2016 CTRI Annual Project Report
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2016 Annual Project Report alilornia Tomato Research Institute Published as an industry service by the Members of the California Tomato Research Institute, Inc. 2016 ANNUAL RESEARCH REPORT INTRODUCTION Welcome, this report marks the 48th year of continuous crop research sponsored by California processing tomato growers. This report details research funded by the contributing growers of the California Tomato Research Institute, Inc. It is our goal to provide useful timely information, geared to assisting growers in both daily production decisions and long term crop improvement. The Institute Board of Directors continues to support a broad range of projects, addressing both current problems and long range concerns. Additional resources for growers and allied industry can be found on the pages of www.tomatonet.org and by joining the industry email alert system also found on the front page of www.tomatonet.org . 2016 BOARD OF DIRECTORS CALIFORNIA TOMATO RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. Rick Blankenship Chairman Huron Darryl Bettencourt V. Chair Corcoran Dino Del Carlo Sect/Treasurer Stockton Bryan Barrios Zamora Brad Benton Los Banos Daniel Burns Dos Palos Frank Coelho Five Points Brett Ferguson Lemoore Chope Gill Dixon Scott Park Meridian Sal Parra, Jr. Helm Ray Perez Crows Landing Kent Stenderup Arvin Tony Turkovich Winters California Tomato Research Institute ~ 2016 Annual Report California Tomato Research Institute, Inc. 2016 Research Project Reports Projects are categorized by project type and listed in order of starting date Use your bookmarks feature to easily navigate to each project. Agronomic/Water/Nutrient Mgmt. $21,520 Investigation of Sustaining Tomato Plant Health and Gene Miyao $6,000 Yield with Composted Manure & Potassium Evaluating the Nitrogen Budget System in Drip Irrigated Scott Stoddard $7,100 Processing Tomatoes Potential for improved fertigation efficiency via field- Brenna Aegerter $8,420 based sensing devices Breeding/Genetics/Varieties $71,241 Tomato Genetics Resource Center Roger Chetelat $15,000 Discovering novel genes associated with water stress Dina St. Clair $36,241 tolerance in wild tomato Identifying and testing wild tomato genes that contribute Dina St. Clair $20,000 to water stress tolerance Insect & Invertibrate Mgmt. $11,429 Consperse Stink Bug Control Evaluations Thomas Turini $11,429 Pathogen and Nematode Mgmt. $329,551 Evaluation of Fungicides, & Others for the Control of Joe Nuñez $4,750 Southern Blight Evaluation of Alternative Nematicides for the Control of Joe Nuñez $14,600 Root-Knot Nematodes of Processing Tomatoes Monitoring Strobilurin Fungicide Resistant Strains of Ioannis Stergiopoulos $30,255 Tomato Powdery Mildew in California Evaluation of Chemical Control of Bacterial Speck Gene Miyao $4,000 California Tomato Research Institute, Inc. 2016 Research Project Reports Projects are categorized by project type and listed in order of starting date Use your bookmarks feature to easily navigate to each project. Evaluation of Varieties with Fusarium wilt, Race 3 Gene Miyao $12,500 Resistance Use of Beet Leafhopper Repellents to Manage Curly Top Joe Nuñez $8,300 of Tomatoes Characterization of resistance-breaking root-knot Antoon Ploeg $25,000 nematodes Detection and Management of Tomato Viruses Robert L. Gilbertson $35,000 Seed Transmission and Seed Treatment of Fusarium Mike Davis $15,000 oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Pathogen characterization of Two Fusarium Species Tom Gordon $45,000 Monitoring beet leafhopper populations in vegetation on Brenna Aegerter $12,000 the floor of the northern San Joaquin Valley Reducing insect virus vectors of Beet Curly Top Virus in Amélie Gaudin $34,846 processing tomatoes through soil health management Management of Fusarium Wilt R3 with Dip Treatments Scott Stoddard $7,800 Developing New Management Techniques for Vector- Clare Casteel $34,500 Borne Diseases of Tomato Bacterial canker of tomato: examining strain relationships Gitta Coaker $46,000 and testing PCR primer specificity Weed Control and Mgmt. $32,234 Breaking Bindweed: Deciphering Complex Interactions Lynn Sosnoskie $20,301 Automatic Vision Guided Weed Control System for David Slaughter $11,933 Processing Tomatoes Total $465,975 Project Title: INVESTIGATION OF SUSTAINING TOMATO PLANT HEALTH AND YIELD WITH COMPOSTED MANURE AND POTASSIUM Project Leader: Gene Miyao, UC Cooperative Extension Ben Leacox, Field Assistant, 70 Cottonwood Street, Woodland, CA 95695 UCCE (530) 666-8732 [email protected] Yolo, Solano & Sacramento counties Summary: The unanticipated outcome of the composted poultry manure and conventional potassium fertilizer trials was no yield gains in the 2016 field tests in soils with low K levels. The expectation was that a strong yield response would be observed in both sites as soil K levels were below 120 ppm K with 1.6% or less K on the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). We continue to trust that yield responses are