2. Company troops received extra allowances (Operation other than home territory) 3. Presidency were to transfer allegiance to Queen 4. Finally free and clear release with free passage home accepted

8. Significance of revolt

1. Shortcoming of administration and army rectified promptly 2. Educated youth did not believe in violence and believed in orderly approach 3. Helped in Indian freedom struggle

Socio Religious Reform movement : General features 1. Factors giving rise to desire for reforms

Impact of British Rule 1. Scientific outlook 2. Enlightenment movement in Europe 3. Rising tide for nationalism and democracy 4. Spread of education 5. Impact of western idea Religious and Social Ills 1. Magic and superstition 2. Unhealthy influence of priest on population Depressing position of women 1. Attempt to kill female infants 2. Child marriage 3. Practice of polygamy 4. Sati The caste problem 1. Untouchability 2. major obstacle in spreading nationalism & democracy

2. Social and ideological bases of reform

Middle class (But not grown with trade like European) Intellectual criteria 1. Rationalism (replace faith with rationality), religious universalism and humanism 2. Humanitarian morality 3. Secularism

3. Fight for betterment of position of women

Customs 1. Hindu women can't inherit property, Muslim could but only half as of men 2. Voice against degrading customs 3. Abolition of Sati - Efforts of Raja Rammohan Roy, The regulation of 1829 declared it illegal and punishable (First Bangal, later in 1830 extended to Bombay and Madras) 4. Bangal regulation of 1795 & 1805 declared female infanticide illegal and equivalent to murder (1870 act compulsory registration of birth & verification of female infant after few years) Widow remarriage 1. Hindu widow remarriage act 1856 legalized widow marriage (Vidyasagar cited Vedic text) 2. Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded Widow remarriage Association 3. Karsondas Mulji - Started Satya Prakash in Gujarati advocated widow remarriage 4. DK Karve himself married widow Child Marriage 1. Child marriage act 1872 (Act was not applicable to Hindu & Muslim) 2. Efforts of BM Malbari - Age Consent Act 1891 (Forbid marriage of girl below 12 years) 3. Sarda Act 1930 pushed age to 18 & 14 for boys & girls respectively Girls Education 1. Culcutta female juvenile society 1819 2. Bethune school 1849, first fruit for powerful movement for women 3. Pandit Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar - Pioneer of women education 4. Jagnath Shankar Seth, Bhau Daji - Girls school in Mahrashtra 5. Charle's Woods despatch on education (1854) laid great stress on female education 6. DK Karve 1916 - Indian Women University 7. Lady Hardinge medical college Delhi 8. Dufferin Hospital 1880 9. All India women conference 1927 [Presided by Maharani Chimnabai Saheb Gaekwar of Baroda; AIWC second conference established All India women education fund] Women's Organisation 1. 1910 Sarala Devi Chaudhurani convened the first meeting of Bharat Stree Mahamandal in Alahabad 2. 1904 Ramabai Ranade founded Bharat Mahila Parishd (Ladies Social Conference) in Bombay 3. Pandita Ramabai - Arya Mahila Samaj - Pleaded for women education - Result was Lady Dufferin College for medical education 4. 1925 - National Council of Women (Cornelia Sarabji India's first lady barrister) 5. All India Woman Conference by Margaret Cousins 1927, First women organisation with Egalitarian approach

4. Struggle against caste based exploitation

Factors that helped to mitigate caste based discrimination 1. British rule without intention created certain condition that undermined cast consciousness 2. Social reform movements also strove to undermine caste based exploitation 3. National movement took inspiration from the principles of liberty and equality (1932 All India Harijan Sangh) 4. With increasing education opportunity stirring among the lower caste 5. Narayan Guru in Kerala - One religion, One caste, One god for mankind (Sahadaran Ayyapam changed one with no) 6. Mahad Satyagrah - 1927 7. Ambedkar established Bahishkrut hitkarani Sabha - 1924

A General Survey of Socio Cultural reform movements 1. Brahmo Samaj

Raja Rammohan Roy 1. Father of Indian Renaissance & Maker of modern India 2. Monotheism, wrote Gift to monotheist (1809) 3. Translated Vedas and 5 Upanishadhas into Bangali 4. 1814 Atmiya Sabha to propagate monotheist ideas of Vedanta, Campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities, & meaningless rituals 5. Percepts of Jesus (1820) 6. Advocacy to incorporate faith of Christianity in Hinduism 7. Brahmho sabha in 1828, later renamed Brahmo Samaj (to purify Hinduism and spread monotheism, no definite stand on doctrine of Karma) 8. Raja Radhakant organised Dharma Sabha to counter Brahmo Samaj 9. Denied ultimate authority of scriptures 10. Criticized caste system 11. Campaign against Sati (Due to his effort it declared as crime in 1929) 12. Attacked polygamy, degraded status of widow & demanded right to inherit property for women 13. Support effort of David Hare to found the Hindu College in 1817 14. 1825 Vedanta College [Bith Indian learning and western social and physical science] 15. A linguist and bold supporter of freedom of press 16. Condemned oppressive practices of Zamindar 17. Called for reduction in export duties 18. Demanded Indianisation of superior service and Separation of judiciary from executives & judicial equality 19. Calcutta Unitarian Committee was formed by Raja Rammohan Roy, Dwarkanath Tagore and William Adam, Devendrnath Tagore 1. Earlier to Brahmo Samaj Tagore headed Tattvabodhini Sabha and propagated thoughts through Tatvbodhini Patrika (1839) 2. Opposed Christian missionaries and conversion Keshav Chandra Sen 1. Instrumental in popularising movement 2. organised the young men of the Samaj under the Sanghat Sabhas 3. Debendrnath did not like some of his idea like inter caste marriage, inclusion of teaching of all religion hence dismissed from post of Acharya 4. In 1866 founded Brahmo Samaj of India (Tagor's Adi Brahmo Samaj) 5. After returning from England, he established the 'Indian Reform Association 6. To educate girls and women, he opened the Normal School for girls and the Victoria Institution for women in 1871. 7. Associated with Special Marriage Act 1872 [Legalized civil marriages between castes for the first time] 8. In 1878 disgusted followers of KC Sen created Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (Anand Mohan Bose, Shibchandr Deb & Umesh Chandr Dutta) 9. In 1881, Keshab Chandra Sen established NabaBidhan (New Dispensation) meaning new universalist religion after having differences within BrahmoSamaj. 10. He was also part of Indian reform association to legalize Brahmo marriage and to fix minimum age of marriage.

Significance

1. Attacked superstition 2. Condemned Hindu prejudice against going abroad 3. Work for abolition of Purdah 4. Discouraged child marriage, sati and polygamy 5. Attacked castism 6. But influence not beyond Calcutta

2. Prarthana Samaj 1. In 1867 by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay 2. Popularity because of Ranade's work 3. Precursor of Prarthana Sabha was Paramhansa Sabha 4. Monotheist, more concerned about social reforms than religious 5. Attached to Bhakti Cult 6. disapproval of caste system 7. women's education 8. widow remarriage 9. raising age of marriage for both 10. Along with karve Ranade founded Widow remarriage movement as well as Widow home association

3. Young Bangal Movement and Henry Vivian Derozio (Associated with Hindu college)

1. Henry (Anglo Indian) inspired to think freely and rationally, question all authority, oppose decadent tradition and custom 2. Perhaps first nationalist poet of modern India 3. Limited success (Society not ready for radical ideas & lacked link with masses)

4. Ishwar Chandr Vidyasagar

1. Believe in high moral values, was deep Humanist 2. Opened Sanskrit college for non Brahmin 3. Introduced western thoughts in Sanskrit College 4. 35 girls school 5. Supporter of Widow remarriage (Which result in legalisation of widow remarriage) 6. Shome Prakash ewspaper was started by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar he also wrote a book Bahu vivah

5. Balshastri Jambhekar

1. Pioneer of social reform through journalism 2. Darpan, 1832 (Father of Marathi journalism) 3. In 1840 started Digdarshan (History + Scientific subject ) 4. First professor of Hindi at Elphinston College & director of Colaba observatory

6. Paramhansa Mandali

1. Founded in 1849 in Maharashtra by Dadoba Pandurang and Mehtaji Durgaram 2. Closely linked with Manav Dharm Sabha 3. Monotheist 4. Food cooked by lower caste people was taken by members

7. Satyashodhak Samaj

Jyotirao Phule 1. Founded Satyshobhak in 1873 2. Used symbol of Raja Bali opposed to Ram 3. Books - Sarvajank Satyadharm and Gulamgiri 4. Complete abolition of caste and socio economic inequalities 5. Home for widow in 1854

8. Gopalhari Deshmukh (Lokhitwadi)

1. Wrote for weekly Prabhakar as Lokhitwadi 2. Supported social and religious equality 3. Started weekly Hitechhu & played role in founding periodicals Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash & Lokhitwadi

9. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar

1. Educationalist and social reformer 2. Criticised false glorification of past and blind dependence on tradition 3. Co founder of New English School, Deccan Education society and FC 4. Editor of Kesari later started Sudharak [Associate editor of Sudharak was GK Gokhale]

10. The Servants of India Society

1. Founded by Gopal Krishn Gokhale in 1905 2. Prepare cadre of selfless workers 3. 1911, Hitavada began to publish

11. Social Service League

1. By Narayan Malhar Joshi in Bombay [Founder of All India trade union congress - 1920] 2. to secure for the masses better and reasonable condition of life and work

12. vivekanand

1. Rankrishn Mission founded by vivekanand in 1897 (Narendrnath Datta) 2. Teaching of Ramkrishn Paramhans (Gangadhar Chatopadhya) 3. Neo Hinduism 4. Vivekananda Called upon his countryman to imbibe spirit of liberty, equality and free thinking 5. Speech at Parliament of religions held at Chicago, 1893 6. Advocated juncture of Hinduism and Islam 7. Idol worship

13. Arya Samaj

1. Founded in 1875 By Dayanad Saraswati or Mulshankar in Bombay (Later headquarter at Lahor) 2. Dayanand views published in his famous book Satyarth Prakash 3. Gave slogan back to Vedas [Infallibility of Vedas] 4. Casteless, classless India with Aryan religion & free from Foreign rule 5. believed in theory of karma 6. Attacked principle of Niyati and Hindu orthodoxy 7. Against idol worship 8. Subscribed to Vedic notion of Chaturvarna [Not by birth but occupation] 9. Dayanand Anglo Vedic college established at Lahore (1886) 10. Mahtma Party [Gurukul, Dayanad Sarasvati] vs College party [Lala lajpat Rai, Non veg as personal choice, Favored English education], Arya Samaj split in 1893 11. Gurukul founded Kanya Mahavidyalay in 1896 and sponsered education for widows 12. Shuddhi movement

