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Quaderno 18 01 CONSIGLIO DIRETTIVO COMITATO REDAZIONALE Presidente Direttore Responsabile U. RECINE U. RECINE Vice-Presidenti Direttore Scientifico D. ANTONELLIS, M. RAJA G. V ISCO Tesoriere Redazione M.A. PERRETTI F. ALEGIANI, A. ANDRIANI, Consiglieri Elettivi M. DI GIROLAMO, R. MASSIMI, F. ALEGIANI, A. ANDRIANI, D. ANTONELLIS, M. RAJA, U. RECINE, M. DI DIO, M. DI GIROLAMO, R. MASSINI, L. TEMPERILLI, G. VISCO A. MORRONE, C. PARASCANI, M.A. PERRETTI, M. RAJA, U. RECINE, Coordinamento redazionale V. S COTTO DI PALUMBO, L. TEMPERILLI P. C OLLETTA Consiglieri di Diritto R. LALA, PROF. L. GASBARRONE, A. TANESE, G. VISCO Presidente Emerito Progetto grafico ed impaginazione B. CONDORELLI F. GALEANU Revisori dei Conti G. N ERA, M. AVIGO, S. CONTI Stampa 2016 Quaderni della Scuola Medica Ospedaliera Segreteria: B.go S. Spirito, 3 - 00193 Roma Tel. 06.688.02.626-683.52.411 Fax 06.688.06.712 n° 1 ~ Supplemento al n° 36 ottobre-dicembre 2015 del Trimestrale S.M.O. - Bollettino della Scuola Medica Ospedaliera Autorizzazione Tribunale di Roma n. 86/95 del 18/02/95 Sped. in abb. post. comma 20 lettera C art.2 Legge 662/96 - Roma Sito web della Scuola Medica Ospedaliera www.smorrl.it LA STORIA DELL’OSPEDALE “SANTO SPIRITO IN SASSIA” Religione, Arte, Medicina nel più antico ospedale di Europa A CURA DI: MICHELE RAJA STORIA DELL’AREA . 4 LA SCHOLA SAXONUM . 5 LA COSTRUZIONE DELL’OSPEDALE . 6 L’ASSISTENZA MEDICA NELL’ANTICA ROMA . 7 L’AFFIDAMENTO DELL’OSPEDALE ALL’ORDINE DI SANTO SPIRITO . 8 LA LEGGENDA DELLA FONDAZIONE DELL’OSPEDALE . 10 LA RUOTA DEGLI ESPOSTI . 12 LA MISSIONE DELL’OSPEDALE . 13 1. Le cure mediche . 14 2. Cura, educazione e inserimento sociale dei bambini abbandonati . 16 3. Scuola di musica . 18 IL FINANZIAMENTO DELLE ATTIVITÀ LE TRASFORMAZIONI DELL’OSPEDALE L’OSPEDALE SISTINO . 21 IL TEATRO ANATOMICO L’ESPANSIONE DELL’OSPEDALE NEL XVI SECOLO . 30 LA CHIESA DELL’OSPEDALE . 41 IL SACCO DEI LANZICHENECCHI LA CRISI DELL’OSPEDALE . 43 NUOVE ESPANSIONI DELL’OSPEDALE . 46 2 QUADERNI SMO I CONTRIBUTI DELL’OSPEDALE S ALLA SCIENZA MEDICA . 50 BARTOLOMEO EUSTACHIO (1500-1574) . 51 O BERNARDINO GENGA (1620 -1690) . 52 GIORGIO BAGLIVI (1668 -1707) . 53 M GIOVANNI MARIA LANCISI (1654 -1720) . 54 BERNARDO RAMAZZINI (1633-1714) . 56 M ANTONIO PACCHIONI (1665 -1726) . 57 GIUSEPPE FLAIANI (1739-1808) . 57 A GUIDO BACCELLI (1830-1916) . 58 ETTORE MARCHIAFAVA (1847-1935) . 59 R AMICO BIGNAMI (1862-1929) . 60 GIUSEPPE BASTIANELLI (1862-1959) . 61 I IL PRESENTE . 62 O Referenze . 64 NUMERO 1 3 LA STORIA DELL’OSPEDALE “SANTO SPIRITO IN SASSIA” Religione, Arte, Medicina nel più antico ospedale di Europa STORIA DELL’AREA trasportato al centro dell’attuale piazza San Pietro da Papa Sisto Ager Vaticanus era destinato V, dove si trova tuttora. (Fig. 1) alla pastorizia e all’agricoltura fi- In seguito il circo e gli Horti pas- no alla fine del primo secolo a.C., sarono a Nerone che li usò sia per L’ quando lo sviluppo di varie strade ospitare le vittime del grande in- nell’area, come la Via Cornelia cendio di Roma del 64 d.C., sia (che conduceva al porto di Cere), per eseguire le sentenze di tortura la Via Trionfale (che arrivava a e morte dei Cristiani accusati