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Produced by the NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI) oN N67 10742 = iACCESSiON NUMBER) (TNRU) O s t J )PAGES) 'CODE)

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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

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1 1 PROJECT GEMINI

101roduclion

A major goal of the U.S. manned space flight program is to put men on the moon during this decade, and bring them safely back to earth. In the process of achieving that goal, Project Gemini is Step Two. Step One was Project Mercury, in which U.S. astronauts first ventured into space and completed six flights ranging in length from fifteen minutes to thirty-four hours. Step Three is reserved fo g - Project Apollo; its climax will be the lunar landing Project Gemini's vital intermediate mission is concerned with further development of spacecraft and launch vehicles, extension of the ground procedures for track- ing, communication and control, and preparation of astronauts for operations of ever-increasing complexity and difficulty. - Since it is flown by a crew of two astronauts, the project was named Gemini, for the stellar twins which have been in the sky since the beginning of time. Gernini is the third constel- lation in the zodiac, and is shown on pictorial sky maps as the twins Castor and Pollux, sitting together. 4=0 He G SURCecrall

In the step by step process of the manned space flight program, the Gemini spacecraft was designed as a larger and more sophisticated version of the pioneering Project Mercury spacecraft. One obvious resemblance is the bell shape of Mercury, which appears again in Gemini. There are many others. But the differences are more numerous and more important.

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Gemini was .' ;signed for two astronauts instead of one. it is 11 feet higi and 7 112 feet in diameter at its base, compared with the 9 foot height and 6 foot diameter of Mercury. Its mission calls for maneuverability at the will of the crew; it can turn. change speed, move from one orbit to another. It has means to spot another spacecraft thousands of miles away and proceed to the position of that other spacecraft. (The term for this is rendezvous.) It can make contact with the other craft and make fast to it. (Dock- ing.) It can furnish life support for its crew during a long duration flight such as two weeks or more, as compared with a day or so in space for Mercury. It is possible for one of the astronauts to step out of Gemini and maneuver alongside. (Extravehicular activity.) Provision has been made for an extensive series of scientific experiments riot specifically re- lated to the operation of the spacecraft. Structurally, the Gemini spacecraft consists of two major components: a reentry module -ind an adapter module. The reentry module is the cone - plus - column - shaped unit which encloses the astronauts' compartment and provides life support. In it are control systems which enable the crew to approach and link up with another vehicle in space. As its name implies, it is the reentry module which re- turns to earth at the conclusion Whit'; s'. of the flight; it has gas jets (thrusters) to orient the spacecraft for descent to earth, and para- chutes that open after the fiery entry into the atmosphere to sta- bilize and slow the descent. In the adapter module, consist- ing of a retro section and an equipment section. is Gemini's orbit attitude and maneuvering system (OHMS), which provides Two engineers approach the Gemini spacecraft prior to its test in a spree the capability for such extensive simulation chamber. The chamber simulates temperature and vacuum c,. maneuvering as changing of orbit. ditions encountered in space. This module houses fuel cells, in Heat absorbing material is poured into the Fiberglass honeycomb to form the spacecraft heat shield The heat shield absorbs and dissipates heat generated which hydrogen and oxygen react on the craft's blunt surface during its entry into the atmosphere when the craft is returning to earth and produce electricity to power the spacecraft systems. It houses the retrograde rocket system which is fired to reduce speed so that the spacecraft will fall back to earth. It also contains propellant tanks and supporting elec- tronic equipment. The adapter module is shed in orbit as Gemini prepares for return to e-irth. First. the equipment section is left be- hind, exposing the tetro section. Then, after the firing of the retro rockets, the retro section. too, is discarded, just before the entry 1 into the atmosphere. r

3 Cutaway view of Gemini's environmentalcontrol and reactant •,upply systems The environmental contra l r_./%t,.n- .ud,pin •, i n Arid x-111. tarns pressure and temperature to enable asVonautc to live .n space The reactant 5 ,• 8tem supplies hydrogen and oxygen t Ih• fr;rl rr•I.% which produce electricity to run spacecraft equipment.