14. Seva Sadan

1. Behramji Malbari founded Seva Sadan in 1908 2. Age of consent act 3. Malbari acquired and edited Indian Spectator

15. Dev Samaj

Founded in 1887 at Lahor by Naryan Agnihotri Called for idol social behavior Spoke against child marriage

16. Dharm Sabha

Founded by Radhakant Deb in 1830 Status Quo [opposed abolition of Sati however favored girls education]

17. Bharat Dharm Mahamandal

Orthodoxy Pandit Madan Mohan Maliviy prominant figure in orthodoxy

18. Radhaswami Movement

Shiv Dayal Saheb founded this movement in 1861 No beliefs in temples

19. Shree Narayan Guru Dharm Paripalana Movement

By Shree Naryan Guru in Ezhavas of Kerala Aruvipurram Movement Registered in 1903 under Indian companies act

20. Vokkaliga Sangha - Anti Brahmin Movement in 1905 21. Justice Movement - P Tyagraja, To Secure jobs and representation of Non Brahmin in legislature of Madras 22. Self Respect movement - EV Ramaswamy Naicker, Wedding without Brahman 23. Temple Entry Movement

TK Madhavan editor of Deshabhimani took issue with Travancore administration Vaikom Satyagrah in Kerala

24. Indian Social Conference

MG Ranade and Raghunath Rao Social reform cell of INC

25. Ahmadiyya Movement Sect of Islam Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Based on liberal principle Opposed Jihad Separation of Mosque and State Like Bahaism suffered from Mysticism

26. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement

Religion should be adopted with time Zealous educationalist Started Mohameddan Anglo oriental college At Aligarh 1875 (AMU) [theodore beck associated with this] Opposed Purdah and polygamy Opposed political activities by Muslim Magazine Tahabid Ul Akhlaq Liberal movement

27. The Deoband School (Darul Uloom)

Orthodox Muslim movement Jehad against foreign rule Welcomed formation of INC Fatwa against Sayed Ahmed Khan Shibli Numani favored English education

28. Parasi Reform Movement

Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha [by Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, S. S. Bengalee and K. R. Cama] [Careful about Malbari baba] Rast Goftar newspaper Removal of Purdah

29. Sikh Reform Movement

Singh Sabha Movement 1. Modern western education to Sikh (Khalsa School) 2. Everything against Gurus teaching rejected Akali Movement 1. Gurudwara Reform movement 2. Liberating Gurudwara from Udasi Mahant

30. The Theosophical Movement

Founded by Madem Blavatsky & MS Olcott in New York (1875) Allied with Hindu Renaissance Movement became popular with election of Annie Besant (1907) Besant laid foundation of Central Hindu College in Banares (1893) [Nucleas of BHU in 1916] Gave false sense of pride in outdated tradition & hence gave self respect to Indians

31. Significance of reform Movement

Positive Aspects 1. Liberation of individuals 2. Weeding out corrupt elements, religious practices and beliefs 3. Cultural root to middle class 4. Fostered Secular outlook 5. Encouraged social climate for modernization 6. Ended India's cultural isolation from rest of the world 7. Evolution of national conscience Negative Aspects 1. Narrow Social base (Urban poor ignored) 2. Indirectly encouraged Mysticism and pseudo scientific approach 3. Overemphasized on religious and philosophical aspect of culture while undermining secular and moral aspect 4. Hindus confined their praise to ancient Hindu history and Muslim to medieval history created communal consciousness 5. Historical process of evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent

Beginning of Modern nationalism in India 1. Factors in growth of modern nationalism

French Revolution and worldwide upsurge of Nationalism Indian Renaissance Understanding of contradiction in Indian and Colonial interest Political, Administrative and Economic unification of India (Railway, law, telegram, etc) [First telegraph 1850 Diamond Harbour to Culcutta and First Railway Thane to Mumbai 1853] Western thought of education (English language) Press and literature Rediscovery of India's past (Psychological boost) Racial arrogance of rulers [Lytton policy to reduce ICS age to 19 years(1876); Delhi Darbar (1877) when country was in famine (1877); Vernacular press act (1878), Arms Act (1878);] Ilbert bill controversy - 1884, Abolish judicial disqualification, Rippon had to modify bill Rise of middle class

2. Political Associations before the INC

Demands - Administrative reforms, spread of education, Association of Indian in administration Political Associations in Bangal 1. Bangbhasha Prasarika Sabha - 1836, Associates of Raja Rammohan Roy 2. The Zamindari Association 3. The Bangal British India Society - 1843 4. British Indian Association - 2+3, 1851 by Raja Radhakant Deb with Debendrnath Tagore, Published newspaper Hindu patriot [Some demands accepted in Charter act of 1853] 5. East India Association - Organized by Dadabhai Nauroji in London, 1866 6. Bombay Association - first political organization in Bombay Presidency; founded by Jagannath Shankarshet [Dadabhai Nauoroji associated] 7. The Indian League - Sisir Kumar Ghosh, 1875 8. Indian Association of Culcutta - Indian national association, In 1876 by Surendrnath Banarjee & Anand Mohan Bose, Protested against reduction of age limit in ICS (1877), Merged with INC in 1886 Political Association in Bombay 1. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha - In 1867 by Ranade [petition (1875) to the House of Commons demanding India's direct representation in the British parliament] 2. Bombay Presidency association - In 1885 by KT Telang, Pherozshah Mehta Madras Mahajan Sabha - M Viraraghavachari, B Subramaniyam Iyer and P Ananda Charulu (1884)

Indian National Congress 1. Foundation

A.O. Humes, In 1885 first Session of INC at Bombay @ Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College Bombay (Presided by Womesh Chandr Banarejee) In 1890 Kadambini Ganguly, first women graduate of Culcutta university addressed congress session

Safety Valve theory 1. Lala Lajpat Rai believed in safety valve 2. Bipin Chandra - Congress leader used Hume as lightning conductor Aims and Objectives 1. Democratic National Movement 2. Politicise educated youth 3. Develop and propagate anti colonial idology 4. Present popular demand before government 5. Develop a feeling of national unity among people [Note : Dadabhai Nauroji planned INC session in London (1890)]

2. Era of Moderate (1885-1905)

Approach 1. Public demand to be presented to the government through resolution, petition, meetings, etc 2. Method of prayer and petition if failed, Constitutional protest (3 P) 3. Believed political connection with Britain is in India's interest, time is not ripe to direct challenge British Contribution 1. Economic critique of Britain imperialism (Able to create public opinion that British policies are behind economic backwardness of India) 2. Demanded encouragement for modern Industry through tariff, reduction in land revenue, abolition of salt tax, reduction in military expenditure 3. Constitutional reforms, Indian Council Act 1892 (dissatisfaction, No taxation without representation) 4. Effective use of legislative assembly to criticize government 5. campaign for Indianisation of service on Economic, Political and Moral ground 6. Criticism o aggressive foreign policy 7. Defence of civil right [Note : Early nationalist lacked political faith in masses]

3. Officials encouraged Sayed Ahmed Khan and Raja Shiv Prasad Singh of Banares to organize United Indian patriotic organisation to counter Congress

Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909) 1. Growth of militant nationalism

Why militant nationalism grow? 1. Recognition of true nature of British rule 2. 1897 - Natu brothers deported without trial, Tilak imprisoned 3. 1904 - Official secrecy act curbed freedom of press 4. 1904 - Indian universities act ensured greater government control over universities 5. Growth of confidence and self respect 6. Growth of education and unemployment 7. The defeat of Italian army by Ethiopian (1896); The Boer wars (1902); Japan's victory over Russia (1905) also 8. Emergence of Japan as industrial power 9. Reaction to increasing westernisation 10. Dissatisfaction with achievements of moderates 11. Reactionary politics of Curzon 12. Partition of Bengal 13. Existence of militant school of thought 14. Trained leadership properly channelized energy of youth

2. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

Partition of Bengal 1. 1903 - Decision to partition Bengal made public 2. Administrative reason given 3. Stated that it would help in development of Assam, if it came under direct jurisdiction of government (Some extent true) 4. Real motive to weaken Bengal (Divide on religion and language) Anti Partition Campaign under moderates 1. Surendrnath Banarjee, KK Mitra and Prithwischchandr Ray 2. Ignoring public opinion government announced partition in July 1905 3. August 7 1905, passage of Boycott resolution and proclamation of Swadeshi movement @ Calcutta townhall 4. Day of partition observed as day of mourning (people fasted, bathed in Gnaga, walked bare foot singing Vande Mataram) 5. Amar shonar Bangla composed by R Tagore 6. People tied Rakhi each other Congress Position 1. Condemned partition 2. Support partition and Swadeshi movement 3. Militant nationalist want to take movement outside Bengal and full fledged political struggle attaining Swaraj (Moderate not willing to go that far) 4. Congress session of Culcutta (1906, headed by Dadabhai) declared goal as Swaraj Movements under Extremist leadership 1. Extremist call for passive resistance in addition to Swadeshi and boycott 2. Boycott of government schools, colleges, service, courts, legislative council, municipalities, titles etc 3. Boycott and public burning of foreign goods 4. Public meeting and procession 5. Forming corps of volunteer of Samitis (Swadesh bandhab Samiti or Barisal Samiti of Bengal - Ashwini Kumar Datta) 6. Use of festivals and melas 7. Self reliance or Atma Shakti was encouraged 8. Bengal National College set up with Arbindo Ghosh as principal 9. August 15 1906 the national council of education was set up (Swadeshi education ) 10. Bengal institute of technology was set up 11. Swadeshi enterprise 12. In TN Subramaniam Bharati wrote Sudesh Geetam 13. Indian Society of Oriental Art 1907 14. Barisal Conference (attended by the likes of Sri Aurobindo ) participants in 1906

Extent of mass participation 1. Participation of student were visible 2. Now onwards women played great role 3. Most upper and middle class muslim stayed away or supported partition under Nawab Salimullah of Dacca (All India Muslim League propped in 1905 under leadership of Aga Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul mulk) 4. Labor unrest 5. All India participation Annulment of Partition 1. 1911, Also decided to shift capital to Delhi (Associated with Muslim glory to please Muslim) 2. Bihar Orissa taken out of Bangal, Assam made a separate province Evalution of movement 1. Failed to create effective organisation or a party structure 2. Arbindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal retired from politics 3. Remained confined to upper and middle class 4. Encompassed art, literature, science and industry 5. Different perception of Swaraj 6. Tilak opposition to age of consent bill 7. Pal and Arbindo spoke of Hindu nation, which alienated Muslim 8. Rise of patriotism [Modern India page 278, difference in Moderates and Extremist for mains]

The Surat Split 1. 1905 Banares session INC presided by Gokhale (Compromise) 2. 1906 Session presided by Dadabhai, Culcutta (Swaraj as goal, Swaraj mentioned first time) 3. Moderates were encouraged by Council reform 4. Extremist wanted 1907 session to be held at Nagpur, moderate choose Surat to exclude Tilak 5. Rasbihari Ghosh as presided Surat session, 1907 6. Split takes place, Congress dominated by moderates

Government Repression 1. Massive attack on extremist 2. Seditious meeting act 1907 3. Indian newspaper (Incitement to offence) act 1908 4. Criminal law amendment act 1908 5. Explosive substance act 1908 6. Indian press act 1910 7. Tilak tried of sedition (sent to Mandale for 6 years) 8. Lajpat Rai left abroad

3. The Morley Minto Reforms Policy of carrot and stick 1906 Simla Deputation led by Aga Khan demanded separate electorate Gokhale went to England to demand self governance [Provisions of act done in polity]

First Phase of Revolutionary activities (1907-1917) 1. Why the surge of revolutionary activities?

