100 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Sheppard, John C, Peter Wigand, and Meyer Rubin The plethora of scientific studies, documentary 1984 The Marmes Site Revisited: Dating and Stratigraphy. In: Geoarchaeology in the films, and popular articles attest to their impor­ Northwest: Recent Applications and Con­ tance and fascination. In fact, it could be ar­ tributions, Judith A. Willig, ed., pp. 45- gued that the study of island biogeography has 49. Tebiwa: The Joumal of the Idaho Mu­ been as important in the development of biologi­ seum of Natural History No. 21. cal thought as any other subject matter. Dar­ win's finches are just one example of many where island life has helped to shape and devel­ op ideas about biology. One relationship that emerges prominently from island studies is the role that humans have played in the distribution of animals across space and through time. Through processes of domestication (dogs, pigs, sheep) and as transporters of stowaways (insects, spiders, rodents), people have influenced the movement of animals the world over. The is­ Earliest Island Fox Remains on land fox of the California Charmel Islands is one the Southern Channel Islands: example where people have contributed to the Evidence from San Nicolas spread of a species. Island, California The Channel Islands are subdivided into two groups based on their different geologic origins. RENE L. VELLANOWETH The islands of Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR and San Miguel comprise the northern Chaimel 97403. Islands, while Santa Catalina, San Clemente, Santa Barbara, and San Nicolas Islands make up The island fox Urocyon littoralis, a dimin­ utive cousin of the mainland gray fox U. cine- die southern group (Fig. 1). The northem Chan­ reoargenteus, occurs on six of the eight Cali­ nel Islands were once connected, representing fornia Channel Islands. For years, researchers one island mass (Santa Rosae), and separated have reported finding the remains of these ani­ from the mainland by as little as six kilometers mals in archaeological sites. Biogeographic studies have tried to determine the evolution­ (Johnson 1983). The more widely dispersed ary relationships of island foxes and the na­ southern islands have remained separate through­ ture and timing of their dispersal to each of out their development and are located much the islands. These data, along with the fossil further from the mainland. All but Anacapa Is­ and archaeological records, place them on the northern Channel Islands about 16,000 B.P. land and Santa Barbara Island are home to the and on the southern Channel Islands at about island fox. 3,800 B. P. Recent archaeological excavations on San Nicolas Island recovered the remains NORTHERN ISLAND FOXES of an island fox that dates to about 5,200 B. P. This find contributes to our current under­ The island fox has been the subject of numer­ standing of island fox colonization of the ous scientific investigations, but recent genetic southern Channel Islands. data (Gilbert et al. 1990; George and Wayne 1991; Wayne et al. 1991a, 1991b) and skeletal studies (Collins 1982, 1991a, 1991b) suggest a ANIMALS living on remote islands have been possible scenario concerning their origins and a subject of human curiosity for generations. distribution. Collins (1991a) used cranial mor- REPORTS 101

Santa Barbara Point Conception Ventura

San <^ Miguel Island Santa Rosa Island

CA-SNI-161 Santa Barbara San Island Nicolas Island ^San %. ^ Y\ Clemente ^^ Island

Fig. I. The Califomia Channel Islands. phometrics of modern and archaeological speci­ 76) suggested that foxes may have arrived on the mens to examine evolutionary relationships be­ islands by swimming or floatingo n debris from tween foxes on each of the islands. He main­ the mainland during the last glacial ad-vance, tained that the occurrence of fox bone in fossil when sea levels were considerably lower. deposits on Santa Rosa Island, dating between Genetic data (Gilbert et al. 1990; Wayne et 16,000 and 10,400 B.P., is evidence for dieir al. 1991a, 1991b) tend to support Collins' con­ colonization of the northern Channel Islands clusions. These studies compare island fox ge­ prior to the arrival of humans (Collins 1991a:62, netic variability. From these data, evolutionary 1993; also see Erlandson 1994). However, the trajectories are mapped out. In general, mor­ association of this deposit within the Pleistocene phologic and genetic data for the evolution of dated Upper Tecolote Member of the Santa Rosa foxes on the northern Channel Islands are con­ Island Formation is speculative. The deposition­ sistent with the geologic and sea level histories al history of the bones was not addressed ade­ of the area. As the large island mass of Santa quately, and since they were found in an alluvial Rosae was inundated by rising postglacial seas, context, their association remains questionable. fox populations living on each of the newly Likewise, efforts to locate and ftirther study the formed islands became geographically isolated. fox bones have been unsuccessful. Yet, as it Through inbreeding, these isolated populations now stands, this find represents the only evi­ developed the genetic and morphologic differ­ dence for foxes on the Channel Islands prior to ences detectable today. For example, foxes the arrival of humans. Collins (1991a:53, 73- living on San Miguel and Santa Rosa islands are 102 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

