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Diet of Mahi-Mahi, Wahoo and Lancet Fish in the Western and Central Pacific

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Diet of Mahi-Mahi, Wahoo and Lancet Fish in the Western and Central Pacific SCTB16 Working Paper BBRG-6 Diet of mahi-mahi, wahoo and lancetfish in the western and central Pacific. Valérie ALLAIN Oceanic Fisheries Programme Secretariat of the Pacific Community Noumea, New Caledonia June 2003 2 Introduction To develop ecological approaches of fisheries management it is important to take into account species interactions and underlying ecosystem dynamics. Assessing the impact of fisheries and environmental effects on the ecosystem implies a good comprehension of this system. Predation induces an important mortality in the ecosystem that is often higher than fishery mortality, and determining trophic interactions between species is a major step towards a better understanding and modeling of the ecosystem dynamic. A large sampling programme has been implemented in the western and central Pacific to collect samples and determine the diet of the top predators of the pelagic ecosystem. In this report, the number of samples already collected is reported and a first analysis of the diets of wahoo, dolphinfish and lancetfish, three important bycatch, is done. Methods Sampling programme Stomach samples are collected from target fishes (tunas) and bycatch species by observers from the different national observer programmes in the area (Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, French Polynesia and Solomon Islands). Since the beginning of the programme in January 2001, 23 sampling trips have been done, 19 on longline boats and four on purse seine vessels (Figure 1). Nine sampling trips were organised in French Polynesia, seven in New Caledonia, three in Federated States of Micronesia, two in Papua New Guinea and Cook Islands. 180°E 160°W 140°W 120°E 160°E 140°E 20°N Northern Hawaii Marianas Guam Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau 0°N Kiribati Papua New Guinea Nauru Phoenix (KI) Line Islands (KI) Tuvalu Tokelau Cook Solomon Is Wallis & Samoa Islands Futuna Am Samoa Vanuatu Fiji Niue 20°S Tonga French Polynesia New Australia Caledonia Pitcairn 40°S PURSE SEINE New Zealand LONGLINE Figure 1. Sampling trips done in the western and central Pacific. 3 Two protocols were designed for longline and purse-seine. They are available at http://www.spc.int/OceanFish/Html/TEB/EcoSystem/foodisotope.htm. Observers are asked to sample two fish of each species caught per set and to collect the stomachs as well as data on species, length, position date and time. All the species are to be considered: target species (tunas) but also bycatch and discard species. Stomachs are frozen, stored at the harbour and sent to SPC for analysis. Stomach examination Classical procedure is used to analyze the stomachs: -Fullness coefficient is determined according to a scale from 0 (empty) to 4 (full) (see caption of Figure 2 p.7 for details). If baits are present, they are removed to determine the fullness coefficient. -Preys are sorted by species or group, identified at the lowest taxonomic level, a digestion state is attributed (from 1 to 4, see details in caption of Figure 4 p.8), development state is determined when possible (larvae, juvenile, adult), they are counted, weighted and measured. The number of baits, the presence of parasites, the number of cephalopod beaks, gladius and otoliths are recorded. Species were determined using - Smith, M.M. and Heemstra, P.C. Eds. 1986. Smiths’ sea fishes. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 1047p. (Fish). - Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. Eds. 2001. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO. Rome. 6 vol. 4218p. (Fish, Molluscs, Crustacea). - Tree of life Web project. http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Cephalopoda&contgroup=Mollusca (Cephalopods). Taxonomic classification used follow data provided by Integrated Taxonomic Information System http://www.itis.usda.gov/. It is important to note that some species are underestimated due to a high digestion rate and/or because of a lack of specific structure that could help for identification. The typical jaws of Tetraodontiformes, Alepisaurus, Gempylidae/Trichiuridae, the dorsal spine of Monacanthidae, Balistidae, the photophores of Myctophidae, Ommastrephidae (squids) facilitate identification of these species, even when they are in an advanced state of digestion. Data on habitat and type in Table 5 (p.15) are extracted from Fishbase (http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm) and FAO species identification guide. For data analysis, frequency of occurrence (%F), percentage of number (%N) and percentage of weight (%W) were calculated by taxon, cumulating all the data. Frequency of occurrence of an item is the number of stomachs where this items is present divided by the number of non-empty stomachs. Percentages of number and weight are the respective number and weight of the taxonstudied divided by total number or weight of this taxon of all the samples, by predator species. 