Youngster not ready to retreat after decline of open phase Leadership failure failed to tap revolutionary energies of youth Government repression left no peaceful avenues

2. The revolutionary Programme

Opted to follow footstep of Russian or Irish nationalist Individual heroic action

3. A Survey of revolutionary activities

Bengal 1. 1902 in Midanpore by Janendrnath Basu & in Culcutta The Anushilan Samiti founded by Promotha Mittar 2. 1906 Barindr Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendrnath Datta started weekly Yugantar 3. Rasbihari Bose and Sachin Sanyal started secret society 4. 1907 attempt on life of Sir Fuller by Yugantar 5. In 1908 at Muzaffarpur Prafull Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempted murder of Kingsford 6. Barindr Kumar Ghosh (Death penalty then life imprisonment) and Aurobindo Ghosh (acquitted) tried in Alipore Conspiracy case (Manicktolla bomb conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy) [Ullaskar Datta bomb maker] 7. 1908 Barrah Dacoity by Dacca Anushilan under Pulin Das (East Bengal) 8. 1912 - Bomb throne at viceroy Harding by Rasbihari Bose and Sachin Sanyal [Delhi conspiracy] 9. German Plot - 1915, Zimmerman plan, World war 1, Bagha Jatin or Jatin Mukharjee shot dead

4. Maharashtra

1. 1879 - Ramoshi peasant forces by Vasudeo Balwant Fadake 2. 1897 - Rand murdered by Chapekar Bandu (Damodar and Balkrishn) 3. 1899 - Mitra Mela started by Savarkar merged with Abhinav Bharat (1904) [After Mazzinis young Italy] 4. 1909 - Anant Kanhere murdered Jackson in Pune (Abhinav Bharat) [Savarkar life imprisonment]

5. Punjab - Anjuman i Mohisban i Watan - In Lahor by Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit singh with its journal Bharat Mela 6. Revolutionary Activities Abroad

1. Indian Home Rule Society / India House -Shyamji Krishn Varma, London, 1905 (Journal The Indian Sociologist) 2. 1909 - Madanlal Dhigra assassinated Curzon Wyllie 3. Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from Paris and Geneva (started the ‘Free India Society and Journal Bande Mataram) [unfurl the national flag at the international Socialist Conference in Stuttgart] 4. Paris Indian Society - Madam Bhikaji Cama; Opened as a branch of the Indian Home Rule Society 5. Virendrnath Chattopadhyaya chose Barlin as base (1915, Birlin Committee for Indian independence, German plan) 6. The Ghadr

1. Pre Gadhar : Swadesh Sewak Home at Vancouver and United India House at Seattle 2. Weekly newspaper the Ghadr at San Francisco 3. In 1913 Organised by Lala Hardayal, Ramchandr Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, Bhai Premchand 4. Komagata Maru incidence intended to bring revolution in India (February 21 1915 date of revolution) 5. Gadhar movement failed because of treachery 6. Rasbihari Bose fled to Japan 7. Sachin Sanyal transported for life 8. Defence of India act 1915 passed to curb Gadharite 9. Militant Secular Nationalist movement

7. 1915 - Mutiny in Singapore (5th Light infantry and 36th Sikh Batalian Under Jamadar Chisti Khan, Abdul Ghani and Subhedar Daud Khan) 8. Berlin Committee for Indian independence - 1915, by Virendrnath Chatopadhyay, Bhupendrnath Dutta and Lala Hardayal

First World War and Nationalist Response 1. Moderates supported war 2. Extremist including Tilak Supported war efforts 3. Revolutionaries decided to utilize opportunity 4. Home Rule League Movement

Movement 1. Annie Besant, Tilak, GS Khaparde, S Subramania Iyer (Renounced Knighthood), Joseph Baptist and Jinah 2. Home rule along the line of Irish home rule 3. Besant News paper - Campaign through New India and Commonweal 4. 1915 - Congress accommodated extremist (No approval to Home rule) 5. Tilak League - April 1916, First meeting Belgaum, Poona Head Quarter, Operated in Maharashtra, Karataka, Central province and Berar, had six branches [Indian Home rule league] 6. Besant League - September 1916 in Madras, Covered rest of India including Bombay city, 200 branches, loosely organised, George Arundale, CP Ramaswamy, BW Wadia [All India home rule league] 7. Anglo Indians and most of the Muslim & Non Brahmin from south did not join [Fear of rule of high caste Hindu] 8. Besant arrested in 1917 and released after 3 months 9. Tilak had to go abroad in conncetion with libel case against Valentine Chirol whose book India unrest had featured Tilak responsible for agitational politics 10. 1920 Gandhi accepted presidentship of All India Home rule and changed name to Swaraj Sabha (Later league joined INC) Positive Gains 1. Organisational link between town and the country 2. Created generation of ardent nationalist 3. Prepared the masses for Gandhian politics 4. Montford reforms were influenced by home rule 5. Influenced moderate extremist reunion

5. Lucknow Session of INC 1916

Presided by moderate Ambika Charan Mujumdar Re admission of extremist Death of Gokhale and Pherojshah Mehta who opposed extremist, facilitated reunion

6. Lucknow Pact of Muslim League and Congress (1916)

Why change in league attitude? 1. Britain refusal to help Turkey in wars in Balkans and with Italy (1911) 2. Annulment of partition of Bengal 3. Refusal to set up university at Aligarh with power to affiliate colleges 4. Younger member trying to outgrow limited political outlook of Aligarh (Being anti imperialist) 5. 1912 Muslim League session decided to work with other groups for self government suited for India Pact 1. Agreed to present joint constitutional demand 2. Congress accepted separate electorate position (Major landmark in evolution of two nation theory) [Lucknow pact was just expanded version of Morley Minto reform] Note : 1916 Muslim League session was in Lucknow

7. Montague's statement of August 1917

August Declaration of 1917 Progressive realisation of responsible government as an integral part of British Empire (Demand for home rule not seditious now onwards) No specific time frame was given The government alone was to decide nature

Emergence of Gandhi (1869-1948) 1. Nationalist Resurgence

Post world war hardship High expectation of political gain Paris peace conference and intention of imperialist forces Impact Russian Revolution

2. Montford reform done in polity 3. Making of Gandhi

South Africa 1. 1898 went to S Africa 2. 1914 returned to India 3. Set up Natal Indian Congress and started Indian Opinion 4. 1906 - Satyagrah against registration certificate 5. Campaign against restriction on Indian migrants 6. Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of marriage 7. Protest against Transvaal immigration act [Viceroy Harding condemned] 8. 1910 - Tolstoy farm Experience in S Africa 1. Realize masses had immense capacity to participate and sacrifice 2. Able to unite Indians belonging to different religion and classes 3. Leader have to take decisions unpopular with their enthusiastic supporter 4. Own style of leadership and politics (Satyagrah) 5. Ends could not justify means

4. Gandhi in India

Champaran Saryagrh (1917) 1. First civil disobedience 2. Rajkumar Shukla 3. Tinkathia system(3/20) 4. Planter left Champaran within a year 5. JB Kriplani, Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Mahadeo Desai, and Narhari Parekh. Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) 1. First hunger strike against discontinuation of the Plague Bonus 2. Anusaya Sarabhai president of Ahmedabad mill owners association (founded in 1891) 3. Anusaya went to Gandhi (Ahmedabad textile labor association 1920) 4. Issue sent to tribunal (35% hike given) Kheda Satygrah (1918) 1. First non co operation 2. Drought, Gandhi ask farmers not to pay taxes 3. Patel participation 4. Compromise with farmers 5. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Indulal Yagnik, Shankarlal Banker, Mahadev Desai, Narhari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya and Ravi Shankar Vyas

5. Rowlatt act Satyagrah, Jalianwala Bagh Massacre

Rowlatt Act (Sideny Rowlatt) 1. Extension to defence India regulation act 2. Passed by imperial council in March 1919 3. Anarchial and Revolutionary crime act (Rowlatt commission recommendation) 4. Stricter control of the press 5. Activist should deported or imprisoned without trial (Even possession of seditious newspaper) 6. All the elected members resigned Satyagrah against Rowlatt act - First mass strike 1. Gandhi called for mass protest at all India level 2. Gandhi organized Satyagrah Sabha in Bombay 3. Observance of nationwide hartal along with fasting, prayer, civil disobedience and courting arrest 4. Masses found direction, now they can act instead of giving verbal expression 5. A group of liberals like Sir D.E. Wacha, Surendranath Banerjee, T.B. Sapru and Srinivas Sastri opposed Gandhi's move of starting Satyagraha. [Annie Besant also opposed saying nothing in the act to resist civilly] Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919) 1. Saifudin Kirchlew and Dr Satypal arrested 2. Englishmen and women missionary beaten up by crowd 3. Dyer proclamation to not gather and not leave city 4. Open fire on crowd (1650 bullets and 1000 were killed) 5. Tagore renounced knighthood 6. Gandhi gave up title Kesar i Hind (Given for his work in Boer war) [while title Kaiser i Hindi adopted by Queen in 1876] 7. Gandhi withdrew Satyagrah 8. Nanak Singh's poem Khooni Vaishaki 9. Udhas Singh later assassinated Michael O Dwyer (Lt governor) Hunter Committee (Disorder inquiry committee) 1. Three Indians in committee 2. Report condemned Dyre's action (Upheld by Army council) (but let off the Lieutenant Governor, Michael O’Dwyer) 3. Lack of notice was an error 4. There had been no conspiracy 5. Did not impose any penal or disciplinary action (Government had passed Indemnity act to protect its officer) 6. House of lord passed motion in support of Dyre 7. Clergy of golden temple led by Arur Singh honoured Dyre declaring him a Sikh Congress view on Jalianwala Bagh 1. Appointed non official committee (M Neharu, Gandhi, CR Das, Abbas Tyabji, MR Jaykar) 2. Said no justification to place martial law in Punjab