genetically and morphologically more similar to data tend to favor San Clemente Island as the each other than either is to foxes on Santa Cruz first soudiern island to receive foxes (Wayne et Island (Gilbert et al. 1990; Collins 1991a, al. 1991a, 1991b), whereas skeletal morphomet- 1993). This correlates with the formation and ric data point to San Nicolas Island (Collins separation of Santa Cruz Island from Santa Rosa 1991a). Although numerous fox remains have and San Miguel Islands some 2,000 years before been found in archaeological sites on the south­ the latter two islands were separated from each em Channel Islands (Collins 1982, 1991a, odier (CoUins 1991a, 1993). 1991b), reliable dates are available for only a few. San Clemente Island currently has the ear­ SOUTHERN ISLAND FOXES liest island fox evidence, with a date of about Unlike the northern Chaimel Islands, no fos­ 3,800 B.P. In addition, fox bone deposits on sil record exists for foxes on the southern Chan­ Santa Catalina Island date to about 3,400 B.P. nel Islands. Migration of foxes from the main­ and to about 2,200 B.P. on San Nicolas Island land or from the northern islands by their own (Collins 1991a, 1991b). These diree dates seem accord seems highly unlikely, especially consid­ to support the genetic evidence. ering the widely dispersed nature of the southern SAN NICOLAS ISLAND islands. Moreover, foxes on the southern Chan­ nel Islands have been found only in Middle to San Nicolas, the outermost of all the Califor­ Late Holocene contexts, most of these dating nia Channel Islands, is located about 120 kilo­ witiiin die past 3,000 B.P. (see CoUins 1991a: meters southwest of Los Angeles and 88 kilo­ Table 4). meters from the nearest point on the mainland Evidence seems to indicate a prehistoric dis­ (Fig. 1). Geologically, it is composed primarily persal of foxes by Native Americans from the of Eocene sandstone and shale uplifted by fault­ northern to the southern islands sometime after ing and anticline development, and modified by 4,000 years ago (Collins 1982; 1991a, 1991b; marine erosion that formed several Pleistocene Gilbert etal. 1990; Wayne et al. 1991a, 1991b). terraces (Meighan and Eberhart 1953; Vedder Protein electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA and Norris 1963). Topographically, the island studies of present-day foxes suggest that popu­ is characterized by a low-lying, wind-swept pla­ lations on San Clemente and San Nicolas islands teau (276 m. at it highest elevation), escarpment are most similar to those on San Miguel Island slopes, sandy and rocky beaches, and minor in­ (Collins 1991a:75; George and Wayne 1991:21; termittent drainage canyons. Eolian activity Wayne et al 1991a, 1992b). Biological data for continues to shape and reshape the many sand the arrival of foxes on Santa Catalina Island are dunes that characterize much of the surface of not as clear. Skeletal studies (Collins 1991a) the island. and mitochondrial DNA data (George and The vegetation on San Nicolas Island is Wayne 1991; Wayne et al. 1991a, 1991b) sug­ sparse, and several endemic species have be­ gest that Santa Catalina Island foxes are aligned come extinct in the last 50 years. Recent plant most closely with the northern island foxes, (Klug and Popper 1993) and pollen (Cummings while protein and genetic data (Gilbert et al. 1993a, 1993b, 1993c; Williams 1993) studies of 1990) suggest that they are most similar to foxes soil samples taken from CA-SNI-351, located at on the southern islands. the center of the island, were inconclusive. Al­ Overall, biological and archaeological evi­ though some endemic species were identified, dence for when each southern island was first in­ preservation problems related to wind and water habited by foxes remains problematic. Genetic erosion hindered a clear reconstmction of the lo- REPORTS 103 cal vegetation. Indigenous plants that character­ Martz 1992). The largest sites occur on the ize