EQUIPMENT RETROPRADE I SECTION SECTION REEN',ni MODULE AGENA DOCKING STRUCTURE

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4 GEMINI INSTRUMENT PANEL

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CENTER CONSOLE MENU FOR GEMINI The Gemini menu ranges from cereals, orange juice and toast to meats. eggs, fish, and fruit salad. For each day, it provides about 2500 calories per person, plus other essentials of nutrition. Food must be prepared so that it can be consumed by astronauts who are weightless, in an environment where everything is weightless, including the food itself. Solid foods are dehydrated and packed in bite-sized portions, in tubes, or as concentrates en. closed in plastic bags in which water may be added with - water 4 gun. Three meals for each astro naut weigh no n.ore than a pound, on earth. The astronauts are careful to prevent food particles or water droplets from escaping. In a condit+on of weightlessness, such particles would drift in the cabin, and could result in prcblems s ra with sensitive equipment. E

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Typical dehydrated or freeze dried food products prepared for astro nauts' meals during space flight Shnwn t l to r top to bottom) are strawherrie%. sandwiches bread substitute. cocoa beverage, pea soup, Potato salad, chicken with gravy and grape juice

10 -CABIN LIGHT Miami IrrT c,crTinti (Zret

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Astronaut stations in Gemini spacecraft.

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Gemini spacecraft environmental control system test Artist's corn,^rti — of Gemini spacecraft. The arrows indicate space Artist depicts Gemini during reentry. Arrows show how craft's orien craft movements made possible by its thrusters. tation can be controlled during reentry. Adapter module has been jettisoned in orbit during preparations for reentry. I

r ambbe I`Nlllll^ / 14 Workman sprays a heat-resistant compound on the Gemini spacecraft heat shield at McDonnell Aircraft. St. Louis. r^ Y

Allot. 13 Technician works on Gemini's inertial reference unit. The unit provides information during flight on Gemini's position relative to the earth's surface. the Gemini Space Suits

A new pressure suit was developed for the Gemini program, to provide more freedom of movement. The suit is connected with the cabin environmental control system which provides a 100 percent oxygen supply, pressurization and humidity control, and facilities for removing unpleasant odors. The suits have individual regulators so that each astronaut can select the flow of oxygen he desires. Oxygen enters the suit just below the chest and is routed di- rectly to the face area, the arm areas, the leg areas, then out an exhaust line to he purified for reuse. For "walking in space," in which an astronaut leaves the cabin to maneuver alongside, a special EVA (for Extravehicular Activity) Suit was designed. The EVA suits have extra layers of tough plastic and other equipment. They provide pressure to protect the astronauts in the space vacuum. They resist radia- tion and meteoroid punctures. They furnish oxygen for breathing and keep the astronauts from be- coming too hot or too cold. They provide protection against the in- tense glare of the sun. They allow freedom to bend bodies, arms, legs, and fingers. For use during EVA, the astronauts carry such accessories as extra oxygen tanks, self-contained _ ^ r

Astronaut demonstrates Gemini space suit. rocket or jet power units for pro- pelling themselves, special tools for tasks they are to perform in space, and, as a precaution, tethers connecting them with their A NASA technician examines the helmet of a Gemini extra- spacecraft. The tether is part of vehicular activity space suit like that used by Astronaut Ed- an umbilical line for communica- ward H. White during his "walk in space." The helmet tion, and for oxygen supply from has two additional external the spacecraft's reservoir. visors over the inner one. The relatively lightweight suits for use inside of the spacecraft provide maximum protection, com- A technician checks the 25-foot fort. ease of movement, and facil- umbilical cable that carried oxygen from the Gemini space- ity in putting on and taking off. craft to Astronaut White. The For additional comfort, Gemini cable also contains electric wires for radio communica- astronauts can remove their suits tions and a 23 1/ foot tether that could withstand a thou during part of their mission and sand pounds of pull. depend on the spacecraft's earth- 17 like system.