Non Co operation movement and Khilfat 1. Background

Alarming economic situation after world war 1 Rowlatt Act and Jalian wala Bagh Massacre Failure of Montford reforms to satisfy demands of Indian, Diarchy failed Surendra Nath Banerjee and liberals left the Congress to form Indian Liberal Federation in 1919. Lucknow pact Domination of radical nationalist muslim over Aligarh school

2. The Khilafat Issue

After world war 1 Turkey dismembered and Khalifa removed from power (May 1920 Sevres treaty) 1919 Khilaafat Committee under Ali brother (Shaukat and Muhmad), Maulana Azad November 1919 All India Khilafat conference (Call to boycott British goods)

3. Congree Stand over Khilfat

Tilak opposed co operation with Muslim over religious issue Gandhi was able to get approval from congress for political action programme (Felt golden opportunity to unite Hindu and Muslim) Muslim League also supported Congress's political action

4. Course of movement

1. Feb 1920 - Joint Hindu Muslim deputation to the viceroy to redress Khilafat issue 2. June 1920 - All party conference at Allahabad approved programme and ask Gandhi to lead 3. 31 August 1920 - Movement formally launched 4. September 1920 - Special session at Calcutta, INC approved non co operation 5. During the movement, participants were supposed to work for Hindu Muslim unity & for removal of untouchability 6. December 1920 - INC Session at Nagpur endorsed non co operation, 15 member CWC was set up, Provincial congress committee on linguistic basis, ward committees organised, entry fee reduced 7. Jinah, Besant, BC Pal left Congress as they believed in constitutional struggle 8. Surendrnath Banarjee founded Indian National Liberation Federation

5. Spread of movement

1. Around 800 national school and colleges cropped up (Jamia at Aligarh, Kashi, Gujrath, Bihar Universities) 2. SC Bose became principal of National College at Calcutta 3. Lawyers gave up practice 4. Burning of foreign cloths, import fell by half 5. Picketing of liquor shop and tody shop 6. Tilak Swaraj Fund over subscribed 7. 1921 - visit of Prince Wales invited strike and demonstration 8. Women gave of Purdah and donated ornaments 9. Hindu Muslim unity (Despite Mopilla uprising) 10. Gandhi allowed to address muslim women (Only men who is not blind folded)

6. Government response

Public meeting was banned Press was gagged Most of the leaders were arrested 7. Last phase of movement

1. 1921 - Ahmedabad Session, presided by CR Das (Acting president Hakim Ajmal Khan), appointed Gandhi the sole authority of issue 2. 1922 - Gandhi threatened to launch Civil disobedience from Bardoli (Demand of leader release & freedom of press) 3. Chauri Chaura Incident - 1922, crowd torched the police station, 22 policemen get killed 4. 1922 - Gandhi arrested and 6 years of Jail

8. Why Gandhi Withdrew ?

1. A violent movement could easily be suppressed 2. People have not learned method of non violence 3. Movement was showing signs of fatigue 4. It is not possible to sustain a movement for a log time 5. Government seems to be in no mood of negotiation 6. Khilfat question lost relevance (Mustafa Kamal Pasha)

9. Evaluation of Movement

1. Brought Muslim in national politics but at the same time communalised the national politics 2. Nationalist sentiments reached every corner of nation 3. Politicised and activation of masses. Masses lost fear of colonial rule

Emergence of Socialist ideas and Revolutionary activities 1. Swarajist - Advocated entry into legislative councils 2. INC Gaya Session - 1922, defeat of Swarajist proposal by no changers 3. Congress Khilfat Swarajya / Swarajist Party - CR Das president and Motilal Neharu as Secratory [First mooted idea of constituent assembly] 4. September 1923 - Swarajist were allowed to contest election as a group within Congress 5. Belgum Session 1924 - Gandhi presided (first and last), Swarajist will work in council as integral part of Congress 6. Split among Swarajist on the line of communist and responsivist (Lala Lajpat Rai, madan Mohan Malviy, NC Kelkar) vs non responsivist (Death of CR Das further weakened Swarajist) 7. Lahor Congress Session, 1929 - Swarajist walked out as a result of INC resolution on Purn Swaraj 8. Vithalbhai Patel elected president of central legislative assembly (1925) 9. Public Safety Bill 1928 - Defeated by Swarajist [power to deport undesirable Europeans] 10. Emergence of new forces

Marxist and Socialist ideas 1. Neharu and Bose 2. Advocated Purn Swaraj 3. 1920 - Communist party of India at Tashkent (MN Roy and Abani Mukharjee; MN Roy first elected leader) 4. 1924 - Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (SA Dange) 5. 1929 - Meerat Conspiracy Case, arrested for organizing an Indian railway strike Activism of Indian Youth - 1928 - Jawarhlal presided over All Bengal Student's Conference Peasant Agitation - 1928, Bardoli Satyagrah (Vallabhai Patel) [Maxwell-Broomfield commission to inquire into the taxation] Trade Unions - All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) - 1920, Lala lajpat Rai Caste Movements 1. Justice party @ Madras 2. 1925 - Self respect movement under Periyar 3. Mahars under Ambedkar 4. Unionist party under Fazl-i-Hussain

11. Revolutionary activities

Reason Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and Pather Dabi by Sharatchandr Chatterjee motivated youngsters Marxist revolution Withdrawal of non co operation

Punjab 1. Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and pather Dabi by Sharatchandr Chatterjee motivated youngsters 2. Hindustan Republican Army - Founded un 1924 by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandr Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal 3. Kakori Robbery - 1925, HRA, Bismil, Asfaqulla, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri hanged 4. Hindustan Socialist Republican Army - In 1928 HRA renamed under leadership of Chandr Shekhar Azad 5. Death of Lala Lajpat Rai in 1928, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru shot dead Saunders 6. 1929 - Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta thrown bomb in central assembly to protest against public safety bill and Trade dispute bill 7. Jatin Das - Died in 64 day fast against condition of Jail 8. Feb 1931 - Azad died in police encounter @ Alahabad 9. 23 March 1931 - Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Rajguru hanged (lahore conspiracy case) 10. Philosophy of Bomb book by Bhagwaticharan Vohra 11. Nawajawan Bharat Sabha - 1926, Helped by Bhagat Singh, Open political wing of revolutionist Bengal 1. Death of CR Das -> Congress broke into twp fraction -> JM Sengupta (Anushilan Samiti backed) & Bose (Yugantar backed) 2. 1924 - Assassination of attempt of Charles Tegart by Gopinath Saha 3. Indian Republic Army Chitgaon Branch, Chitgaon raid - April 1930, Surya Sen, Ananth Singh, Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Baul, Pritilata Waddedar (died in raid), Kalapna Dutt 4. Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chandheri (School girls) - 1931, shot dead district magistrate 5. Bina Das - 1932, fired point blank at governor 6. Group action against individual action (Against 1909 activities) 7. Neharu arrested under sedition as he praised heroism of revolutionist

Simon Commission and Neharu Report (Against challenge of Lord Brikenhead) 1. Simon commission - 1927, statutory in nature, all white, 7 member 2. Lee Commission - Raj's failure to recruit enough British officers 3. Mudiman Commission - Deadlock within diarchic dispension 4. Linlithgow commission - Crisis of Indian agriculture 5. INC Session 1927 - Madras, presided by MA Ansari decided to boycott the commission, Complete independence as a goal of congress resolution passed (Snap resolution) 6. Muslim league had two sessions, Caclutta Session decided to oppose commission (Jinah), Lahor session supported government 7. Simon Commission Report

Proposed abolition of dyarchy Establishment of representative government in public Rejected parliamentary responsibility at center Governor should have discretionary power in relation to internal security and administrative powers GOI should have complete control over high courts No universal franchise Separate electorate rejected for SC but reserved seats (with endorsement from governor) Upper house (Consultative council) Burma should be separated from India

8. Neharu Report

1928, All parties conference appointed Neharu committee Recommendation 1. Dominion status 2. Rejection of separate electorate (Joint electorate with reservation of seats) 3. Linguistic provinces 4. 19 Fundamental rights (Universal adult suffrage, equal right for women) 5. Responsible government at center and provinces 6. Governor general will act on advice of executive council responsible to parliament 7. Secularism and Full protection to cultural and religious interest of Muslim 8. Residual power with center Delhi proposal of Muslim League (1927, accepted by INC in Madras session) 1. Joint electorate 2. 1/3 rd representation in Central Legislative Assembly 3. Representation in Punjab and Bengal in proportion to population 4. three new muslim majority provinces 5. 2,3,4 Rejected hence Jinah's 14 point in March 1929 Hindu Mahasabha 1. Rejected Muslim majority provinces and reservation in Punjab and bangal 2. Unitary structure [Jawaharlal and Bose jointly set up Independence of India League] At All parties conference 1928 amendment was proposed by Jinah (rejected hence 14 point in March 1929) [Note : Jinha in favor of provincial autonomy and true federalism]

CDM and Round table conference 1. INC Culcutta Session, 1928 - 1 year to government to accept dominion status else complete independence and CDM 2. Irwin's Declaration - 1929, promised round table conference 3. Delhi Manifesto

1929 RTC to formulate a constitution to implement dominion status Majority of congress in RTC Amnesty for political prisoners [Irwin rejected demands]

4. Lahore INC Session, 1929

Purn Swaraj, Presided by Neharu (backing of Gandhi 15/18 provincial committee opposed Neharu) RTC to be boycotted CWC authorised to launch CDM 26 Jan 1930, purn swaraj diwas Newly adopted tricolor flag of freedom hoisted

5. Gandhi's eleven demand, 1930

Reduce expenditure on army and administration by 50% Reforms in CID Reduce rupee-sterling exchange ratio Textile protection Reserve coastal shipping for Indians

6. Dandi March, 1930

Boycott and civil disobedience Kamaldevi Chattopadhya persuaded Gandhi not to restrict protest to men [Hence first time large women participation] Gandhi vow to not enter Sabarmati ashram till Swaraj is achieved Local leaders should be obeyed after Gandhi's arrest Gandhi arrested when he announced raid of Dharasana salt works (Later Sarojini Naidu and Manilal lead raid) Satyagrah at different places C Rajagopalachari - Tiruchirapalli Vedraaniayam - Tanjore K Kellapan - Vaikom Satyagrah @ Malbar [Against untouchability and ban on temple entry] P Krishn Pillai - Calicut (Communist defended flag) Gopal Bandhu Chaudhari - Orrisa Chandrprabha Saikiani - @ Assam defy forest laws In patana Nakhas pond was choose to make salt under Ambika Kant Sinha (Physical constrain of making salt hence chaukidar tax agitation) Assam - Student strike against Cunningham circular Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan - Badshah Khan, Frontier Gandhi, Peshawar, first Pushto political monthly Pukhtoon, Khudai Khidmat (red shirts or SUrkho Posh) Rani Gaidinliu - Spiritual Naga leader of Manipur, raise revolt against foreign rule