4 Results – Discussion Species sampled and percentage of empty stomachs Since the beginning of the sampling programme, 47 different species or groups of species have been collected: billfish, sharks and rays, tunas and other species, but only 18 species have more than 10 samples (Table 1). They represent a total of 1000 stomachs examined of which 37.8% were empty. If considering the percentage of empty stomachs by gear, it appears that 15.4% only of the 602 specimens collected on longline had empty stomachs when this percentage reach 71.6% for the 398 fish caught by the purse seine. While, in general, species caught by the two gears are different, few common species were collected from LL and PS, but in this case, the percentage of empty stomachs is always higher for the purse seine (blue marlin, bigeye, skipjack, yellowfin, dolphinfish) except for the silky shark. It appears that all the silky sharks from PS were caught during FAD sets and their stomachs contained small preys typical of the aggregating devices (Kyphosus sp.). The fact that the PS silky shark show a low percentage of empty stomach could then be explained by a non-typical feeding behavior due to the presence of the FAD. Among the species caught by the longline, only two of them, with more than 10 samples, present a percentage of empty stomachs higher than 50%: blue shark and escolar. Sharks are known to regurgitate when caught on longline, and they are also believed to eat large amount of food followed by long periods of starvation, it is not surprising then to have a high percentage of empty stomachs. Biology and behaviour of escolar is nearly unknown and no satisfactory explanation could be found to explain the high value of empty stomachs for this species, however regurgitation is a possibility. The bias in the percentage of empty stomachs observed between the fishing gears is easily explained: fish caught on the longline are always in an active feeding phase, while schooling fish caught with the purse seine are not necessarily in such a phase. Purse seining around FADs could however modify this tendency, at least for some of the predators. The most numerous species collected are skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye, dolphinfish, lancetfish, albacore, wahoo and rainbow runner (more than 40 samples). 5 Longline Purse seine Total Number of % empty Number of % empty Number of % empty Species stomachs stomachs stomachs stomachs stomachs stomachs BILLFISH Broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius) 11 18.2 11 18.2 Black marlin (Makaira indica) 4 0.0 4 0.0 Indo-pacific blue marlin (Makaira mazara) 10 10.0 6 83.3 16 37.5 Indo-pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) 8 0.0 2 100.0 10 20.0 Short-billed spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris) 6 0.0 6 0.0 Striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) 13 0.0 13 0.0 SHARKS and RAYS Blue shark (Prionace glauca) 26 69.2 26 69.2 Hammerhead shark (Sphyrna spp.) 2 0.0 2 0.0 Unidentified shark (Elasmobranchii) 1 100.0 1 100.0 Short-finned mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) 9 44.4 9 44.4 Oceanic white tip (Carcharhinus longimanus) 3 100.0 3 100.0 Long-fin mako shark (Isurus paucus) 3 0.0 3 0.0 Bigeye thresher shark (Alopias superciliosus) 1 100.0 1 100.0 Silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) 4 50.0 7 14.3 11 27.3 Pelagic sting-ray (Dasyatis violacea) 8 12.5 8 12.5 Unidentified manta ray (Mobulidae) 3 0.0 3 0.0 TUNA Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) 71 4.2 22 86.4 93 23.6 Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) 35 8.5 214 74.3 249 65.0 Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) 105 3.8 44 77.3 149 25.5 Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) 54 3.7 54 3.7 Frigate tune (Auxis thazard) 10 100.0 10 100.0 OTHER SPECIES Dolphinfish (Coryphanea hippurus) 53 11.3 12 66.6 65 21.5 Moonfish (Lampris guttatus) 32 9.4 32 9.4 Longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox) 57 19.2 57 19.2 Rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata) 40 47.5 40 47.5 Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) 40 12.5 3 100.0 43 18.6 Black mackerel (Scombrolabrax heterolepis) 3 66.6 3 66.6 Snake mackerel and escolar (Gempylidae) 2 100.0 2 100.0 Escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) 15 66.6 15 66.6 Roudi escolar (Promethichthys prometheus) 3 66.6 3 66.6 Snake mackerel (Gempylus serpens) 2 100.0 2 100.0 Oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus) 1 100.0 1 100.0 Unidentified barracuda (Sphyraena spp.) 2 50.0 3 66.6 5 60.0 Blackfin barracuda (Sphyraena qenie) 1 100.0 1 100.0 Great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) 12 16.6 12 16.6 Dealfish (Desmodema polystictum) 1 0.0 1 0.0 Filefish unicorn leatherjacket (Aluterus monoferos) 5 80.0 5 80.0 Crestfish unicornfish (Lophotus capellei) 1 0.0 1 0.0 Oceanic triggerfish (Balistidae) 7 85.7 7 85.7 Longfin batfish (Platax teira) 4 75.0 4 75.0 Mackerel scad (Decapturus macarellus) 8 87.5 8 87.5 Triple tail (Lobotes surinamensis) 1 0.0 1 0.0 Sickle pomfret (Taractichthys steindachneri) 1 0.0 1 0.0 Big scaled pomfret (Taractichthys longipinnis) 1 100.0 1 100.0 Golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus) 6 33.3 6 33.3 Drummer blue chub (Kyphosus cinerascens) 1 100.0 1 100.0 Chiasmodontidae 1 0.0 1 0.0 Total 602 15.4 398 71.6 1000 37.8 Table 1: Number of analysed stomachs and percentage of empty stomachs by species and by gear.
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