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9. Oxygen inlet port (connected to oxygen line)

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12. Battery for fingertip lights

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19 COMPONENTS OF THE ;EMINi EXTRAVEHICULAR SPACE SUIT

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PRESSURE BLADDER

RESTRAINT LAYER (LINK NET)

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1 ALUMINIZED THERMAL ' LAYER

FEET LAYER HT 1

OUTER LAYER HT 1

CUTAWAY VIEW OF THE GEMINI EXTRAVEHICULAR SPACE SUIT 71

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J u 22 Lightweight Gemini space suit (unpressurized I —pressurized r ) l4e those worn by Gemini Astronauts Borman and Lovell during their Gemini 7 }light r ^.

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:o Astronauts for Gemini flights are Be ASIPORRUIS assigned from the group which began with seven jet pilots selected for Project Mercury in :959, and which was augmented by the appointment of add;cional r. pilots in September 1962 and in October 1963. Also in the astronaut group are five scientist-astronauts chosen in June 1965, to train as highly specialized crew- 4S men for Project Apollo, and additional pilots appointed in April 1966. Most of the astronauts are offi- cers of military air services; some are civilians. In the first three groups, all were highly skilled jet pilots be- 4 ^` fore they cntared the program, and their individual skills include exceptional qualifications in such specialties as test `lying and engineering. i I i F^ I They are based at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, Hous- ton, Texas, but their training missions take them anywhere in the world to use special facilities or to take advantage of special situa- tions which will contribute to the advancement of their knowlddge and skills. Aircraft are available to them to maintain their proficiency as jet pilots, and they frequently fly these aircraft when they have training missions at the Kennedy Space Center or -trier NASA in- stallation, or at a contractor's bas:; of operations. The astronauts are put through a rigorous course of class, labora- tory, and field training. They learn the complexities not only of their spacecraft but also of launch vehicles and ground facilities. They learn such classroom subjects as upper atmosphere physics, geolo- gy, astronomy, navigation, com

21 puter technology, space medicine, ered arc up, over and down). erations and maneuvers which meteorology, communications, and They learn how to conduct com- might be necessitated by emer- the guidance, propulsion, and plex scientific and engineering ex- gencies. aerodynamics of spacecraft. periments during space missions. The validity of this training was In giant centrifuges, they ex- They are trained in desert, jungle, demonstrated in the space mis- perience forces as high as 16 g and water survival routines. sion of Gemini 8, when a thruster (gravity) which has the effect of They use simulators to "fly" fired out of control. With the aid making a 180 pound man appear the Gemini spacecraft, accomp- of ground control, the astronauts to weigh nearly 1 112 tons. They lishing every maneuver that will diagnosed their problem to an ex- experience weightlessness: this is later be flown in space, including tent sufficient to permit recovery, accomplished in an airplane flown the complete operation of rendez- and then cut their mission short in a ''parabolic arc'' (first a dive vous and docking. The simulator and landed in one of the con- to increase speed, then an unpow- sessions include both routine op- tingency areas.

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." j jr Scenes from the astronauts' physical examinations that precede every Gemini flight

Astronaut studies a rock sample during geol Astronauts McDivitt and White use a celestial globe to study the loca'icn of ogy instruction. constellations they will see during their Gemini 4 flight. 26

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Astronaut James Lovell hits the water with i splash during a Astronaut John W. Young leaves Gemini spacecraft during simulated landing. He is riding the "Dillbert Dunker." a water egress training. Astronaut Virgil 1. Grissom is already Naval training device at Pensacola, Flnrida in the water.

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^' y 34 A native guide shows four astronauts attending the Tropical Survival School in the Panama Canal Znm• how to turn a bamboo stalk into a container for catching and storing rain water.

33 - ^ !0" ^. I . Astronauts undergo an endurance ^ t test along a snow-covered moun IMil tain trail. ^r w