Extent of mass participation Movement was liberating experience for Women Less Muslim participation

7. Gandhi Irwin Pact (Delhi pact)

Release of political prisoner (not included violence) Remission of all fines Return of land Lenient treatment of servant who resigned Right to make salt for personal consumption Withdrawal of emergency condition and right of peaceful picketing To suspend CDM To participate in next RTC [Commutation of Bhagat Singh sentence rejected] Was it retreat? -> No -> Mass movement are short living, Signs of exhaustion, capacity to make sacrifice is limited

8. Karachi INC Session, 1931

President Saradar Vallabhbhai Patel Admired bravery of Bhagat SIngh, Sukhdev and Rajguru Gandhi Irwin pact endorsed Purn Swaraj reiterated (Defined Swaraj for masses) Resolution on fundamental right (Adult franchisee and free primary education) and national economic program [Drafted by P Neharu]

9. Round Table Conferences (Chaired by Ramsay Macd)

First, 1930 1. First conference between British and Indian as equals 2. Princely States, Muslim League (Aga Khan 3, leader of British-Indian delegation), Hindu Mahasabha, Sikh, Liberals, Depressed class, Justice party, Labor, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians and Europeans, Landlords, universities, Burma 3. Federation agreed Second, 1931 - Gandhi attended from Congress, Industries also participated Third, 1932 - Joint select committee of British parliament was formed (Draft of GOI Act 1935)

10. December 1931, CDM Resumed, 1932 Gandhi arrested 11. Congress organisation was banned at all level 12. 1934 withdrawal of CDM 13. Communal award - announced in 1932 (Lothian committee) [Muslim, Europeans, Sikh, Indian Christian, Anglo Indians, women (Except NWFP), SC and Marathas in Bombay] 14. Poona Pact - 1932, not a separate electorate but reserved seats for SC 15. All India anti untouchability league - 1932, Gandhi (weekly magazine Harijan) 16. Harijan Sewak Sangh - Gandhi, 1932 [Earlier Depressed class league, Ambedkar left] 17. 1934 - Defeat of temple entry bill 18. Gandhi not in favor to mix untouchability with inter caste marriage or inter caste dining 19. Ideological difference in Gandhi and Ambedkar [Spectrum 407 for mains] 20. Struggle Truce Struggle strategy Gandhi; Nehru advocated Struggle Victory strategy 21. 1934 AICC meeting @ Patana set up a parliamentary board to fight election under agis of Congress itself 22. 1934 - Gandhi's resignation from Congress Congress rule in provinces 1. GOI Act 1935 done in polity 2. Full agreement in Congress over fighting election under GOI Act 1935 (Differences over what to do after election to form government or not) [Left (obstructionist strategy) vs Right (Promote constructive work)] 3. INC Lucknow session, 1936 & Faizpur (First rural session), 1937- INC decided to fight election (postpone decision on office acceptance) [Gandhi did not attend single election meeting] 4. Congress Performance in election - 716/1161, Majority in all provinces except Bengal (largest party), Asam (LP), Punjab, Sindh and NWFP (LP) 5. Gandhi's Advice - Hold office lightly not tightly, Not to work as British intended 6. Work under Congress ministries

Laws giving emergency power repealed Ban on organisation and books lifted News paper taken out of black list Political prisoners released KM Munshi used CID against communist and Socialist [Anti labor Bombay traders dispute act 1938] Laws related to land reforms, debt relief, land tenures, forest grazing, etc Measures for welfare of Dalit Attention given to primary, technical and higher education Subsidies to Khadi Encouragement to indigenous industries Prison reforms National planning committee under Bose (1938) [Rani Laximibai Rajwade women planning commission]

7. 1939 - Outbreak of WWII, Congress ministries resigned 8. Pirpur committee - 1938, established by Muslim League, report on atrocities supposedly committed by Congress government

Nationalist Response in the wake of WW II 1. INC Session, Haripura - 1938, Bose presided (Advocated Roman script for Hindi), Resolution to give moral support to those who are agitating against the governance in princely state [Gandhi withdrew peoples movement on the ground of violence] 2. INC Session, Tripuri - 1939, Bose defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya, CWC nominated committee, Govind vallabh Pant resolution on Gandhian policies accepted, Greeting to China and medical mission 3. Bose resign in 1939 and Rajendr Prasad is elected as president 4. Forward Block - May 1939, Bose [New party within congress] 5. Disciplinary action against Bose, debarred from holding elected post for 3 years [For going against AICC resolution] 6. Bose vs Gandhi ideological difference [435, Mains perspective] 7. 1944 Broadcast from Rangoon Bose called Gandhi father of nation 8. Calcutta Congress Session 1930 - Bose volunteer guard of honor 9. 1938 - National planning commission; National women planning commission [Laxmibai Rajwade was head] 10. Laxmi Swaminathan Sehgal headed Rani Laxmibai regiment of INA 11. October 21 1943 Bose proclaimed provincial government [Assumed title supreme commander ] 12. Nai Talim - Gandhian School 13. Second World War and Nationalistic Response Congress Offer (Rejected by Linlithgow) Support to war on Condition of (i) Constituent assembly after war (ii) Immediately responsible government at center

CWC meeting at Wardha Gandhi - unconditional support to allied forces Bose and Socialist - No sympathy for either side; ideal time to snatch freedom Jawaharlal - No participation, no taking of advantage (Adopted by CWC Wardha meeting, Gandhi accepted)

Linlithgow's Statement Britain's war aim is resist aggression All interest group are to be consulted before amending GOI act 1935 Consultative committee is to be formed for advising functions [In 1940 declared that dominion status of westminister type is goal of British after war] Congress response No support to war Ministries in provinces resigned No immediate mass struggle to be launched Ramgarh Session, 1940 - India would accept complete independence and nothing less

Pakistan Resolution, Lahore 1940 - Grouping of geographically continuous area in a independent state where Muslim are in majority

14. August offer (1940)

Dominion status as objective Expansion of viceroy council with majority of Indians Constituent assembly after war (No adoption without consent of minority)

Response Congress rejected offer Muslim League welcomed veto assurance and re iterated partition as only option to avoid deadlock

15. 1941 - Viceroy council expanded with 8/12 Indians (Except Home, Finance, Defence); National Defence council with advisory nature 16. 1940 - Congress launched individual Satyagrah; Vinoba Bhave first and Neharu second (Delhi Chalo Movement); 25k convicted 17. 1941 - CWC offered co operation if full independence given after war; Gandhi declare Nehru as political successor 18. 1942 - Japan occupies Rangoon and whole south east Asia 19. Stanford Cripp's Mission (1942) [Sent by Wisten Churchill]

Proposal 1. Dominion status with free to decide its relation with commonwealth or other international body 2. Constituent Assembly [Concrete plan & Solely in Indian and not like mainly mentioned in August offer] 3. Any provinces not willing to join could have separate constitution and union (blue print of partition) 4. From congress P Neharu and Maulana Azad negotiated

Why Cripp's mission failed? 1. Dominion status 2. Representation of princely state by nomination and not election 3. Right to secede (Hindu Mahasabha also criticized) 4. Absence of any plan of immediate transfer of power 5. Muslim league criticized idea of single Indian Union 6. Muslim league did not like machinery to create constituent assembly 7. Depressed class thought that partition will left them on mercy of Hindu 8. Gandhi called it post dated cheque

Quit India Movement, Demand for Pakistan and the INA 1. Quit India Movement (1942)

Why? 1. Cripps mission failed 2. Prepare masses for possible Japanese invasion 3. Wartime hardship 4. Racist approach of Britain 5. British retreat in South East Asia

The Quit India Resolution 1. 1942, CWC Meeting Wardha, Proposed by Jawaharlal and seconded by Patel (Approved by AICC meeting at Bombay) 2. Ratified at Congress meeting at Gowalia tank, Bombay (August 8 1942) 3. Gandhi leader of struggle

Gandhi's General Instruments 1. Government Servant - Do not resign but allegiance to Congress 2. Soldiers - Do not leave but don't fire on countryman 3. Student - if confident leave studies 4. Peasant - If Zamindar pro government do not pay rent 5. Princes - Accept sovereignty of people 6. Princely state people - Support state only if it is anti government 7. Do or Die

Spread of movement 1. August 9, 1942 all top leaders were arrested 2. CWC, AICC, Congress provincial committees declared unlawful under Criminal law amendment act 1908 3. Assembly of public meeting prohibited 4. Aruna Asaf Ali presided session and hoisted flag 5. Strike, flag hoisting on public building and attacked symbol of authority 6. Underground activities, Under ground radio at Bombay by Usha Mehta 7. Parallel governments - Ballia of UP under Chittu Pandey; Tamluk of Bengal (Jatiya Sarkar organized vidyut vahini an armed force); Satara under Nana Patil

Extent of mass participation 1. Youth, women, workers, peasants (absence of anti Zamindari violence), government officials, Muslims (No communal clashes) 2. Communist did not join, Muslim league opposed, Hindu Mahasabha boycotted, princely state showed low key response. 3. March 23, 1943 Pakistan day was observed

Government Response 1. Although martial law was not applied repression was severe 2. Military took over many cities

Gandhi Fast, 1943 - to condemn violence of state

2. The Famine of 1943 - Man made, War main reason, South west Bengal, 1.5-3 Million people perished 3. Rajagopalchari formula, 1944 [The Way Out]

Formula for Congress - League co operation League to endorse demand for independence League to co operate with Congress forming provisional government at center Plebiscite in Mulsim majority area of NW & NE India In case of partition common center for defense, communication and commerce Objections Congress to accept two nation theory (League demand that only Muslim to vote in plebiscite) Savarkar condemned plan

4. Desai Liaquat pact

Congress and League nominee to have equal representation in Central executive 20% seats reserved for minority

5. Wavell plan

1945 Congress leaders released from Jail The plan 1. In executive council with exception of viceroy and commander in chief all members to be Indian 2. Hindu Muslim equal participation 3. Council act as interim government under framework of GOI act 1935 (Not responsible) 4. Negotiation on a new constituent assembly once war is won Muslim League stand - All muslim nominee from league, veto in executive council Congress Stand - Rejected being completely Hindu party Wavell's mistake - Announced breakdown of talks thus gave league a virtual veto