the surface of the island today, however, in­ northwestern portion, but sites can be found on clude silver beach weed (Ambrosia chamissonis), virtually every part of the island. Foxes have rattlesnake weed (Duacuspusillus), coyote brush been excavated from four different sites, in­ (Baccharis pilularis) and giant coreopsis (Core­ cluding CA-SNI-7, which contained 20 individu­ opsis gigantea) (Junak and Vanderwier 1988). als that apparendy had been ritually buried (Col­ Six species of pinnipeds are found along the lins 1991b:Table 1). Unfortunately, only one coast, including California sea lions (Zalophus component containing fox remains has been californianus) and northern elephant seals (Cal- dated, producing a date of about 2,200 B.P. lorhinus ursinus), which also breed on the is­ (Bleitz 1987). land. Western gulls (Larus occidentalis) and Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocoraxpenisillatus) Fox Evidence from CA-SNI-161 also breed here, and many other seabirds feed Although island fox remains are known for at on the rich marine life around the island. Off­ least 33 different archaeological sites on the shore kelp beds are extremely abundant, provid­ Channel Islands, only a handftil have been radio­ ing habitat for a rich array of marine shellfish, carbon dated (see Collins 1991a:Table 4). Con- fish, and sea mammals. Only six land animals sequendy, a solid chronological foundation is are native to San Nicolas Island: the deer mouse lacking, leaving researchers to speculate on the (Peromyscus maniculatus), the island night lizard antiquity of foxes on each of the islands. This (Xantusia riversiana), the southern alligator liz­ problem is compounded in some cases by unpro- ard (Elgaria multicarinata), the side-blotched venienced remains, stratigraphic ambiguities, lizard (Uta stansburiana), the land snail (Helix and an overrepresentation of skulls due to the sp.), and the island fox (Urocyon littoralis). collection priorities of earlier researchers. The Archaeological explorations on San Nicolas data on fox remains from San Nicolas Island suf­ Island began over 100 years ago, but systematic fer from all these problems. Thus, little could investigations began only during the past few be said about the nature and timing of their the decades (Schwartz and Martz 1992). Meighan arrival. and Eberhart's (1953) brief survey of the island However, recent excavations at CA-SNI-161, set the stage for more sophisticated and special­ located on the northwestern shore of San Nicolas ized investigations that were carried out later by Island have unearthed a single fox bone in a archaeologists associated with California State deeply buried cultural deposit (Fig. 2) (Vellano­ University, Los Angeles (CSULA). Reinman weth 1996). The site, first described by Mal­ and Townsend (1960) conducted work on native colm Rogers (1930) and later recorded by Fred burials, Lauter (1982) on cultural chronologies, Reinman in 1984, is a ridge-like dune situated Clevenger (1982) on lidiics, and Bleitz (1987) on a Pleistocene terrace. The terrace is fronted and Sails (1988) on faunal remains. Current ar­ by a sea cliff that plummets to a rocky intertidal chaeological investigations are filling many data zone lying adjacent to a freshwater seep. Pres- gaps concerning the prehistoric and historical endy, it appears as an east-west trending longitu­ human use of the island (Schwartz and Martz dinal dune that follows the terrace ledge along a 1992; Swanson 1993; Martz 1994a, 1994b; 2(X) m. expanse of coasdine. The crest of the Schwartz 1994, 1995; Thomas 1995; Vellano- dune site is stabilized by vegetation and the wedi 1995, 1996). slopes are covered with an abundance of shell­ Over 500 archaeological sites have been re­ fish, lithic, and bone debris. Internally, the site corded on San Nicolas Island (Schwartz and consists of multiple relatively well-preserved ar- 104 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

