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New Drugs for the Dutch Republic The Commodification of Fever Remedies in the Netherlands (c. 1650-1800) Klein, Wouter New Drugs for the Dutch Republic. The Commodification of Fever Remedies in the Netherlands (c. 1650-1800) / W. Klein – Utrecht: Freudenthal Institute, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University / FI Scientific Library (formerly published as FIsme Scientific Library, CD-β Scientific Library) no. 101, 2018 Dissertation Utrecht University. With references. Met een samenvatting in het Nederlands. ISBN: 978-90-70786-42-7 Cover design: Vormgeving Faculteit Bètawetenschappen Cover image: fragment of “Allegory on botany” (Allegorie op de plantkunde), frontispiece of N. Lémery, Woordenboek of Algemeene Verhandeling der enkele Droogeryen (Te Rotterdam: By Jan Daniel Beman 1743) Printed by: Xerox, Utrecht © 2018 Wouter Klein, Utrecht, the Netherlands New Drugs for the Dutch Republic The Commodification of Fever Remedies in the Netherlands (c. 1650-1800) Nieuwe Geneesmiddelen voor de Nederlandse Republiek. De Commodificatie van Koortsmiddelen in Nederland (ca. 1650-1800) (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 12 december 2018 des middags te 12.45 uur door Wouter Klein geboren op 27 mei 1987 te Gouda Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.H.L.M. Pieters Prof. dr. H.G.M. Jorink Arcana revelata vilescunt.1 1 “Secrets which have been revealed decline in value.” Herman Boerhaave to Joannes Baptista Bassand, 24-06-1728, in: G.A. Lindeboom (ed.), Boerhaave’s Correspondence, 3 vols. Analecta Boerhaaviana 3, 5 and 8 (Leiden: E.J. Brill 1962- 1979), vol. 2, 268-269. Contents List of Maps, Tables and Figures ....................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 13 Note on Translations, Currency, Weights and Measures ..................... 16 General Introduction ................................................................. 18 Chapter 1. The Hidden History of a Famous Drug: Tracing the Medical and Public Acceptance of Peruvian Bark in Early Modern Western Europe (c. 1650-1720) ..................................................... 55 Chapter 2. Brokers in Amsterdam and the Drug Trade: Essential Intermediaries on the Medical Market in the Eighteenth Century......... 78 Chapter 3. Selling Fever Remedies: Meanings and Uses of Medical Terminology in Medicine and Commerce ............................ 125 Chapter 4. Secret Remedies and Territorial Practices: The Growing Market for Irregular Medicine in the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Republic ........................................................................... 170 Chapter 5. Competing Medical Substances during an Epidemic: Causes and Consequences of the Interference of Peruvian Bark and Cascarilla (1720-1740) ......................................................... 196 Chapter 6. Creating Time Capsules for Historical Research in the Early Modern Period: Reconstructing Trajectories of Plant Medicines .................................................................................. 245 Conclusion ............................................................................... 272 Appendix. Pharmacopoeias in the Low Countries (1636-1795) ........ 285 Bibliography .............................................................................. 302 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) ............................................... 327 Curriculum vitae ......................................................................... 335 FI Scientific Library ..................................................................... 336 7 List of Maps, Tables and Figures Unless stated otherwise, all tables and figures are based on the two data sets of newspaper advertisements (Database 1 and 2), which are discussed in the General Introduction. The screenshots of the Time Capsule system in Chapter 6 were derived from the project’s platform. Map 1 The Dutch Republic in the eighteenth century 17 Source: made by UvA-kaartenmakers Figure 1a Francesco Torti’s ‘fever tree’ (1712) 29 Source: Torti, Therapeutice specialis (1712), facing p. 666 https://wellcomecollection.org/works/qgqu5a58 Figure 1b Detail of Torti’s ‘fever tree’ (1712) 30 Source: same as for Figure 1a Figure 2 Number of digitized newspaper issues in Delpher 37 (1680-1799) Figure 3a Example of an eighteenth-century Dutch newspaper 39 (1732) Source: Leydse Courant, 27-06-1732 https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011013555 Figure 3b