6. The Indian National Army

Bose 1. passed ICS but resigned in 1921 2. Anti compromise conference - In 1940 at Ramgarh , joint effort of Forward block and Kisan Sabha 3. 1941 - Bose escaped from house arrest and reached Peshawar with help of Bhagat Ram 4. With help of Hitler Mukti Sena was formed 5. People of Germany gave them name Netaji Origin and first phase of INA 1. Mohan Singh - Malaya, Idea of creating POW army [Only idea] 2. Japanese handed over POW to Mohan Singh [Hence first established in Japan] 3. INA will take action on call of INC or people of India 4. Army to check Japanese occupation of India and to check Japanese atrocity on Indians in South East Asia 5. Difference between Japanese and Mohan SIngh; Mohan Singh taken to custody Second phase 1. Rasbihari Bose founded Indian club of Tokyo 2. Rasbihari decided to put INA under Indian independence league (Created in 1942 at Tokyo) [Dont confuse with Independence of India league] 3. July 1943 - Rasbihari transferred control to Subhash Chandr Bose (Singapore) 4. October 21, 1943 - Bose formed provisional government for free India at Singapore with HC Chatterjee (Finance), MA Aiyar (Broadcasting), Lakshmi Swaminathan (Women); Give me blood slogan at Malaya 5. Rani Jhanshi Regiment 6. Provisional government declared war on Britain 7. January 1944 - INA Head quarter shifted to Rangoon 8. November 6 1943 - Andaman Nicobar given to INA (renamed Shahid Deep & Swaraj Deep) 9. INA Battalion commanded by Shaha Nawaj participated in Imphal campaign (Discrimination from Japanese army) 10. March 18 1944 - Azad Hind Fauz crossed Indian border and stood on Indian soil (upto Kohima and Imphal) 11. Moirang in Manipur - Malik of Bahadur group hoisted INA flag 12. August 15 1945 - INA surrendered with Japanese 13. August 18 1945 - Bose died in plane crash at Taiwan

Post war Scenario 1. July 1945 - Clement Attlee became PM of Britain 2. USA and USSR both favored freedom for India 3. Congress election campaign and INA trials

Repression of Quit India movement Trial of INA soldiers INC Session, 1945 - Resolution to support INA cause

INA Agitation High pitch and intensity Wide geographical and social spread

Three upsurges 1945 Culcutta over INA trials 1946 Culcutta over 7 years sentence of Rashid Ali 1946 Bombay strike by royal Indian navy rating (HMIS Talwar) [Sadly Maratha battalion rounded up ratings and confine them to barracked] Impact of upsurges Patel and Jinah persuded INA ratings to surrender [with assurance that national parties will prevent victimisation] Cabinet mission plan Congress Strategy Did not officially supported upsurges because of timing and tactics

4. Election Result

Congree got 57/102 seats in central assembly [League 30 reserved seats] Congress Majority in provinces except Bengal, Sindh and Punjab (Unionist (Sir Chotu Ram)-Congress- Akali Coalition) [NWFP & Assam claimed by League got majority of congress]

5. The Cabinet Mission (1946, Chairperson Pethick Lawrence)

Why British withdrawal seems imminent now? 1. Success of nationalist forces 2. Demoralisation of bureaucracy and loyalist 3. Limitation of British strategy of conciliation and repression 4. RIN revolt 5. Entirely official rule was impossible 6. To maintain good future Indo British relation Plan 1. Rejection of Pakistan 2. Grouping of provincial assemblies in three section 3. Three tier executive and legislature (Center, provinces and section) 4. Constituent assembly (voting in three groups Sikh, Muslim and Hindu) 5. Federal structure (Residual power to state with full autonomy) 6. Princely state free to have arrangement with successor government or British government 7. After first election provinces free to come out of group and after 10 years provinces free to consider group or union constitution 8. Interim government 9. Congress thought grouping is optional, League thought it is compulsory (Mission clarified it is compulsory) Acceptance and rejection of Plan League and Congress accepted the plan July 29, 1946 - League withdrew its acceptance and called for direct action [Because of Nehraru statement over long term plan] Patel was totally in favor

6. Interim government

September 2, 1946 - Nehru led government sworn Wavell over ruled ministers over issue of release of INA soldiers October 1946 - League joined and followed obstructionist policy

Government 1. Viceroy and Governor-General of India: The Viscount Wavell (Britain) 2. Commander-in-Chief: Sir Claude Auchinleck (Britain) 3. Vice President of the Executive Council: Jawaharlal Nehru (INC) 4. Home Affairs, Information and Broadcasting: Vallabhbhai Patel (INC) 5. Agriculture and Food: Rajendra Prasad (INC) 6. Commerce: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (All-India Muslim League) 7. Education and Arts: C. Rajagopalachari (INC) 8. Defence: Baldev Singh (INC) 9. Finance: Liquat Ali Khan (All-India Muslim league) 10. Health: Ghazanfar Ali Khan (All-India Muslim League) 11. Industries and Supplies: C. Rajagopalachari (INC) 12. Labour: Jagjivan Ram (INC) 13. Law: Jogendra Nath Mandal (All-India Muslim League) 14. Posts and Air: Abdur Rab Nishtar (All-India Muslim League) 15. Railways and Communications: Asaf Ali (INC) 16. Work, Mines and Power: C.H. Bhabha (INC) [Note : Idea of separate Pakistan was proposed by Rahamat Ali and developed by poet Iqbal]

Independence with partition 1. Atlee's statement

Deadline of June 30, 1948 for transfer of power Power may be transferred to one center or in some areas to existing provincial government Mountbatten to replace Wovell

2. March 10, 1947 - Neharu stated that Cabinet mission was best solution, only real alternative was partition of Punjab and Bengal 3. April 1947 - Kripalani, Congress president communicated with viceroy, rather than having battle let them have Pakistan provided you allow partition of Punjab and Bengal 4. Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)

Punjab and Bengal provincial assembly to take decision on partition (Hindu Muslim separately) If partition, two dominion and two constituent assemblies (Balkan plan) Sindh to take its own decision Referendums in Syleht and NWFP (Both decided in favor of Pakistan) Independence for princely state ruled out they will either join India or Pakistan Independence for Bengal ruled out Accession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled out Boundary commission [Congress accepted dominion status (To control situation )]

5. India Independence act, 1947

Each dominion to have governor general [India - Mountbatten and Pakistan - Jinah] Constituent assembly given power of legislature (Counsil of state and Assmbly dissolved) Dominion to be carried in accordance with GOI act 1935

6. Radcliffe boundary commission [Mc Mohan line India China - 1914]

Administrative and judicial development 1. Administrative Service

Cornwallis role (1786-93) - Tried to check corruption and implemented promotion through seniority [Created covenanted public service] Wellesely role - Fort William college for training of new recruits (disapproved by court of director instead EIC at London) Charter Act 1853 - Open competitive system Indian Civil Service Act 1861 - Exam held in England in English based on classical learning of Greek and Latin (1863, Satyendranath Tagore) Statutory Civil Services - Lytton, 1878, 1/6 th post filled by Indians of high families Aitchison Committee on Public Service 1886 - By Dufferin, Recommended classification in Imperial, Provincial and subordinate and raising age to 23 [as well abolition of classification as covenanted and uncovenanted] 1893 - Resolution to hold simultaneous exam in England and India, resolution never implemented Montford Reforms - Simultaneous exam in England and India Lee Commission, 1924 - PSC to be established

2. Police System

Institution of Faujdar and Amils abolished in 1770 (Restored by Warren Hasting in 1774) 1791 - Cornwallis organised regular police 1808 - Mayo appointed SP for each division and spies (goyendas) to help Bentick (1828-35) - Abolished office of SP, collector head of police, Recommendation of Police commission 1860 -> Indian Police act 1861 -> IG head in province, SP British did not create All India Police Services 1902 - Police commission recommended CID in state and CBI in center

3. Military System

Commission of 1859 & 1879 insisted in 1/3 rd white army Indians not allowed in high tech departments till WWII Sandhurst committee 1926 - Visualized 50% Indians in army till 1952 Isolation of soldiers

4. Development of Judiciary

Warren Hasting District Diwani Adalat in district (civil) appeal to Sadar Diwani Adalat District Fauzdari Adalat (criminal) -> Sadar Nizamat Adalat

Cornwallis District Fauzdari Adalat abolished and circuit court established Collector responsible with only revenue function with no magisterial function

Bentick SC English replaced Persian In lower court Persian or vernacular language 1833 - Law commission under Macaulay for codification of Indian laws [CPC(1859), IPC(1860), CrPC(1861)]

1860 - Europeans provided no privileges except criminal cases 1865 - SC & Sardar Adalats merged into three HC 1935 - Federal court (set up in 1937)

5. Chief commissioner and Lt governor were appointed by Viceroy while governor by crown 6. Local bodies The Lottery Committee (1817) - Setup after Lord Wellesely Minute of 1803; Funds for town improvement were raised through public lotteries. Between 1864-1868 - Nominated local bodies formed Mayo's Resolution - Financial decentralisation Rippon resolution of 1882 - Father of local self governance, Non officials in majority, Non official chairperson Royal Commission on decentralization 1908 Government of India resolution 1915 Resolution of May 1918 - Local bodies to be made representative with real authority Montford reforms - Self government transferred subject (but lack of fund) GOI act 1935 - Act passed in provinces to give more authority to local bodies

Survey of British policies in India (Judiciary is missing) 1. Administrative

Divide and Rule Hostility towards educated youth Alliances with zamindars Under developed social services (First demand of labor reforms from Lancashire !!) [Indian Factory act 1881 - Dealt with child labor, 7+ age, 4 holidays in month for child & 9 hours] [Indian Factory act 1891 - 9+ age, 7 hours & 11 hours for women, weekly holiday for all] [Above laws not applicable to British plantation, breach of contract was criminal offence] Restriction on Freedom of press White racism

2. British Social and cultural policy - To make India big market transformation needed, later status quo 3. British Foreign policy in India - Keep European powers at arm length & promote British economic and commercial interest 4. Curzon - Princes rule state as agent of British 5. Economic Impact of British rule in India

1813 law by Britain parliament to prohibit ships below 350 tonnes 1814 Indian build ship refused to considered British registered vehicles which could have trade with America and Europe First cotton textile mill - 1853, Cowasjee Nanabhoy (First jute mill 1855) Indian Steel industries were forced to produce high standard steel as well restriction on import Poverty and UnBritish rule in India - Dadabhai Nauroji RC Dutta - Economic History of India Opposition to foreign capital One way free trade

Stages of colonialism in India First : Mercantilism (1757-1813), No large scale British import instead large export (Forced to produce for company at uneconomic compulsion) Second : Colonialism of free trade (1813- 1860); India as a market of final goods and exporter of raw material; Third : Era of foreign investment and international competition for colonies; Development of Indian press 1. James Augustus Hickey - 1780, The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta general advertiser 2. Early regulation

