On Max Born's Vorlesungen ¨Uber Atommechanik, Erster Band
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Science beyond borders Nobukata Nagasawa ORCID 0000-0002-9658-7680 Emeritus Professor of University of Tokyo [email protected] On social and psychological aspects of a negligible reception of Natanson’s article of 1911 in the early history of quantum statistics Abstract Possible reasons are studied why Ladislas (Władysław) Natanson’s paper on the statistical theory of radiation, published in 1911 both in English and in the German translation, was not cited properly in the early history of quantum statistics by outstanding scientists, such as Arnold Sommerfeld, Paul Ehrenfest, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. The social and psychological aspects are discussed as back- ground to many so far discussions on the academic evaluation of his theory. In order to avoid in the future such Natansonian cases of very limited reception of valuable scientific works, it is pro- posed to introduce a digital tag in which all the information of PUBLICATION e-ISSN 2543-702X INFO ISSN 2451-3202 DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS CITATION Nagasawa, Nobukata 2018: On social and psychological aspects of a negligible reception of Natanson’s article of 1911 in the early history of quantum statistics. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 17, pp. 391–419. Available online: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.014.9334. ARCHIVE RECEIVED: 13.06.2017 LICENSE POLICY ACCEPTED: 12.09.2018 Green SHERPA / PUBLISHED ONLINE: 12.12.2018 RoMEO Colour WWW http://www.ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SHS/; http://pau.krakow.pl/Studia-Historiae-Scientiarum/ Nobukata Nagasawa On social and psychological aspects of a negligible reception... relevant papers published so far should be automatically accu- mulated and updated. -
China and Albert Einstein
China and Albert Einstein China and Albert Einstein the reception of the physicist and his theory in china 1917–1979 Danian Hu harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2005 Copyright © 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hu, Danian, 1962– China and Albert Einstein : the reception of the physicist and his theory in China 1917–1979 / Danian Hu. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-01538-X (alk. paper) 1. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955—Influence. 2. Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955—Travel—China. 3. Relativity (Physics) 4. China—History— May Fourth Movement, 1919. I. Title. QC16.E5H79 2005 530.11'0951—dc22 2004059690 To my mother and father and my wife Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xiii Prologue 1 1 Western Physics Comes to China 5 2 China Embraces the Theory of Relativity 47 3 Six Pioneers of Relativity 86 4 From Eminent Physicist to the “Poor Philosopher” 130 5 Einstein: A Hero Reborn from the Criticism 152 Epilogue 182 Notes 191 Index 247 Acknowledgments My interest in Albert Einstein began in 1979 when I was a student at Qinghua High School in Beijing. With the centennial anniversary of Einstein’s birth in that year, many commemorative publications ap- peared in China. One book, A Collection of Translated Papers in Com- memoration of Einstein, in particular deeply impressed me and kindled in me a passion to understand Einstein’s life and works. One of the two editors of the book was Professor Xu Liangying, with whom I had the good fortune of studying while a graduate student. -
Otto Stern Annalen 4.11.11
(To be published by Annalen der Physik in December 2011) Otto Stern (1888-1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics J. Peter Toennies,1 Horst Schmidt-Böcking,2 Bretislav Friedrich,3 Julian C.A. Lower2 1Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation Bunsenstrasse 10, 37073 Göttingen 2Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt 3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin Keywords History of Science, Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics, Stern- Gerlach experiment, molecular beams, space quantization, magnetic dipole moments of nucleons, diffraction of matter waves, Nobel Prizes, University of Zurich, University of Frankfurt, University of Rostock, University of Hamburg, Carnegie Institute. We review the work and life of Otto Stern who developed the molecular beam technique and with its aid laid the foundations of experimental atomic physics. Among the key results of his research are: the experimental test of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities (1920), experimental demonstration of space quantization of angular momentum (1922), diffraction of matter waves comprised of atoms and molecules by crystals (1931) and the determination of the magnetic dipole moments of the proton and deuteron (1933). 1 Introduction Short lists of the pioneers of quantum mechanics featured in textbooks and historical accounts alike typically include the names of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Arnold Sommerfeld, Niels Bohr, Max von Laue, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Dirac, Max Born, and Wolfgang Pauli on the theory side, and of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Ernest Rutherford, Arthur Compton, and James Franck on the experimental side. However, the records in the Archive of the Nobel Foundation as well as scientific correspondence, oral-history accounts and scientometric evidence suggest that at least one more name should be added to the list: that of the “experimenting theorist” Otto Stern. -
PAUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN March 20, 1883-February 8, 1966
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES P AUL SOPHUS E PSTEIN 1883—1966 A Biographical Memoir by J E S S E W . M . D UMOND Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1974 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. PAUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN March 20, 1883-February 8, 1966 BY JESSE W. M. DuMOND AUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN was one of the group of prominent and P very gifted mathematical physicists whose insight, creative originality, and willingness to abandon accepted classical con- cepts brought about that veritable revolution in our under- standing of nature which may be said to have created "modern physics," i.e., the physics which has been widely accepted during the Twentieth Century. Paul Epstein's name is closely associ- ated with those of that group, such as H. A. Lorentz, Albert Einstein, H. Minkowski, J. J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, A. Sommerfeld, W. C. Rontgen, Max von Laue, Niels Bohr, L. de Broglie, Paul Ehrenfest, and Karl Schwarzschild. Paul Epstein was born in 1883 in Warsaw, which was then a part of Russia. His parents, Siegmund Simon Epstein, a busi- nessman, and Sarah Sophia (Lurie) Epstein, were of a moder- ately well-to-do Jewish family. He himself has told how, when he was but four years old, his mother recognized his potential mathematical gifts and predicted that he was going to be a mathematician. After receiving his secondary education in the Humanistic Hochschule of Minsk (Russia), he entered the school of physics and mathematics of the Imperial University of Moscow in 1901. -
Erwin Schrödinger: a Compreensão Do Mundo Infinitesimal Através De Uma Realidade Ondulatória
Douglas Guilherme Schmidt Erwin Schrödinger: a compreensão do mundo infinitesimal através de uma realidade ondulatória Mestrado em História da Ciência Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo São Paulo 2008 Douglas Guilherme Schmidt Erwin Schrödinger: a compreensão do mundo infinitesimal através de uma realidade ondulatória MESTRADO EM HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História da Ciência pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob a orientação da Profa. Doutora Lilian Al-Chueyr Pereira Martins. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo São Paulo 2008 SCHMIDT, Douglas Guilherme. “Erwin Schrödinger: a compreensão do mundo infinitesimal através de uma realidade ondulatória” São Paulo, 2008. Dissertação (Mestrado) – PUC-SP Programa: História da Ciência Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Lilian Al-Chueyr Pereira Martins Folha de aprovação Banca Examinadora _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Autorizo, exclusivamente para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação por processos fotocopiadores ou eletrônicos. Ass.: _____________________________________________________ Local e data: _______________________________________________ [email protected] A minha mãe Eliana, a minha esposa Maria Ângela e à memória de meu pai Guilherme. Agradecimentos À Professora e orientadora Lilian Al-Chueyr Pereira Martins por seu apoio e objetividade, elevando minha auto-estima e segurança na realização deste trabalho. Pela orientação do Professor Roberto de Andrade Martins que sabiamente me auxiliou durante a elaboração deste trabalho e que me autorizou a utilizar sua análise inédita dos trabalhos de Schrödinger de 1926. Aos Professores José Luiz Goldfarb e Roberto de Andrade Martins, que fizeram parte da minha banca de qualificação, dando sugestões importantes para melhoria desta dissertação. -
Ludwig Maximilians Universit¨At M
LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITAT¨ MUNCHEN¨ ARNOLD SOMMERFELD CENTER FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS Elite Master Program in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics MASTER THESIS in COSMOLOGY Cosmological aspects of Mimetic Gravity Candidate: Supervisor: Roberto Caroli Prof. Dr. Ivo Sachs October 2018 M¨unchen Declaration of authorship I hereby certify that the thesis I am submitting is my own original work: it has been composed by me and is based on my own work, unless stated otherwise. Any use of the works of any other author is properly stated when needed: all references have been quoted, and all sources of information have been acknowledged. Date: Signature: 1 Acknowledgements First I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ivo Sachs for his support, patience and time. His suggestions and discussions with him during the last months have been very useful to carry out this work. Thanks also to Prof. Dr. Stefan Hofmann, who accepted to be my second referee. A special thank goes to my family for its constant help and support during my Bachelor and Master degrees. Another person that I would like to thank is Prof. Fabio Benatti, whose support goes beyond the supervision of my Bachelor thesis. Thanks to all the professors and teachers that contributed to my education at school and at University: without their contributions my studies will not be completed. 2 Abstract The thesis reviews the original proposal of Mimetic Dark Matter, a refor- mulation of General Relativity, in which the physical metric is parametrized in terms of an auxiliary metric and a scalar field. The equations of motion result to be a modified Einstein equation and a continuity equation for the scalar field, whose kinematical constraint leads to its identification with cos- mological time in synchronous reference frame. -