36 Astronautuses a mirror to signal J by reflecting sun's rays.

Astronauts loin one man'77635 life rafts together to form larger unit, as part of lunp,le survival training. tl T

tE the NOW Gemini launch Vehicles

The two launch vehicles for Proj- ect Gemini are Gemini-Titan and Atlas-Agena. The Titan part of Gemini-Titan consists of a modified vers i on of the military Titan II. !t is the II ^. rocket-powered vehicle which launches the Gemini spacecraft into orbit. Atlas-Agena places its Agena upper stage into orbit as target for Gemini rendezvous and docking experiments. Gemini-Titan is 90 feet long without the Gemini spacecraft. Its two first-stage engines produce 430,000 pounds of thrust. Its second-stage engine, which is ig- nited in space provides 100,000 pounds of thrust. It can orbit a satt_.lite weighing more than 8000 pounds. The main and two auxiliary engines of the 66-foot long Atlas provide a total thrust of about 388,000 pounds. The single engine of the 26-foot long Agena can generate about 16,000 pounds of thrust. The Agena engine can be stopped and restarted many times. When the Gemini astronauts link up with Agena, th y,, can operate its powerful rocket engine from ti eir control panel to maneuver Gemini/Agena as a single space- The Gemini-Titanat moment of blastoff. The Gemini Launch Ve craft. hicle (GLV). a modified Titan II, is a two stage, I quid fueled launch Atlas is an uprated version of vehicle. 7he overall assembly, GLV and Gemini, is 109 feet tall the vehicle that placed the Mer. and has a maximum d ameter of 10 feet. cury spacecraft into orbit.

77 First stage of the launch vehicle is set up in the vertical test cell at the Baltimore Division of the h",rtin Company

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0 A ^ ^^' I ao Stagetwn of the GLV i • . fitti d ito a •.w^v. \/ flrfum prior to nesting IR with the first stage in the vertical test cell

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'ne Gem-m Launch Vehicle stand~ in t h e ve r!.,-al test cell ^,efnre work platforms are lowered

1W T i1 Second stage GLV fuel tank, in dust free plastic igloo, is vacuum cleaned prior to its final -issembly with other components of the launch vehicle. t

a 2 Technician assembles a component of the Malfunc t,nn Detect o^ System WDS) of the GLV.

4 Workmen clad in protective suiting spray special materials on the top dome of the first stage section of the launch vehicle . This coating protects the dome against fire from the second stage engines when they ignite The second st:•ge ignites in flight and propels itself and the Gemini spacecraft to orbital velocity (about 17,500 m.p.h.). as Workmen cover the two stages of a GLV with canvas, preparing for airlift to Cape Kennedy Florida

tti The "Pregnant Guppy." a modified Boeing Stratocruiser which separates into two sections for loading. It can airlift one GLV stage at a time.

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A first stage is loaded aboard the "Pregnant Guppy" for air shipment to Cape Kennedy

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41 After loading, the two parts of the "Pregnant Guppy" are gradually brought together

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49 An Air Force C-133B cargo plane can carry both stages of the Gemini Launch Vehicle.

49 The first stage is positioned horizontally on the erector at Pad 19, Cape Kennedy a% 114 JTR

p ^' ;4 The Gemini spacecraft is raised by crane to the top of the launch vehicle at Pad 19, Cape Kennedy. The assembly is swung through the open door of the white room (at top). then lowered and tolted to the top of the second stage.

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50 w.. The GLV first stage being erected on Pad 19 at Cape Kennedy After the first stage has been positioned on the erector gantry, the erector slowly rises to a vertical position. When the first stage is mated with the second stage and the Gemini spacecraft. the total weight =/_.u' 11- is 150 tons. This launch vehicle erector is the only one of its type at Cape Kennedy. .7MA Ir ^ i ^^ r r' 1 1 r`

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1 .7 52 Gemini spacecraft being mated with the launch vehicle under the supervision of McDonnell engineers. After align- ment is achieved. 20 5/16 inch bolts are inserted and tight ened.

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r^ The white 51 mom. This is an environmentally controlled, super clean a r ea at the top of the launch vehicle erector used to service the spacecraft It is through this area that astro nauts enter the spacecraft prior to flight ^'►^ X111