Censorship of press act, 1799 - Wellesley, relaxed by lord Hasting Licensing regulation, 1823 - Acting governor general John Adms, Ram Mohan Roy's Mirat ul Akbar had to stop publishing Press act 1835 or Metcalf act - Liberator of Indian press Licensing act 1857 - Government reserved right to stop publication of any printed material Registration act, 1867 - Regulative not restrictive, replaced Metcalf act

3. Vernacular press act, 1878 (The gagging act)

(i) DM can call any publisher of vernacular newspaper to enter into bond with government undertaking not to cause disaffection against government or antipathy between different religion, caste (ii) Publisher could also required to deposit security (iii) No appeal in court of law (iv) Amrita Bazar Patrika turned English over night (v) Later pre censorship clause was removed and press commissioner appointed to provide authenticated inforamtion (vi) Rippon repealed it in 1882

4. Surendrnath Banarjee - 1883, First Indian journalist to he imprisoned 5. Newspaper (Incitement to offence) act 1908 - Empowered magistrate to confiscate property (Tilak tried) 6. Indian press act, 1910 - Local government empowered to demand a security at registration from printer, submit two copies of each issue to local government at free of charge 7. Indian press act 1931 - Provincial government get power to suppress propaganda of CDM

Development of Education 1. Culcutta Madrasah - Warren Hasting, 1781 2. Banares Sanskrit College - Jonathan Duncan, 1791 3. Fort William College - Wellesley, 1800 4. Charter act 1813 - 1 lakh rupees 5. Culcutta College 1817 - English education in western humanities and science (By educated Bengalis) 6. General Committee of Public Instruction - 1823; responsibility to grant the one lakh of rupees for education. 7. Orientalist - Anglicist controversy - General committee on public instruction 8. Lord Macaulay's minute - 1835, In favor of Anglicist, English medium alone, downward filtration theory [blue print] 9. Efforts of James Thomson - NW province, developed a comprehensive scheme of village education, train for PWD 10. Charles Wood's dispatch, 1854

Magna Cara of British education in India Ask GOI to assume responsibility for education of masses (As a result Department of education in all provinces) hierarchy (primary -> Anglo vernacular high schools -> affilated district colleges -> affiliating universities at presidency town of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras) [Universities set up in 1857] English for higher studies & vernacular medium at school level stress on female, vocational and teachers training Secular education in government institution Recommended system of grant and aid to encourage private enterprise Bethune school, 1849 - JED Bethune, Culcutta, education of women [Vishwar Chand Vidyasagar associated with this] Pusa agriculture institute (Curzon) & IIT Roorkee (1847)

11. Hunter Education commission 1882

Mostly confined in primary and secondary education recommendation Primary education Vernacular special care require transfer of control to newly created district and municipal boards, Secondary education Two divisions - literary (leading to universities) & vocational (commercial career) Drew attention for inadequate facility for women and recommendation of its spread Punjab university (1882); Allahabad university (1887)

12. In 1889 Scheme of national Education was formulated by Satish Chandra Mukharjee 13. Indian universities act, 1904

Based on Raleigh commission 1902 recommendation Universities to giver more attention to study and research Number of fellows and period in office reduced (most were nominated) Government veto for universities senate regulation also could amend or pass regulation on its own Stricter condition for affiliation of private colleges 5 lakh rs per annum for five years for improvement of higher education and universities

14. 1906 - Badoda introduced compulsory primary education 15. Government resolution on education policy 1913 - refused to take responsibility of compulsory education but accepted policy of removal of illiteracy and urged provinces for compulsory primary education 16. Saddler university commission, 1917-1919

Set up to study problem of Culcutta university Improvement of university education requires improvement of secondary education School course should cover 12 years In universities after intermediate than metric Separate board of secondary and intermediate There should be less rigidity in framing universities regulation University -> Cetralised, unitary, residential body rather than scattered affiliated colleges Female education, applied, scientific, technological, teachers training, professional and vocational colleges should be extended Government recommended Saddler report to provincial government

17. Hartog committee, 1929

Emphasis on primary education (but no need of hasty compulsory education) Deserving to higher other to vocational universities admission should be restricted

18. Sergeant plan of education, 1944 (Detergent for illiteracy)

Pre primary education Free universal and compulsory elementary education (Detergent for illiteracy) High school education for selected [Two type academic and vocational] University course after higher secondary (3 years) adequate commercial, technical and art education abolition of intermediate course stress on teachers training, physical education, education for physically and mentally handicap [Bold scheme but no methodology of implantation]

19. Wardha Scheme of basic education, 1937 - Zakir Hussain committee, learning through activity, mother tongue and compulsory, handicraft 20. 1853 - Dalhousie in favor of vernacular education

Peasant movement 1. Indigo Revolt, 1859 - fraudulent contract, Digambar vishwas and Bishnu Vishwas of Nadia (W Bengal), 1860 Ryot could not be compelled to grow Indigo, Use of social boycott and legal machinery 2. Pabna agrarian league - Yusufshahi paragana of Bengal, rent strike, legal resistance, 1885 Bengal tenancy act [Bankim Chandra Chatterjea and R.C. Dutt supported] 3. Deccan riots, 1874 - moneylenders, bad harvest and increase in land revenue, social boycott movement, Agrarian riot, Deccan agriculturist relief act 1879 4. Kisan Sabha, 1918 - Gauri shankar Mishra and Indra Naryan Dwivedi, UP, Baba Ramchandran (Awadh Kisan Sabha 1920) 5. Eka Movement, 1921 - Pay recorded rent on time, not leave when evacuated, abide by Panchyat decision, no help to criminals, refused to do forced labor [Hardoi and Sitapur of UP headed by Madari Pasi] 6. Mapilla revolt, 1921 - Malbar, Communal overtone 7. Bardoli Satyagrah, 1926 - Patel, women gave him title Sardar (Refuse to pay rent) [Kunvarji Mehta and Keshvaji Ganesh learned tribal dilect and developed Kaliparaj literature] 8. The All India Kisan Congress/ Sabha, 1936 - Swami Sahajanad Saraswati [ N.G. Ranga general secretory, P Neharu greeted session], Lucknow (Later split in communist and non communist) [1936 Faijpur joint session with Congress] 9. India Peasants institute, 1933 -Andhra, NG Ranga 10. Tebhag movement, 1946 - Bengal, Call to implement Floud commission implementation (2/3rd share instead 1/2 to bargardar) 11. Telangana movement - Biggest peasant guerrilla war of modern India

The movement of working class 1. Earlier nationalist specially moderates indifferent to labours cause 2. 1870 - Sasipada Banarjee started workingmen's club and newspaper Bharat Shramjeevee (Worker of Brahmo Samaj) 3. 1878 - Sorabjee Shapoorjee Bengalee - Tried to get a bill (passed in Bombay legislature) 4. 1880 - Narayan Meghajee Lokhande started news paper Deenbandhu and set up Bombay mill and millhands association 5. 1899 - Strike by great Indian peninsular railway 6. AITUC, 1920 - Lala Lajpat Rai (First to link capitalism with imperialism) 7. Trade union act, 1926 - Recognised trade union as legal association [Immunity from civil and criminal prosecution for legitimate activities but put some restriction on political activities] 8. TDA, 1929 - strike illegal in public utility services unless one month advance notice, forbade political activities of coercive nature, Compulsory appointment of court of inquiry ad consultation boards for settling industrial disputes 9. All India trade union Federation - NM Joshi 1931

The Indian States 1. Butler Committee/ Indian state committee - 1927, Paramountcy must remain supreme; State should not be handed over to Indian government in British India without consent of state; [Paramountcy left undefined] 2. After independence VP Menon Secretary and Sardar patel minister of ministry of state 3. Junagarh - Plebiscite 4. Kashmir - Instrument of accession - October 1947 5. Hyderabad - November 1949 by Army action 6. Dadara Nagar Haveli, Goa, Diu & Daman - Portuguese 7. Pondicherry, Mahe, Karakal, Yemen - French