Book Review Hydrogen
Book Review Hydrogen. The Essential Element by John S. Rigden (Harvard University Press, 2002) 280 pp, ISBN 0674007387, $28.00 Reviewed by Leverett J. Zompa Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston, MA 02125-3393 This book provides a view of the development of modern physics based upon fundamental research on hydrogen by experimental and theoretical physicists. John Rigden presents this seminal research of twentieth century physics in a clear and concise manner. At the same time, he weaves in the enticing historical events that began with early quantum theory and advanced to recent validations of quantum electrodynamics, weighing theory against extremely precise measurements of hydrogen atomic spectral parameters. The centrality of hydrogen to the studies of Balmer, Bohr, and Sommerfeld is carried through to the modern day research on Bose-Einstein condensates by Nobel Prize winners Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle. The early chapters of the book will be quite familiar to chemists, as the struggles are described of early twentieth century physicists attempting to understand the nature of the hydrogen atom. The atomic structure of hydrogen provided by Niels Bohr and his idea of the quantized atom was grudgingly accepted by some because it could explain the data from the bright line spectrum of hydrogen. Some of the frustration felt by many physicists of the time is so aptly expressed by the quotation of Otto Stern (p. 39) who threatened to leave physics if “that crazy model of Bohr” turned out to be correct. Also described are the changes made to the Bohr model as more precise spectral data were obtained. -
A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Niels Bohr
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Niels Bohr Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 09 June 2021 Version 1.308 Title word cross-reference + [VIR+08]. $1 [Duf46]. $1.00 [N.38, Bal39]. $105.95 [Dor79]. $11.95 [Bus20]. $12.00 [Kra07, Lan08]. $189 [Tan09]. $21.95 [Hub14]. $24.95 [RS07]. $29.95 [Gor17]. $32.00 [RS07]. $35.00 [Par06]. $47.50 [Kri91]. $6.95 [Sha67]. $61 [Kra16b]. $9 [Jam67]. − [VIR+08]. 238 [Tur46a, Tur46b]. ◦ [Fra55]. 2 [Som18]. β [Gau14]. c [Dar92d, Gam39]. G [Gam39]. h [Gam39]. q [Dar92d]. × [wB90]. -numbers [Dar92d]. /Hasse [KZN+88]. /Rath [GRE+01]. 0 [wB90, Hub14, Tur06]. 0-19-852049-2 [Ano93a, Red93, Seg93]. 0-19-853977-0 [Hub14]. 0-521-35366-1 [Kri91]. 0-674-01519-3 [Tur06]. 0-85224-458-4 [Hen86a]. 0-9672617-2-4 [Kra07, Lan08]. 1 2 1.5 [GRE+01]. 100-˚aret [BR+85]. 100th [BR+85, KRW05, Sch13, vM02]. 110th [Rub97a]. 121 [Boh87a]. 153 [MP97]. 16 [SE13]. 17 [Boh55a, KRBR62]. 175 [Bad83]. 18.11.1962 [Hei63a]. 1911 [Meh75]. 1915 [SE13]. 1915/16 [SE13, SE13]. 1918 [Boh21a]. 1920s [PP16]. 1922 [Boh22a]. 1923 [Ros18]. 1925 [Cla13, Bor13, Jan17, Sho13]. 1927 [Ano28]. 1929 [HEB+80, HvMW79, Pye81]. 1930 [Lin81, Whe81]. 1930/41 [Fer68, Fer71]. 1930s [Aas85b, Stu79]. 1933 [CCJ+34]. -
Gravitational Radiation in F(R) Gravity: a Geometric Approach
Gravitational Radiation in f(R) Gravity: A Geometric Approach Adam Scott Kelleher A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Chapel Hill 2013 Approved by: Laura Mersini-Houghton Y. Jack Ng Charles Evans Dmitri Khveshchenko Ryan Rohm Hugon Karvovski Abstract ADAM SCOTT KELLEHER: Gravitational Radiation in f(R) Gravity: A Geometric Approach. (Under the direction of Laura Mersini-Houghton.) I summarize experimental and theoretical constraints on gravity theories. I explore metric f(R) gravity, and explore scalar field theory analogs. I present a different kind of mechanism to raise the effective scalar mass in f(R) gravity in environments with particular ranges of background scalar curvatures, and thus suppress scalar effects on solar system curvature scales, while allowing scalar effects at different curvature scales. I review the post-Newtonian and post-Minkowskian mathemat- ical machinery for General Relativity, and generalize these expansions to metric f(R) gravity up to second order in small parameters. ii Dedicated to Bill Walsh, a true brother. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my brother for his support, Bart Dunlap and Greg Herschlag for useful conversations, and my advisor Laura Mersini-Houghton for her guidance. I thank the Department of Physics and Astronomy at UNC Chapel Hill for supporting this work. iv Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................... viii List of Abbreviations and Symbols .............................. ix 1 Introduction .......................................... 1 2 Properties of Gravity Theories .............................. 4 2.1 Equivalence Principles . -
Sommerfeld: the Eternal Nobel Candidate Sommerfeld: the Eternal Nobel Candidate