Close-up of medical advertisements from Figure 3a 41 Source: Leydse Courant, 27-06-1732 https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011013555:mpeg21:a 0006 Figure 4 Text sections in a digitized eighteenth-century 45 newspaper (1732) Source: same as for Figure 3a Table 1 Search process for ‘china’ in eighteenth-century 49 newspapers Table 2 Relevance of historical spelling variants for ‘koorts’ in 50 Delpher Table 3 OCR variants for ‘koorts’ in Delpher 52 Table 4 Data features of sources on the drug trade in 84 Amsterdam 8 Maps, Tables and Figures Figure 5 Floor plan of the Bourse of Amsterdam (eighteenth 94 century) Source: http://beeldbank.amsterdam.nl/afbeelding/010056917855 Figure 6 Archival record of a public auction of drugs in 96 Amsterdam (1752) Source: Amsterdam City Archives, 5069, inv no. 27 (11-07- 1752) Figure 7 Advertisement for a public auction of drugs in 96 Amsterdam (1752) Source: Leydse Courant, 07-07-1752 https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010909425:mpeg21:a 0006 Figure 8 Mid-nineteenth-century impression of an auction in 97 the ‘Brackish Ground’ (Brakke Grond) in the Nes in Amsterdam Source: http://beeldbank.amsterdam.nl/afbeelding/010097002960 Figure 9 Brokers in drugs in Amsterdam (1700-1799) 102 Figure 10 Public auctions of drugs in Amsterdam (1700-1799), 106 that include Peruvian bark, and the number of newspaper advertisements for these same auctions Figure 11 Dutch shipping to and from Cádiz and the relationship 114 with public auctions of drugs in Amsterdam (1750- 1800) Source: shipping data derived from Klooster, Illicit Riches, 63 Map 2 The fleet/fare system in the early modern Spanish 118 Atlantic Source: made by UvA-kaartenmakers Figure 12a Availability of Peruvian bark on the world market 121 (1700-1778) Source: García-Baquero, Cádiz y el Atlántico, vol 2, 222-247 Figure 12b Availability of Peruvian bark on the world market 121 (1778-1799) Source: Fisher, Commercial Relations, 115 Figure 13 Newspaper advertisements for fever remedies (1680- 132 1799) Table 5 Top 20 of most often occurring fever remedies in 140 advertisements (1680-1799) 9 New Drugs for the Dutch Republic Figure 14 Disparity between advertisements for fever remedies 145 with high and with low advertising frequency (1680- 1799) Figure 15 Yearly number of newly occurring and disappearing 145 fever remedies from advertisements (1680-1799) Figure 16 Names of fever types in newspaper advertisements 162 (1680-1799) Figure 17 Specifics and panaceas for fever in advertisements 165 (1680-1799) Figure 18 Advertisements for ‘Swiss herbal tea’, in the cities 181 where the newspapers were published (1732-1799) Figure 19 Cities with distribution locations of ‘Swiss herbal tea’ 181 (1732-1799) Figure 20 Advertisements for ‘General dissolving and loosening 186 pills’, in the cities where the newspapers were published (1727-1767) Figure 21 Cities with distribution locations of ‘General dissolving 186 and loosening pills’ (1727-1767) Figure 22 Samples of Peruvian bark, in the articles by Van 202 Ranouw Source: Van Ranouw, “Vierde Verhandeling”, tab XXXII Figure 23 Illustration of cascarilla in Catesby’s Natural History 206 (1743) Source: Catesby, Natural History, vol 2, after p. 46 https://wellcomecollection.org/works/un67cvxt Figure 24 Illustration of cascarilla in Boehmer’s description 207 (1738) Source: Boehmer, De Cortice Cascarillae, 17 http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display /bsb10822926_00021.html Figure 25 Illustration of Peruvian bark in La Condamine’s 208 description (1738) Source: La Condamine, “Sur l’Arbre du Quinquina”, after p. 244 https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wvjzue8k Table 6 Occurrences of Peruvian bark in advertisements for 215 fever remedies (1727-1737) 10 Maps, Tables and Figures Table 7 Number of burials in cities in Holland (1720-1740) 219 Source: - Van der Woude, Noorderkwartier, vol. 3, 637 (for Alkmaar, Beemster, Edam, Broek and Assendelft); - Statistiek der Bevolking van Amsterdam tot 1921, 179 (for Amsterdam); - Wijsenbeek-Olthuis, Achter de Gevels van Delft, 410 (for Delft); - Leiden Regional Archives, 0501A, I.B.1.5. 3, inv. nos. 1332- 1335 (burials in Leiden, 1720-1740) (for Leiden); - Mentink and Van der Woude, Demografische Ontwikkeling, 126-127 (nos from the column ‘Totaal III’) (for Rotterdam) Figure 26 Number of burials in cities in Holland (1720-1740) 220 Source: same as for Table 7 Figure 27 Inspectors of the Collegium Medicum in Amsterdam 230 (1724) Source: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, object no. SK-A-1635 http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.7448 Table 8 Global influx of Peruvian bark in Spain (1720-1740) 233 Source: García-Baquero, Cádiz y el Atlántico, vol. 2, 222-235 Figure 28 Global Influx of Peruvian bark in Spain (1720-1740) 234 Source: same as for Table 8 Figure 29 Auctions of drugs in Amsterdam, and the number of 234 auctions including Peruvian bark (1720-1740)