likely is soils with potassium levels below 200 ppm using an ammonium acetate extraction method and as a secondary indicator, in combination with potassium levels not exceeding 2% on cation exchange capacity. Composted manure placement was better as a surface application mounded and centered on a pre-formed bed vs. applied in the bottom of an open trench (~5 inches deep) and covered. Objectives: Evaluate the influence of composted poultry manure and of potassium as a supplemental applied nutrient on yield of canning tomato. Background: Tests using composted poultry manure have demonstrated yield increases as much as 40%, but have also resulted in no responses. The continued testing was an attempt to better define response parameters. Methods: Rates of K from 50 to 400 lbs. K20/acre were sidedressed, as either K muriate (KCl) or K sulfate (K2S04) (Table 1). Compost was applied at either 5 or 10 tons/acre; and placed either 1) on the bed top in a center-located pile or 2) applied in the bottom of a ~5-inch trench and covered. Normal spring bed tillage eventually followed months later to shallowly incorporate the compost. Two sites were established in commercial fields with soil K levels of 95 and 119 ppm (and 1.6% K or lower on the CEC) (Tables 2-A and 2-B). Both field sites were irrigated with buried drip on 60-inch centered beds. Previous crops were either sunflower or wheat. Whole leaf plant tissue samples were gathered at early bloom, full bloom and at 1st ripe growth stages to check NPK levels. Yields were measured using grower’s machinery to capture marketable fruit yields weighed in a portable trailer scale. A 5-gallon volumetric sample of nonsorted fruit from the harvester was collected and hand sorted for culls on a percent by weight basis. A subsample of nondefect fruit was submitted to a local PTAB inspection station to analyze for color, pH and °Brix. Results: Page 1 of 10 California Tomato Research Institute Test site #1 Tissue nutrient levels when compared in generalized group comparisons showed some differences (Table 3). For compost, compared to the control, N was higher at early bloom and NP was higher at 1st ripe stage. Similarly, NP was also increased with K applications by 1st ripe stage. At the 1st ripe stage, NPK was lower than any of the treatments, but K levels tended not to be substantially elevated. Footnotes describe other statistically significant differences (Table 3). Plant stand was similar across the trial area (Table 4). Using a hand-held Greenseeker® to measure ‘greenness’ of the vines, differences at 35 days and 13 days before harvest did not detect substantial differences compared to the control. Overall, vines remained healthy to harvest. A spotty and stunting outbreak of bacterial speck in the late spring was a concern and caused a yield reduction. Yield was not raised from either application of composted manure or potassium (Table 5). Yields were higher in the composted manure treatments, but without statistical significance, in spite of low yield variation. Compost applied on the bed surface performed similarly to placement in a trench. Fruit Brix level was elevated by K sulfate compared to KCl source at a probability level of 7%. Test site #2 Before midseason, Fusarium wilt, race 3 infected a high number of the plants and before harvest caused extreme unevenness in production. In spite of this setback, yields approached 50 tons/A. Plant tissue levels were elevated by compost or K applications in some instances (Table 6). Compost elevated P levels at each of the 3 sampling periods; and %K was raised by full flower and at 1st ripe stages. With the K sidedressed applications, tissue K level was increased in general at full flower and particularly with Kchloride, as a linear response only during the full flowering growth stage. For Ksulfate, linear response to rates were only associated with NP at the 1st ripe stage. Vine healthy varied a bit even with the high level of variation brought mainly from Fusarium disease. Ksulfate appeared to have some partial level of improving plant health (Table 7). Most striking was the greater benefit of the bed top placement of composted manure over a more elaborate trenched application. Fruit yields were remarkably high at near 50 tons/acre and without extreme level of culls in spite of the high incidence of Fusarium wilt race 3 on our susceptible variety (Table 8). Yield advantages were not seen in this trial with any of the treatments. The take-away nugget of information appears to be that with composted manure applications as tested in our trials is that a surface application was as effective as a more laborious trenched application. At this site, the surface application of composted outperformed the trenched application, 54.3 tons vs. 47.8 tons/acre. Discussion: The results from the 2 tests in 2016 did not add to our compiled results charting yield responses to compost or K applications. We continue to expect a yield response associated with soil potassium thresholds below 200 ppm K and, secondarily with less than 2%K on the cation exchange.