PACIFIC OCEAN LEGEND: fresh water •= 1.5 X 1.5 m Excavation seep Unit •= lOcm Bucket Auger Hole contours = m above sea level

.-•-.^ ~'~"^—-.^^ ~—U-. -^.^ "^^^ ~'--~..^, • ••• -. ~^12,^ "••--.. - ~"— "^••..,^ -•-•../ '"••••••-- ' " "•— .' 13--.. J' X dune 14.

• ~15^ """•-"<•— ^ :>. '•- ^•••-. "-^ ""•^. \ '--^ ~~—16- •-- ""^--.^'•"—.. "•""••-...'^ :> ^, mN ••---^ "•"•••. ••••-, •-»"•—•-- ) I, --.^ ""•••.,, ^

'•••. •"•- maen " ._ 0 5 10 \ CA-SNM61

Fig. 2. Composite plan of CA-SNI-161.

chaeological deposits separated by dune sedi­ about 5,200 B.P. (Table 1). Paired samples of ments. marine shell and wood charcoal collected from The bone, an unmodified island fox left audi­ the same levels were submitted to help compen­ tory bulla element, was found in the deepest sate for problems associated with the dating of component of Unit 6, located on the eastern these materials. In addition, an Olivella Grooved edge of the site (Fig. 2). A volume of 0.60 m.' Rectangle bead (per Bennyhoff and Hughes of sediments was excavated from this cultural 1987) was submitted for radiocarbon analysis component. The deposit in this component con­ (Vellanowedi 1995, 1996). Radiocarbon dates sists of a silty sand matrix laced with shell, on these samples securely place this component bone, charcoal, asphaltum, stone tools, beads, at well over 5,000 RCYBP. This date pushes and chipped stone tool and bead manufacturing back the currendy accepted arrival of foxes on debris. A contemporaneous component in Unit the southern Channel Islands by more dian 1,000 4, situated on the western part of die site, was years and by as much as 3,000 years for San Ni­ also excavated, but no fox remains were found. colas Island. A combined volume of 1.65 m.^ of excavated DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION sediments was retrieved from the two compo­ nents in Units 4 and 6. The fox bone recovered from CA-SNI-161 Eight radiocarbon dates suggest the deposit provides the earliest evidence for foxes on the containing the fox skull fragment was formed southem Channel Islands. Further discussions REPORTS 105

Table 1 RADIOCARBON DATES" OF THE EARLIEST DEPOSITS AT CA-SNI-161

Lab. No. Unit and Level Material "C/'^C Adj. Calibrated Age (in cm.) Age (RCYBP) (1 sigma) Beta-78676 Unit 6, 120-130 black abalone 4,940 ± 70 5,085 to 4,885 Beta-78679 Unit 6, 130-140 black abalone 4,940 ± 80 5,095 to 4,880 Beta-78681 Unit 6, 140-150 black abalone 5,050 ± 70 5,300 to 5,025 Beta-78675 Unit 6, 120-130 charcoal •• 4,580 ± 40 5,365 to 5,320 5,220 to 5,180 5,165 to 5,130 Beta-78678 Unit 6, 130-140 charcoal'' 4,560 ± 40 5,355 to 5,320 5,220 to 5,180 5,165 to 5,130 Beta-78667 Unit 4, 90-100 charcoal 4,550 ± 60 5,360 to 5,285 5,245 to 5,105 Beta-78680 Unit 6, 140-150 charcoal *• 4,570 ± 60 5,365 to 5,310 5,230 to 5,120 Beta-78677 Unit 6, 120-130 OCR bead' 5,210 + 60 5,465 to 5,305