FollowFollow us soWe uswe wantso canVisit we youchat uscan onin onchat ourYoutube Twitter! onGoogle+ Facebook! circles :) Sharing knowledge for a Books Authors Collaborators English Sign in better future Science Technology Economy Environment Humanities About Us Home Sommerfeld: the Eternal Nobel Candidate Sommerfeld: the Eternal Nobel Candidate Share 24 July 2017 Physics, Science Augusto Beléndez Sign in or register to rate this publication Full Professor of Applied Physics at the University In late 1928, a famous German physicist wrote to one of his colleagues to tell him with of Alicante (Spain) since chagrin that he had once again been passed over for the Nobel Prize in Physics: 1996. [...] 7 “But to dispel all suspicion of false modesty, I must simultaneously note that it is gradually posts becoming a public scandal that I have still not received the Prize [Nobel Prize in Physics].” (1) The theoretical physicist Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951) was born in Königsberg, a city Related topics in what was formerly East Prussia, today Kaliningrad in Russia, and also the birthplace of the mathematicians Christian Goldbach and David Hilbert, the philosopher Immanuel Kant and Aeronautics Astrophysics the writer E. T. A. Hoffmann. After receiving his doctorate from the University of Königsberg Biology Biomedicine in 1891, he moved to the University of Göttingen, the mecca of mathematics in Germany at General Science Genetics that time, where he eventually became assistant to the mathematician Felix Klein and gave Mathematics Medicine classes on mathematics and theoretical physics. After spending some years at RWTH @en Physics Aachen University, in 1906 he succeeded Ludwig Boltzmann as professor of theoretical physics and director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Munich, View all OpenMind topics where he set up a school of theoretical physics which gained worldwide renown. -
Quantization Conditions, 1900–1927
Quantization Conditions, 1900–1927 Anthony Duncan and Michel Janssen March 9, 2020 1 Overview We trace the evolution of quantization conditions from Max Planck’s intro- duction of a new fundamental constant (h) in his treatment of blackbody radiation in 1900 to Werner Heisenberg’s interpretation of the commutation relations of modern quantum mechanics in terms of his uncertainty principle in 1927. In the most general sense, quantum conditions are relations between classical theory and quantum theory that enable us to construct a quantum theory from a classical theory. We can distinguish two stages in the use of such conditions. In the first stage, the idea was to take classical mechanics and modify it with an additional quantum structure. This was done by cut- ting up classical phase space. This idea first arose in the period 1900–1910 in the context of new theories for black-body radiation and specific heats that involved the statistics of large collections of simple harmonic oscillators. In this context, the structure added to classical phase space was used to select equiprobable states in phase space. With the arrival of Bohr’s model of the atom in 1913, the main focus in the development of quantum theory shifted from the statistics of large numbers of oscillators or modes of the electro- magnetic field to the detailed structure of individual atoms and molecules and the spectra they produce. In that context, the additional structure of phase space was used to select a discrete subset of classically possible motions. In the second stage, after the transition to modern quantum quan- tum mechanics in 1925–1926, quantum theory was completely divorced from its classical substratum and quantum conditions became a means of con- trolling the symbolic translation of classical relations into relations between quantum-theoretical quantities, represented by matrices or operators and no longer referring to orbits in classical phase space.1 More specifically, the development we trace in this essay can be summa- rized as follows. -
Old Quantization, Angular Momentum, and Nonanalytic Problems
September 3, 2020 Old Quantization, Angular Momentum, and Nonanalytic Problems Nelia Mann,1 Jessica Matli,1 and Tuan Pham2 1Union College, Physics and Astronomy Department, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA 2University of Wisconsin at Madison, Physics Department, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA We explore the method of old quantization as applied to states with nonzero angular momentum, and show that it leads to qualitatively and quantitatively useful information about systems with spherically symmetric potentials. We begin by reviewing the traditional application of this model to hydrogen, and discuss the way Einstein-Brillouin-Keller quantization resolves a mismatch be- tween old quantization states and true quantum mechanical states. We then analyze systems with logarithmic and Yukawa potentials, and compare the results of old quantization to those from solv- ing Schr¨odinger'sequation. We show that the old quantization techniques provide insight into the spread of energy levels associated with a given principal quantum number, as well as giving quan- titatively accurate approximations for the energies. Analyzing systems in this manner involves an educationally valuable synthesis of multiple numerical methods, as well as providing deeper insight into the connections between classical and quantum mechanical physics. PACS numbers: I. INTRODUCTION The origins of quantum mechanics are usually dated to 1905, with the publication of Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect [1], even though the study of Schr¨odinger'sequation and matrix mechanics|what we usually think of as quantum mechanics|was developed primarily in the mid-1920s [2, 3]. During the intervening two decades, quantum mechanics consisted of a series of ad hoc techniques that combined classical reasoning with simple rules for quantization.