37 Air view of Complex (Pad) 19 at Cape Kennedy.

38 He Oemirli Missions

Gemini missions into space have demonstrated that man can: n Maneuver his craft in space. n Leave his craft and du useful work in space. f n Rendezvous and dock with another vehicle in space. Function effectively during I ^ W_M W prolonged space flight of at A +' i•; least two weeks and retLA, n to earth in good physical con- l^: dition. n Control his spacecraft dur ing its d(.scent from orbit and land it within a selected area. These are long steps across the frontiers of the unknown. But Gemini has done even more. Ex- MIA periments conducted as part of Gemini flight missions have pro- vided scientific, medical, and engineering data that add up to a tremendous increase in overall knowledge. For example, oceanographers, meteorologists, and geographers are uncovering a wealth of infor mation in photographs of the earth and its cloud cover that were taken from orbiting Gemini craft. Medical science is being advanced by study of data on the Gemini astronauts taken by instruments before, during, and after their flights. RENDEZVOUS AND DOCKING The technology for rendezvous and docking is vital not only for tiic manned lunar exploration program but also for other future

space operations, includ i ng- Assembly and operation of manned orbiting space stations, satellite inspection and repair, refueling in space, assembly in orbit of the massive vehicles envisioned for manned interplanetary exploration, and, if ever required, the rescue of astronauts from disabled spacecraft,

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PERSONNEL DECONTAMINATION BLDG

ASTRONAUT RECOVFRV AREA

BLOCKHOUSE J

I y r SECOND STAGE ERECTOR ILOWERFD! CAILEWA7 ( AIR CONDITIONING SHED/ \ LAUNCH VEHICIE ERECTOR /

WHITE ROOM

OXIDIZER IIAR•'1

RAMP UMBILICAL TOWER

\ ^^ SPACECRAFT CRANE Y ^ t Sat -"^^ \ , • ' -PROPELLANT DISTRIBUTION SHELTER

OXIDIZER TRANSIfP LINES \ PLUME \

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Diagram of Launch Complex (Pad) 19 at Cape Kennedy.

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At bottom left. a Gemini-Titan stands ready for the countdown on Pad 19. Cape Kennedy. The middle photo shows the moment of lift uIf At right. the vehicle is in flight.

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AGENA G RENDEZVOUS TARGET Dv.v uped t,v Lockheed GEMINI SPACECRAFT Missiles 6 Space Deve r , l fo, n.1 ,A Compa iy. originally for M cDonnell A,, • Ot the Air Force Used in Corporat.on N , ar r v many NASA and Air two antronowt% and w Force programs Suppnrt-nR e, lu'1 .... ent Approximately 5 feet in Weigns al—,,I tv%„n -15 diameter Engine r an be much d% Met, ury ,v about started while Agena is 20 per - -t la,ge • witft 5" in orhit per cent ni—,- volume ATLAS TITAN II Developed by General Develnt„•,1 by the Morton Dynamics Astronautics COrrp•tnv nngm.11ly for originally for the Av the Air Fnr i r Thrust of Force Used as a booster first staRt• 430 00U 00 in a numuer of NASA pounds ., , on,l stn(te. and Air Force programs. 100.000 pm.i—f% Approximately 10 feet in npproxrr»at,•I V Ill fet • t to d i ameter acriss tank diamt h• r (an pl.ti a t, 00 °.t• ction Thrust. 367.000 pound-. info , v I ,rlh pounds orb'f I _- Combined height of Atlas Agena Combined height of Titan II Gemini is about 103 feet craft is about 1 1 feet

59 160 Agena wady for check out by Lockheed technicians. GEMINI AGENA TARGET VEHICLE

GEMINI-AGENA TARGET VEHICLE

COMMAND & COMMUNICATIONS ORBITAL POWER SUPPLY

SMULTI START

PRIMAPi PROPULSION

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DOCKING ADAI'fER

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64 64 B Frorrl. Side. and var view of the Gemini 7 spacecraft Gemini 8 accomplishes docking by joining with the taken from Gemini 6 (foreground) during their orbital Agena target vehicle Above. Agena fro-1 the window rendezvous on De^errt bcr 15. 1965. of Gemini 8. Below. Gemini 8 moves in for final stage of docking. 0.

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Astronaut White's '.walk in space" during third revolution o f the Gemini 4 flight.

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*#% - - : - - - - 1-7-M The Mission Operation Contrnl Room in the Manned Spacecraft Center at Houston. Te-as. The flight controllers are shown at their consoles during a Gemini space flight. O',servers are looking through the windows of he viewing rocm.

Stations of the Gemini manned space flight support network.