Marine shell samples were adjusted for "C/'^C ratios to compensate for the differential uptake of car­ bon isotopes (isotopic fractionation) by marine organisms (Stuiver and Braziunas 1993). Radiocarbon ages were then calibrated against tree ring data using the Pretoria CaUbration Procedure program to provide calendar dates (Vogel et al. 1993). Samples dated using accelerator mass spectrometry. Olivella Grooved Rectangle bead (per Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). of island fox biogeography must include diis but for the somewhat dubious dates between find, as it is not congment with current coloni­ 16,000 and 10,400 B.P. for Santa Rosa Island, zation schemes. The antiquity of this findpose s all other fox dates for the islands fall within the several interesting questions. For example, ge­ period of known human occupation. It is argued netic data indicate that foxes on San Nicolas Is­ herein that humans were not only responsible for land exhibit no significant variability, a trait die dispersal of foxes on the southern Channel unique among mammals studied to date (Wayne Islands (a position widely agreed upon), and per­ et al. 1991b: 1862). Thus, by effectively dou­ haps even the northern Channel Islands, but bling the time depth of foxes on the island, the were also vital in maintaining, through mobility find fromCA-SNI-16 1 presents a potentially in­ and trade, the genetic variability of island fox triguing evolutionary question. How can a pop­ populations. As pets or semidomesticates, foxes ulation of carnivores exist on the island for at were an important commodity and served as part least 5,(X)0 years, be so monomorphic, and still of large trade networks in the form of live ani­ be viable? In part, I believe the answer to this mals, pelts, and/or finishedproduct s (see Collins question can be found in the human/fox relation­ 1991b). Foxes also served a ritual role, as nu­ ship. merous ceremonial fox burials attest (Collins Humans played a vital role in the distribu­ 1991b:213). As such, foxes were an important tion of foxes on the Chaimel Islands. In fact. part of commerce and ceremony alike, and fiinc- 106 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY tioned in a variety of ways within California In­ by about 1,400 years. Much of our current un­ dian groups. derstanding of the prehistoric utilization of the After European contact, however, the move­ southern Channel Islands comes from the larger ment of foxes between islands was interrupted. and more intensively studied Santa Catalina and Traditional lifeways of Native Americans in San Clemente islands, with little contribution California were dismpted and the effects of in­ from San Nicolas Island; this lamentable fact, troduced diseases took their toll on coastal popu­ however, is changing. With sophisticated and lations (e.g., Erlandson and Bartoy 1995). relatively well-funded archaeological investiga­ Without the usual flow of people and goods (in­ tions being conducted on San Nicolas Island un­ cluding foxes) between the islands, fox popula­ der the direction of Steven Schwartz (Navy Ar­ tions became increasingly isolated. For the first chaeologist) and Patricia Martz (CSULA), a fun­ time, foxes on the southern Channel Islands damentally more sound and broader regional lived without the interaction provided by native oudook on California prehistory is emerging. people. The species continued to develop but Future research may well push back the appear­ new genes were no longer being introduced into ance of foxes on the island even further. the population. Additionally, decreases in food resources that were once provided by native is­ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS landers probably exacerbated conditions for I thank Pat Martz, Steve Schwartz, and Leslie foxes, perhaps leading to sudden population de­ Heald for their support and encouragement through­ clines and possibly even punctuated evolutionary out this entire project. I also thank Jon Erlandson, Mark Raab, Paul Collins, Bill Howard, and an anon­ events. In sum, I believe the native people of ymous reviewer for providing many helphil com­ California played an important role in the forma­ ments on an earlier draft. Judith Porcasi identified tion and maintenance of island fox populations. the mammal and bird remains. Jed Unrot and Tricia Once this interaction ceased, foxes began new Worman helped produce the site map. Mark Tves­ kov of the Oregon State Museum of Anthropology developmental trajectories diat are detectable in Graphic's Division produced the final illustrations. modern genetic studies. The radiocarbon dates were funded by a Legacy Grant provided through the Environmental Division Finally, archaeological data, like the fossil of the Naval Air Weapons Station, Point Mugu, Cali­ record, contribute to biogeographic reconstruc­ fomia. Finally, Michael Glassow, Mark Q. Sutton, tions by providing both time depth and distribu­ and the Journal staff deserve my thanks. tional information. The genetic studies de­ scribed above used the archaeological record of REFERENCES foxes on the Channel Islands in this manner Bennyhoff, James A., and Richard E. Hughes (Wayne et al. 1991b). Unfortunately, diis re­ 1987 Shell Bead and Omament Exchange Net­ cord is not complete, and finds such as the one works Between California and the Westem Great Basin. American Museum of Natu­ presented here highlight the limitations diese ral History Anthropological Papers 64(2). data have in structuring evolutionary models of Bleitz, Dana E. animals. Although new finds will undoubtedly 1987 The Changing Exploitation of MammaUan refine our understanding of island fox distribu­ and Avian Food Resources at SNI-lI, San tion, the manner in which biological studies have Nicolas Island, Califomia. Master's thesis, incorporated various data sets (including the Califomia State University, Los Angeles. archaeological record) to reconcile this problem Clevenger, Joyce M. must be commended. 1982 The Split Cobble Reduction Technology on San Nicolas Island, Califomia. Mas­ Evidence from CA-SNI-161 pushes back die ter's thesis, Califomia State University, date for fox occupation on the southern islands Los Angeles. REPORTS 107