Mock Test 1. Federation of Indian chamber of commerce and industry - 1927, recognized by British and general public as representation of Indian capitalist class 2. All India State peoples conference (1927) - Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari and GR Abhyankar. Jawaharlal Nehru became the president of this organization in 1939. 3. Madras Native Association - 1852; Gazalu Laxmi Narasu Chetty 4. After kamagata Maru Shore Committee‘ was set up under the leadership of Husain Rahim, Sohan Lal Pathak and Balwant Singh, funds were raised and protest meetings were organized 5. Ali Muhammad Khan - founded the state of Rohilkhand 6. Bahadur Shaha granted Maratha Sardeshmukhi but failed to grant Chauth 7. Bahadur Shah had tried to conciliate the rebellious Sikhs by making peace with Guru Gobind Singh and giving him a high mansab 8. Resolution recommending abolition of landlordism was accpted by CWC in 1945 9. During Swadeshi movement capitalist shown opposition to boycott movement, even during non cooperation movement some were in opposition however capitalist largely supported CDM 10. The Kittur uprising, led by Chinnava, 1824 (The British prevented the adopted son of the chief of Kittur (in Karnataka) from assuming power by taking over the administration, that resulted in form of revolt.); 11. Gandhiji formed the Passive Resistance Association to conduct the campaign against certificates of registration 12. Congress Socialist Party - 1934, Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Minoo Masani 13. William Bentinck raised the status and powers of Indians in the judicial service by appointing them as Deputy Magistrates, Subordinate Judges and Principle Sadar Amins. Before this, they were appointed in lower courts as magistrates to try petty cases. 14. Bardoli taluq had been selected in 1922 as the place from where Gandhiji would launch the civil disobedience campaign, but events in Chauri Chaura had changed all that and the campaign never took off 15. Kashmir and Hyderabad signed Standstill Agreement (Desire of independent status) 16. Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act. [Planned by John SHore] 17. Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed in 1820. 18. Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick. 19. Pherozeshaha Mehta, with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, G.K. Parekh, Balachandra Krishna and D.A. Khare took the unprecedented step of organizing the first walk-out in India‘s legislative history ( against the bill introduced in Bombay which take away the peasant‘s right of ownership of land) 20. In the Madras Presidency, Bharathmatha Association was started by Nilakanta Bramachari. 21. The Rowlatt Act along with the Press Act was repealed on the recommendations of the Repressive Laws Committee in 1922 22. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was the youngest to preside over Congress in 1923. He again presided over the congress in 1940. 23. The Permanent Settlement system was introduced in 1793 by the then Governor General Lord Cornwallis on the recommendations of John Shore. 24. Dr. B R Ambedkar established in Bombay a 'Amityaja sangh' and Samta samaj sangh, All India Scheduled Castes Federation and the Independent Labour Party. 25. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded by Mahatma Gandhi, 26. March 1935, the All India Depressed Classes League, with Jagjivan Ram, a nationalist Dalit leader from Bihar, as the President 27. INC Session Kanpur in 1925, Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman to become the president of the Congress. 28. The Calcutta session of 1917 - presided over by Annie Besant 29. Justice Party launched an active campaign against the 'Brahman' Congress and its noncooperation programme and rallied in support of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. 30. Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was formed in 1836 by associates of Raja Rammohan Roy 31. Under Khurki system, the British planters used to pay some money to the farmers (Raiyyat) by mortgaging their lands and houses and compelling them to sow indigo. 32. To reach out to the followers of all religions and to remove the fears of the minorities a rule was made at the 1888 session that no resolution was to be passed to which an overwhelming majority of Hindu or Muslim delegates objected. 33. Code of Hindu Laws – was prepared by Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, an English Orientalist. The Code of Gentoo law was published during the tenure of Warren Hastings. 34. AIWC, along with Women‘s Indian Association and the National Council of Women in India, submitted a Memorandum to the First Round Table Conference regarding the status of women in the Indian Constitution. The essential points were equal rights and obligations of all citizens, no disability to any citizen with regard to employment or exercise of trade, adult suffrage, women to fight elections on equal terms with men and no reservation of seats for women nor nominations or co-options. 35. SN Banarjee - was sent to jail for two months for contempt of court, and not for sedition, in 1883 for an editorial he wrote in his newspaper, the Bengalee, criticising a judgment of the Calcutta High Court in sharp terms. 36. In 1866 a great famine struck many parts of India but its impact was felt in Odisha. The Government under Viceroy John Lawrence appointed George Campbell Commission to investigate the causes of famine and to recommend measures to prevent recurrences in future. [ held government system responsible for famine] 37. Latika Ghosh founded the Mahila Rashtriya Sangha with an aim of engaging women in political activism (1928) 38. Sarojini Naidu received Kaiser-i-hind medal by the British government for her work during the plague epidemic in India, which she returned after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. [Founded Women’s Indian Association with Dr Annie Besant] 39. Transformation of Dress Code of Mahatma Gandhi on September 22, 1921 in Madurai after seeing scantily clad peasants and poor people working in the farms and doing other manual work. 40. Annual Kaliparaj conferences were held in 1922 and in 1927. Gandhiji, who presided over the annual conferences. Kunverji Mehta and Keshavji Ganeshji learnt the tribal dialect, and developed a ‘Kaliparaj literature’ 41. "Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha" was established in the year 1918 by Mahatma Gandhi 42. Sarla Devi Chaudhrani founded Bharat Stree Mahamandal, India's first all- India women association. 43. Bakasht Tenants had no occupancy rights and they were subjected to continuous ejections. [Bihar; Kisan Sabha protest 1937-1939] 44. George Yule was the first European to preside Congress session at Allahabad in 1888 45. Chatfield Committee was set up to suggest a plan for modernising and streamlining Indian defence. (1930) 46. The first Muslim organisation in Bengal was the Mohammedan Association or the Anjuman-iIslami 47. The idea of Pakistan was first conceived by Rahmat Ali (Choudhary) 48. Day of Deliverance (Youm-e-Nijat) - resignation of Congress Ministries in 1939 49. Gandhi addressed the application of Satyagraha in caste reform more than once, but he never led a Satyagraha campaign over the question of untouchability. 50. The Congress, for the first time at its Nagpur Session in 1920, enunciated its policy towards the peoples‘ movement in the Princely States. 51. The "Delhi Pact" was endorsed by the Chamber of Princes on 1 April 1932. This projected federation as a constitutional demand of the princes of India, but with some safeguards. 52. Sardar Vallabhai Patel - Satyagraha in Nagpur in 1923 against a law banning the raising of the Indian flag. 53. New Lamps for Old, authored by Aurobindo Ghosh was originally published in 1893 54. Members of Gokhale‘s Servants of India Society were not permitted to become members of the Home rule League 55. Jan gan man first sung on December 27, 1911 at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress. [Original Bengali assembly adopted Hindi version] 56. Adams report - 1835; Collecting facts voluntarily regarding indigenous education in Bengal at the request of Lord William Bentinck. 57. Durgesh Nandini was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1862-1864 in Bangla. 58. Captain William Sleeman was appointed by Lord William Bentick (1828-35) to suppress the thugs. 59. Abanindranath Tagore - leader of the Revivalist Movement in the field of modern Indian painting in Bengal. 60. The Life Divine - Aurobindo; Sadhana - Tagore 61. Whitley chaired the Royal Commission on Labour in India, which reported in 1931. 62. Oudh Commercial bank - first Bank of limited liability managed by Indians and founded in 1881 [PNB 1995] 63. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was the first graduate of the Calcutta University. 64. Fort Williams was built in Kochi by the Dutch. (1714) 65. Fort William, Calcutta (1781); Fort St George, Chennai (1644); Fort St David, Madras(1670) by British 66. Fort St Angelo, Kerala (1505) by the Portuguese. 67. Court fees were abolished by Cornwallis. [Reason to increase in letigation in Zamindari] 68. Sir William Wedderburn and W.S. Caine had set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893 to agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons. 69. Indian railway - the policy of the railway companies to import almost all that was needed by them; 5% guarantee scheme; preferential freight charge 70. Hind Swaraj - Mahatma Gandhi; he wrote in Gujarati on board S.S. Kildonan Castle during his return voyage from London to South Africa in 1909 71. The Charter Act of 1833 for the first time laid down that no Indian citizen was to be denied employment under the Company on the basis of religion, colour, birth, descent, etc. 72. EV Ramaswamy Naicker organized the "Dravida Nadu Conference" in 1936 (Supported separate Pakistan) 73. Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner (Swaraj flag designed during No Co operation movement, originally white was not added) 74. 'Phulaguri Dhawa (1861)' - was triggered by a ban imposed on opium cultivation and proposed taxation on betel leaf and nut; Assam 75. Sarabandi - 1922; No campaign tax in Gujarat led by Vallabhbhai Patel 76. Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim president of INC in 1887 at Madras. 77. INC session 1920 - Ahmedabad; Hasarat Mohani proposed complete independence as goal [Mohani presided over 1921 ML session in Lucknow] 78. Syed Ameer Aliestablished a branch of the League in London in 1908, 79. Atma Sakti Cult - Tagore 80. Ahrar movement - Founded in 1910 under the leadership of Maulana Muhammad Aliu ,hussain imam, mazar-ul-haq ,Hakim ajmal khan and Jafar ali khan for active participation of the muslims in the national movement. 81. Rajkot Satyagraha - against the breach of the charter of Liberty of the people by the local ruler Thakore Saheb [1939 Gandhiji] 82. Madam Bhikaji Cama - unfurled the National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, a city in Germany (not in Paris) on 21st August, 1907. [She was parasi and served as private secretary to Dadabhai Nauroji] 83. Gokhale rejected the title of Knighthood and refused to accept a position in the Council of the Secretary of State for India 84. “Freies Indien” or “Free Indian Legion” - SC Bose raised army [Initially raised as part of the German Army] 85. The “Bombay Manifesto” - signed in 1936 openly opposed the preaching of socialist ideals [Against Neharu]

Books 1. M.K. Gandhi (Mahattma Gandhi) – Young India, Harijan, Navjivan, Hindu Swarajya, My Experiments With Truth 2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak – Kesri, The Maratha, Gita Rahasya 3. Jawahar Lal Nehru – Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, Meri Kahani 4. Maulana Abdul Kalam Aazad – Al Hilal, India Wins Freedom, Gubare Khatir 5. Lala Lajpat Rai – Unhappy India, Autobiographical writing 6. Dr. Rajendra Prasad – India Divided 7. Lala Hardayal – Hints For Self Culture 8. Surendra Nath Banarji – Bangali, A Nation In Making 9. Veer Savarkar – War Of Indian Independence 10. Ravindra Nath Tagore – Geetanjali (Nobel Prize Winner Book), Home and The World, Gora, Hungry Stones, Chandalika, Visarjan; The Cult of the Charkha [1925, critique on the Gandhian ethic of "charkha- spinning". ] 11. Madan Mohan Malviya – Abhyuday, Hindustan, Leader 12. Gopal Krishna Gokhle – Nation 13. Keshav Chandra Sen – Indian Mirror, Vaam Bodhini 14. Dinbandhu Mitra – Neel Darpan 15. Arvind Ghosh – Karmyogi, Yugantar, Savitri, Life Divine, Essays On Gita, Bande Matram, New lamps for old 16. Muhammad Iqbal – Tarane Hind, Baange Dara 17. Annie Besant – Commonweal, New India 18. Subhash Chandra Bose – Indian Struggle 19. Paranjape – Kaal 20. Muhammad Ali – Comred, Hamdard 21. Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Samvad Kaumudi, Precept of Jesus, A Gift of Monotheists 22. Ishwarchadra Vidyasagar – Som Prakash 23. Motilal Nehru – Independent 24. Dada Bhai Naurauji – Rust Guftgur, Poverty And Un British Rule In India 25. Shishir Kumar Ghosh – Amrit Bazar Patrika Tarak Nath Das – Free Hindustan 26. Shachindra Sanyal – The Revolutionary 27. Dayanand Sarswati – Satyarth Darpan Bhogaraju 28. Pattabhi Sitaramayya – History Of Congress 29. Valentine Chirol – Indian Unrest 30. Chittaranjan Das – India For Indians 31. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay – Anand Math, Devi Chaudharani, Sitaram 32. Bhartendu Harishchandra – Bharat Durdasha 33. Shivanand – Divine Life (The life divine is of Arbindo) 34. Nayantara Sahgal – A Voice Of Freedom 35. Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan - Causes of the Indian Mutiny 36. J.P.Narayan - To all fighters of freedom, Why Socialism 37. Lord Curzon - Problems of the East 38. Lord Hardinge - My Indian Years 39. RC Dutta - Economic History of India 40. Swami Dayanand - Satyarth Prakash 41. MN Roy - Communist Vanguard (Journal) 42. Faiz Ahmad Faiz - Subh-e Azadi (Dawn of freedom) was written in August, 1947 after the partition of India

Looking back into History 1. the 25th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations under the theme of "Shared Values, Common Destiny”; 2. 1953 Government of India sets up first backward classes commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar. 3. 1943 - The Japanese attack the Port of Kolkata 4. 30 December 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair. 5. 15 June – Kushal Konwar, Indian National Congress President of Golaghat, First martyr of Quit India Movement. 6. 125th Anniversary of Swami Vivekanand’s Chicago speech