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Israel's European Policy After the Cold

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Israel's European Policy After the Cold Stefan Ahlswede Israel’s European Policy after the Cold War Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Philosophie im Department Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg Hamburg 2008 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff Prof. Dr. Udo Steinbach Datum der Disputation: 2008-12-10 Contents i Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................ iv 1 Introduction........................................................................................1 1.1 Scientific interest ...........................................................................1 1.2 State of research ...........................................................................3 1.3 The case studies ............................................................................4 1.4 Methodological considerations..........................................................6 1.4.1 What we need: form follows function...........................................6 1.4.2 The research design: structured empiricism .................................9 1.4.3 The data basis ........................................................................14 1.5 General outline ............................................................................15 2 The environment of Israel’s European policy .........................................17 2.1 The operational environment of Israel’s foreign policy system............17 2.1.1 External operational environment .............................................17 2.1.2 Internal operational environment ..............................................29 2.2 The psychological environment of Israel’s foreign policy system.........36 2.2.1 The attitudinal prism ............................................................... 36 2.2.2 Images – Israel’s self-perception ..............................................37 2.3 Characteristics of Israel’s foreign policy ..........................................44 2.3.1 Primacy of security .................................................................44 2.3.2 Victims nevermore ..................................................................44 2.3.3 Resistance to sanctions/limited compliance ................................ 45 3 Political relations: the role of the EC/EU ...............................................46 3.1 The conflict over independent Palestinian agricultural exports............46 3.1.1 Motivation of the European Parliament ......................................51 3.1.2 Background of Israel’s position .................................................52 3.1.3 Background of Israel’s counterproductive behaviour ....................54 3.1.4 Tactic ....................................................................................57 3.1.5 The actors..............................................................................62 3.1.6 Conclusion .............................................................................63 3.2 EC participation at a peace conference............................................64 3.2.1 Israel’s motivation to agree...................................................... 67 3.2.2 Levy’s perception of what was agreed upon with the EC in June....73 3.2.3 The actors..............................................................................75 3.2.4 Conclusion .............................................................................75 3.3 A European role in the Grapes of Wrath agreement .......................... 76 3.3.1 Israel’s motivation to agree...................................................... 82 3.3.2 The actors..............................................................................84 3.4 The EU’s special envoy to the Middle East .......................................85 3.5 The Barcelona Process ..................................................................92 3.5.1 Nature and aims of the EMP .....................................................92 3.5.2 An assessment after ten years..................................................93 3.5.3 Israel’s perspective .................................................................95 3.6 A third leg – Counterbalance a possible decrease of American commitment.................................................................................... 101 3.7 Actors....................................................................................... 107 3.7.1 The ministerial officials .......................................................... 107 3.7.2 The politicians ...................................................................... 109 3.7.3 Administrative units .............................................................. 111 3.7.4 Private interest groups .......................................................... 112 ii Israel’s European policy after the Cold War Stefan Ahlswede 4 Integration policy: association with the EC/EU .................................... 114 4.1 The 1975 Free Trade and Cooperation Agreement.......................... 114 4.2 The situation in the early 90s ...................................................... 116 4.2.1 The causes and implications of the trade deficit with the EC ....... 118 4.2.2 The dynamics of further European integration .......................... 119 4.3 The history of scientific cooperation with the EC ............................ 121 4.4 The run-up to the negotiations .................................................... 123 4.4.1 Excursion: the EC agrees to negotiations – a success of Israeli policy?......................................................................................... 131 4.4.2 Exploratory talks .................................................................. 134 4.5 Israel’s aims in the negotiations .................................................. 135 4.5.1 Confusion over Israel’s goal ................................................... 135 4.5.2 Aims in detail ....................................................................... 143 4.6 Disputes ................................................................................... 150 4.6.1 The dispute on rules of origin ................................................. 151 4.6.2 The dispute on public procurement ......................................... 153 4.6.3 The dispute on agricultural products ....................................... 155 4.6.4 The dispute on financial services ............................................ 156 4.6.5 The internal dispute on Israel’s goal........................................ 159 4.6.6 The dispute on the EU’s R&D programme ................................ 163 4.6.7 Sign or keep negotiating? ...................................................... 168 4.7 Israel’s behaviour in the negotiations ........................................... 176 4.7.1 Rhetoric .............................................................................. 176 4.7.2 Sanctions, threats and retaliation ........................................... 182 4.7.3 Further measures ................................................................. 185 4.7.4 Actors ................................................................................. 192 4.8 Interim conclusions .................................................................... 205 4.8.1 Has Israel achieved its aims? ................................................. 205 4.8.2 Why has Israel been successful?............................................. 207 4.8.3 Conflicting visions................................................................. 209 4.8.4 Remarks on Israel’s policy style.............................................. 210 5 Israel’s European policy ................................................................... 216 5.1 Images and perceptions ............................................................. 216 5.1.1 Self-conception of Israel vis-à-vis Europe ................................ 216 5.1.2 Perception of the EU’s attitude ............................................... 217 5.1.3 Misperceptions and policy failure ............................................ 221 5.2 The policy system ...................................................................... 222 5.2.1 The politicians ...................................................................... 222 5.2.2 The ministerial officials.......................................................... 224 5.2.3 Bureaucratic units................................................................. 226 5.2.4 Further actors ...................................................................... 227 5.2.5 Structures and processes....................................................... 228 5.3 Israel’s goals vis-à-vis the EU...................................................... 228 5.3.1 Preventing an EU political role ................................................ 229 5.3.2 The EU as the facilitator of peace............................................ 232 5.3.3 Use the EU’s good services .................................................... 236 5.3.4 EEA status ........................................................................... 239 5.3.5 Recognition of Europeanness.................................................. 240 5.3.6 Has Israel achieved its aims? ................................................. 240 5.4 The role of the US...................................................................... 242 5.5 Israel’s policy style .................................................................... 243 5.5.1 The German channel ............................................................
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