del- Veio) e la Via Aurelia (che arriva- lo stesso incendio. Il nome popo- va a Genova), indusse molte fa- lare dell’area, “Prati di Nerone”, miglie benestanti ad acquistare si è mantenuto fino alla fine del terreni nella zona per costruire Medio Evo. suntuose residenze suburbane pri- Qui il corpo di San Pietro fu se- vate (Horti). polto dopo la sua crocifissione Qui Vipsania Agrippina, nipote di avvenuta sotto Nerone. Qui, nel Augusto e moglie di Germanico, quarto secolo, Costantino iniziò aveva una delle sue dimore (Hor- la costruzione della basilica dedi- ti Agrippinae). Questi Horti anda- cata a San Pietro, sopra la sua rono in eredità a suo figlio, l’im- tomba, sul lato nord del Circus peratore Caligola, che costruì un Gaianus. ippodromo (Circus Gaianus), al La venerata tomba dell’apostolo centro del quale eresse un obeli- divenne subito la meta di pelle- sco portato dall’Egitto, che fu poi grinaggi sempre più numerosi. 4 QUADERNI SMO Figura 1 Piazza San Pietro con l’obelisco egizio del Circus Gaianus Almeno dall’ottavo secolo d.C. dalla stessa regione, che parla la l’afflusso di pellegrini da ogni stessa lingua e difende comuni parte di Europa determinò la pre- interessi.1 In una di queste Scho- senza permanente di varie istitu- lae, Carlo Magno fu accolto nel- zioni nelle aree adiacenti la basi- l’aprile 774. Le Scholae Franco- lica, con l’occupazione stabile di rum, Frisonorum, Saxonum e vari edifici organizzati per acco- Longobardorum erano le più vi- gliere pellegrini di diversi popoli, cine alla tomba dell’Apostolo. le Scholae peregrinorum.1 Le milizie di queste Scholae cercarono invano di difendere questi posti sacri, situati al di LA SCHOLA SAXONUM fuori delle mura Aureliane, dai Saraceni che, nell’agosto 846 Il termine Schola deve essere in- d.C., ne presero possesso, profa- teso come gente proveniente nando le tombe dei martiri e di- NUMERO 1 5 struggendo lo stesso altare co- nel XII secolo, l’ospedale di struito sopra la tomba di Pietro.1 Santo Spirito “in Saxia” o “in A difesa di questi posti, dal 847 Sassia” (SSS), cioè nell’area dei al 852, Papa Leone IV, aiutato Sassoni.1 dall’imperatore Lotario, costruì Fin dalla fine del X secolo le una cerchia di mura che racchiu- Scholae iniziarono il loro decli- deva ciò che era considerata una no dopo l’inizio delle crociate nuova piccola città, la Civitas che spinse le masse dei pellegri- Leoniana.1 ni verso altre destinazioni. Solo All’interno di essa c’era la le chiese nazionali sopravvisse- Schola Saxonum, anche cono- ro. Rimase attiva solo la Schola sciuta come Burgus Anglorum. Saxonum, che fu poi trasformata Il termine nordico “Burg” dette in ospedale dal Papa Innocenzo il nome all’intero distretto, che è III nel 1198. ancora oggi chiamato “Borgo”. Le Scholae, dotate di ammini- strazioni finanziarie indipenden- LA COSTRUZIONE ti, fornivano assistenza materia- DELL’OSPEDALE le e spirituale ai pellegrini, of- frendo accoglienza giorno e not- La Schola Saxonum e l’ospizio te, cibo, vestiario, assistenza adiacente, distrutti da due incendi medica e, persino, protezione nell’817 e nell’852, andarono in- militare. Esse erano dotate di contro ad una progressiva deca- ospizi, case di cura e di riposo, denza dopo il 1006, a seguito del- come