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68 Photographs of the earth's surface were taken fijm Gemini spacecraft. Four of them are reproduced on this page.

69 The Hadhramaut Plateau of southern Arabia

70 Mouth of Colorado River znd northern part of Gulf of California

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71 The Nile Valley in southern Egypt.

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f S trgnpr• ?ichat structures fc ncentric ridges) in northwest Africa

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73 Buoyed by its huge 85-foot diameter main parachute, the Gem;ni spacecraft drifts toward watery landing field in the Atlan t ic Ocean.

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fa Hart—Apollo and 1he Moan

Project Apol l o is America's program for manned exploration of the moon. The Gemini missions have proved out much of the technology needed for Apollo and have brought conquest of the moon within reach. When the Apollo astronauts head toward the moon, they will use operational and control tech-

ni7ues pioneered in Gemini. When they land on the moon, they will exit from their craft wearing suits and ba,,kpacks developed in Gem- - ini. When they rocket their lunar ^ 1 ferry vehicle from the moon to rendezvous and dock w;th the Apollo parent craft that remained in lunar orbit, they will employ techniques proved in Gemini. And when thev return to earth through I^-r the fiery heat and buffeting that accompany reentry into the atmosphere, they will utilize experience acquired in Gemini. In the long range view. the new technology developed, tested, re- fined, and improved in Gemini paves the way not only for the lunar mission but also for other space m ssions to expand the frontiers of man's knowledge. ell, PHOTO CREDITS PAGE 4—McDonnell

PAGE 6—(1) (2) McDonnell

PAGE 7—(3) McDonnell; (4) NASA

PAGE 8-9—(5) McDonnell

PAGE 10 -(6) NASA 63-Spacefood-I1; (7) NASA 63-Spacefood-3; (8) NASA 5-63-11006

PAGE 12—(11) (12) McDonnell

PAGE 13--(13) Honeywell; (14) NASA S-63-16250

PAGE 15--(15) NASA 64-Gemini-27; (16) NASA 64-Gemini-29

PAGE 16—(17) NAS- 65-H-862; (18) NASA 65-H-863

PAGE 17—(19) NASA 64-Gemini-27

PAGE 18—(20) NASA 65-H-860

PAGE 19—(21) NASA 55-H-858; (22) NASA S-65-9612

PAGE 20—(23) NASA 64-Gemini-28

PAGE 23- (24) NASA 65-H-424; (25) NASA 65-H-425 (26) NASA 65-H-2014; (27) NASA 65-H-866

PAGE 24—(28) NASA 64-Simulator-24

PAGE 25—(29) NASA 65-H-2015 ; (30) NASA 8-59--346

PAGE 26—(31) NASA 63-Astro Training-265: (32) NASA 65-H-2016

PAGE 27—(33) NASA 65-H-2021; (34) NASA 65-H-2018; (35) NASA 65-H-2020; (36) NASA 65-H--2017

PAGE 30—(38) Martin

PAGE 31—(39) (40) Martin

PAGE 32—(41) NASA 64-G-111-1

PAGE 33—(42) (43) Martin

PAGE 34—(44) (45) (46) Martin

PAGE 35—(47) (48) (49) Martin

PAGE 36—(50) NASA 64-Titan II-6

PAGE 37—(52) Martin

PAGES 38- 39—(54) Martin

PAGE 40—(55) Martin

PA ,E 41—(56) (57) (58) Martin

PAGE 43—(59) (60) Lockheed; (61) NASA 65-H-2024

PAGE 44—(62) NASA 65--H-2345; (63) NASA 65-H-9342; (64 NASA (5- H- 2343; (64A) NASA 66-H-223: (64B) NASA 56-H-225

PAGE 45—(65) NASA 65-H-1017: (66) NASA 65-H-1021

PAGE 46—(67) NASA 65-H-1487: (68) NASA 65-H-1021

PAGE 47—(69) NASA 65-H-1149: (70, NASA 65-H-2025; 1 71) NASA 65-H-1139: (72) NASA 65-H-1141

PAGE 48—(73) NASA S-64-12642

GOVERNIIENI PR I NI IN t: OF, l CI "1669-127-959 ti