Collins, Paul W. Gilbert, Dennis A., Niles Lehman, Stephen J. 1982 Origin and Differentiation of the Island O'Brien, and Robert K. Wayne Fox: A Study of Evolution in Insular 1990 Genetic Fingerprinting Reflects Population Populations. Master's thesis. University Differentiation in the Califomia Channel of Califomia, Santa Barbara. Island Fox. Nature 344(6268):764-767. I99Ia Interaction Between Island Foxes (Urocy­ Johnson, Donald L. on littoralis) and Indians on Islands Off 1983 The Califomia Continental Borderland: the Coast of Southem Califomia: I, Mor­ Landbridges, Watergaps and Biotic Dis­ phologic and Archaeological Evidence of persals. In: Quatemary Coastlines and Human Assisted Dispersal. Joumal of Eth­ Marine Archaeology: Towards the Pre­ nobiology I1(I):5I-8I. history of Land Bridges and Continental 1991b Interaction Between Island Foxes (Urocy­ Shelves, P. M. Masters and N. C. Flem- on littoralis) and Native Americans on Is­ ming, eds., pp. 481-527. New York: Aca­ lands Off the Coast of Southem Califor­ demic Press. nia: II, Ethnographic, Archaeological, Junalc, Steven A., and J. M. Vanderwier and Historic Evidence. Joumal of Ethno­ 1988 An Annotated Checklist of the Vascular biology Il(2):205-229. Plants of San Nicolas Island, Califomia. 1993 Taxonomic and Biogeographical Relation­ Fifth Bieimial Mugu Lagoon/San Nicolas ships of the Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis) Island Ecological Research Symposium. and Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Report on file at the Environmental Di­ from Westem North America. In: Third vision, Naval Air Weapons Station, Point Califomia Islands Symposium: Recent Ad­ Mugu. vances in Research on the Califomia Is­ Klug, Lisa, and Virginia S. Popper lands, F. G. Hochberg, ed., pp. 351-390. 1993 Archaeological Analysis of Soil Samples Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of from CA-SNI-351, San Nicolas Island, Natural History. Califomia. Report on file at the Paleoeth- Cunmiings, Linda S. nobotany Laboratory, University of Cali­ 1993a Exploratory Pollen and Phytolith Analysis fomia, Los Angeles. at CA-SNI-351, a Shell Midden on San Lauter, Gloria Nicolas Island, Califomia. Report on file 1982 Defining an Intermediate Period Chronol­ at the Department of Anthropology, Cali­ ogy on San Nicolas Island, Califomia: fomia State University, Los Angeles. Test Excavations at SNI-I6. Master's the­ 1993b Pollen Analysis of a Piece of Groundstone sis, Califomia State University, North- from CA-SNI-351, San Nicolas Island, ridge. Califomia. Report on file at the Depart­ Martz, Patricia ment of Anthropology, Califomia State 1994a A Research Design for Prehistoric Ar­ University, Los Angeles. chaeological Sites, San Nicolas Island, 1993c Pollen Analysis of Tarring Pebbles and Califomia. Report on file at the Depart­ Beneath Shells in a Midden at CA-SNI- ment of Anthropology, Califomia State 351, San Nicolas Island, Califomia. Re­ University, Los Angeles. port on file at the Department of Anthro­ 1994b Test Excavations, Celery Creek Site, SNI- pology, Califomia State University, Los 351, San Nicolas Island: Preliminary Angeles. Report. Report on file at the Environmen­ Erlandson, Jon M. tal Division, Naval Air Weapons Station, 1994 Early Hunter-Gatherers of the Califomia Point Mugu. Coast. New York: Plenum Press. Meighan, Clement W., and Hal Eberhart Erlandson, Jon M., and Kevin Bartoy 1953 Archaeological Resources of San Nicolas 1995 Cabrillo, the Chumash, and Old World Island, Califomia. American Antiquity Diseases. Joumal of Califomia and Great 9(2): 109-125. Basin Anthropology 17(2): 153-173. Retmnan, Fred M., and Sam-Joe Townsend George, Sarah B., and Robert K. Wayne I960 Six Burial Sites on San Nicolas Island. 