anche di una chiesa e di la battaglia di Hastings tra le un cimitero per coloro che erano truppe di Aroldo II, Re degli an- colpiti dalla morte lontano dalla glosassoni e Guglielmo il Con- loro patria. quistatore, Duca di Normandia, La Schola Saxonum fu fondata per il dominio dell’Inghilterra. da Ina, Re del Wessex, nel 717, L’ospedale di Santa Maria in Sas- con il consenso di Papa Grego- sia e la nuova chiesa sorta sul sito rio II, e ampliata da Offa, Re di dello xenodochium furono fatte Mercia, nel 794, con la costru- costruire sul terreno ancora pos- zione di uno xenodochium (ospi- seduto dal Re Giovanni Senzater- zio) che sarebbe poi divenuto, ra (1167-1216), da Papa Innocen- 6 QUADERNI SMO zo III, che commissionò l’esecu- L’ASSISTENZA MEDICA zione all’architetto Marchionne NELL’ANTICA ROMA d’Arezzo. Il nome dell’ospedale cambiò poi in SSS, che è rimasto Nell’antica Roma, l’assistenza fino ai giorni nostri. medica era praticata nei templi All’inizio della sua esistenza mo- dedicati al dio Esculapio, figlio di numentale la nuova struttura era Apollo e allievo del centauro Chi- costituita solo da una corsia ret- rone, da cui aveva appreso l’arte tangolare, dotata di piccole fine- della medicina. Questi posti man- stre e capace di assistere 300 ma- tennero tale funzione di acco- lati e 600 poveri. L’ospedale rice- glienza e cura dei pazienti per veva grandi donazioni, come millenni. Uno dei più antichi tem- quelle di Giovanni Senzaterra, Re pli dedicati ad Esculapio in Roma di Inghilterra, che concedeva la era situato sull’Isola Tiberina, donazione della chiesa Ecclesia un’isola a forma di nave nel tratto omnium sanctorum of Writtel/Es- del fiume che scorre nella città, sex e i suoi vitalizi come doti per dove oggi sorge l’ospedale reli- l’ospedale.2 gioso Fatebenefratelli.3 (Fig. 2) Figura 2 Isola Tiberina con l’Ospedale Fatebenefratelli NUMERO 1 7 Altri posti di assistenza medica L’AFFIDAMENTO DEL- erano le medicatrinae, o taber- L’OSPEDALE ALL’ORDINE nae medicae, botteghe adiacenti DI SANTO SPIRITO alle case dei medici che funzio- navano come ambulatori e le va- SSS fu il primo ospedale in Ro- letudinaria (dal nome “Valetu- ma, costruito sulle rovine dell’an- do”, la dea della buona salute), tica Schola Saxonum.3 infermerie adiacenti a fattorie, Lotario dei Conti di Segni, il fu- palestre e caserme per curare turo Papa Innocenzo III, aveva contadini, atleti o soldati amma- incontrato Guido dei Conti di lati o feriti. Guillaume di Montpellier durante Con l’avvento della Cristianità, la sua permanenza in Francia, do- che predicava l’aiuto materiale e ve aveva viaggiato in gioventù spirituale al prossimo in stato di per studiare teologia. Guido era necessità, sorsero anche a Roma un Cavaliere Templare fondatore xenodochi, ospizi, generalmente dell’Ordine dei Fratelli Ospeda- situati lungo le principali vie di lieri nel 1170 e della casa di acco- comunicazione che fornivano ci- glienza Saint Esprit in Montpel- bo, ospitalità, cure mediche, lier nel 1174, dedicata alla cura aperti a tutti i pellegrini e viag- dei malati, dei bambini abbando- giatori che ne avevano bisogno, nati e di tutti coloro che avevano ma anche ad orfani e vedove.
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