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    Herman Boerhaave History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, volume â The series History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands presents studies on a variety of subjects in the history of science, scholarship and academic institu- tions in the Netherlands. Titles in this series ". Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans. The reception of the new astronomy in the Dutch Republic, "äæä^"æäò. áòòá, isbn ñò-åñðã-âãò-ã á. Gerhard Wiesenfeldt, Leerer Raum in Minervas Haus. Experimentelle Natur- lehre an der Universita« t Leiden, "åæä^"æ"ä.áòòá,isbn ñò-åñðã-ââñ-ò â. Rina Knoeff, Herman Boerhaave ,"ååð^"æâð). Calvinist chemist and physician. áòòá, isbn ñò-åñðã-âãá-ò ã. Johanna Levelt Sengers, How fluids unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes. áòòá, isbn ñò-åñðã-âäæ-ñ Editorial Board K. van Berkel, University of Groningen W.Th.M. Frijhoff, Free University of Amsterdam A. van Helden, Utrecht University W.E. Krul, University of Groningen A. de Swaan, Amsterdam School of Sociological Research R.P.W. Visser, Utrecht University Herman Boerhaave 7"ååð-"æâð) Calvinist chemist and physician Rina Knoeff Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam áòòá ß áòòá Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the pub- lisher. Edita knaw, P.O. Box "ñ"á", "òòò gc Amsterdam, the Netherlands [email protected], www.knaw.nl/edita isbn ñò-åñðã-âãá-ò The paper in this publication meets the requirements of *? iso-norm ñæòå 7"ññã) for permanence For my parents Every man's work, whether it be literature or music or pictures or architecture or anything else, is always a portrait of himself, and the more he tries to conceal himself the more clearly will his character appear in spite of him.
  • Web: © the Author(S) 2015 DOI: 10.1177/2056305115621935 Reconfiguring Social Logics and Historical Sms.Sagepub.Com Boundaries

    Web: © the Author(S) 2015 DOI: 10.1177/2056305115621935 Reconfiguring Social Logics and Historical Sms.Sagepub.Com Boundaries

    SMSXXX10.1177/2056305115621935Social Media + SocietyAnkerson 621935research-article2015 SI: Social Media Public Space Social Media + Society July-December 2015: 1 –12 Social Media and the “Read-Only” Web: © The Author(s) 2015 DOI: 10.1177/2056305115621935 Reconfiguring Social Logics and Historical sms.sagepub.com Boundaries Megan Sapnar Ankerson Abstract The web’s historical periodization as Web 1.0 (“read-only”) and Web 2.0 (“read/write”) eras continues to hold sway even as the umbrella term “social media” has become the preferred way to talk about today’s ecosystem of connective media. Yet, we have much to gain by not exclusively positing social media platforms as a 21st-century phenomenon. Through case studies of two commercially sponsored web projects from the mid-1990s—Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab’s Day in the Life of Cyberspace and Rick Smolan’s 24 Hours in Cyberspace—this article examines how notions of social and publics were imagined and designed into the web at the start of the dot-com boom. In lieu of a discourse of versions, I draw on Lucy Suchman’s trope of configuration as an analytic tool for rethinking web historiography. By tracing how cultural imaginaries of the Internet as a public space are conjoined with technological artifacts (content management systems, templates, session tracking, and e-commerce platforms) and reconfigured over time, the discourses of “read-only publishing” and the “social media revolution” can be reframed not as exclusively oppositional logics, but rather, as mutually informing the design and development of today’s social, commercial, web. Keywords social media, web history, web 1.0, web 2.0, public, read-only For a decade now, the participatory potential of social media Yet, a closer examination of web history suggests the has become synonymous with Web 2.0 platforms like boundaries separating 1.0 and 2.0 eras may do more to dis- Facebook and Twitter that facilitate the sharing of user-gen- tort our understandings of cultural and technological change.