1991 Island Foxes: A Model for Conservation Los Angeles: Reports of the University of Genetics. Terra 30(1): 18-23. Califomia Archaeological Survey No. 2. 108 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Rogers, Malcolm J. Vogel, J. C, and A. Fuls, E. Visser, and B. Becker 1930 Field Notes: 1930 Expedition to San Ni­ 1993 Pretoria Calibration Curve for Short Lived colas Island. Notes on file at the Environ­ Samples. Radiocarbon 35(I):73-86. mental Division, Naval Air Weapons Sta­ Wayne, Robert K., Sarah B. George, Dennis Gilbert, tion, Point Mugu. and Paul W. Collins Sails, Roy A. 1991 a The Channel Island Fox (Urocyon littoral­ 1988 Prehistoric Fisheries of the Califomia is) as a Model of Genetic Change in Small Bight. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Populations. In: The Unity of Evolution­ Califomia, Los Angeles. ary Biology: Proceedings of the Fourth Schwartz, Steven J. Intemational Congress of Systematic and 1994 Ecological Ramifications of Historic Occu­ Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 2, E. C. Dud­ pation of San Nicolas Island. In: The ley, ed., pp. 639-649. Portland: Diosco- Fourth Califomia Islands Symposium: rides Press. Update on the Status of Resources, W. L. Wayne, Robert K., Sarah B. George, Dennis Gilbert, Halvorson and G. J. Maender, eds., pp. Paul W. Collins, Steven D. Kovach, Derek Girman, 171-180. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara and Niles Lehman Museum of Natural History. 199 lb A Morphologic and Genetic Study of the 1995 A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Abalone Island Fox, Urocycon littoralis. Evolution Processing Sites on San Nicolas Island. 45(8):I849-I868. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Wilhams, Stephen L. Quarterly 3I(4):49-58. 1994 Charcoal Analysis. In: Test Excavations, Schwartz, Steven J., and Patricia Martz Celery Creek Site, SNI-351, San Nicolas 1992 An Overview of the Archaeology of San Island: Preliminary Report, by Patricia Nicolas Island, Southem Califomia. Martz, pp. 10-1-10-4. Report on file at Pacific Coast Archaeological Society the Environmental Division, Naval Air Quarterly 28(4):46-75. Weapons Station, Point Mugu. Stuiver, M., and T. F. Braziimas 1993 Modeling Atmospheric 14C Influences and 14C Ages of Marine Samples to 10,000 B.C. Radiocarbon 35(1): 137-189. Swanson, Mark T. 1993 Historic Sheep Ranching on San Nicolas Island. Redlands: Statistical Research Technical Series No. 41. Thomas, Lisa D. 1995 Archaeobotanical Research on San Nicolas Island: Current Directions. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 31(4): Nevada Indians in California 23-32. Vedder, J. G., and Robert M. Norris WILLIAM SAXE WIHR 1963 Geology of San Nicolas Island, Califomia. 5102 SW SchoUs Fy. Rd., F2, Portland, OR 97225-1670. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. KAREN M. NISSEN 369. California Department of Transportation, 4545 N. Vellanoweth, Rene L. West Ave., Fresno, CA 93705. 1995 New Evidence from San Nicolas Island on the Distribution of Olivella Grooved Rec­ tangle Beads. Pacific Coast Archaeologi­ This report details visits by Northern cal Society Quarterly 31(4):13-22. Paiutes to central and western California as early as 1846 and continuing through the 1996 Subsistence, Settlement and Marine Re­ beginning of the twentieth century. That source Utilization at CA-SNI-161. Mas­ these visits were not necessarily economi­ ter's thesis, Califomia State University, cally motivated makes this behavior seem Los Angeles. somewhat unique in western native history.