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Bibliometric Analysis on the Trend of the Computed Tomography (CT)-Related Studies in the Field of Forensic Science

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Bibliometric Analysis on the Trend of the Computed Tomography (CT)-Related Studies in the Field of Forensic Science applied sciences Review Bibliometric Analysis on the Trend of the Computed Tomography (CT)-Related Studies in the Field of Forensic Science 1, , 2, 3 Yangseung Jeong * y , Eun Jin Woo y and Sookyoung Lee 1 Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA 2 Department of History, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; [email protected] 3 Division of Forensic Medical Examination, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26460, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-615-898-5615 These authors contributed to the manuscript equally as the first authors. y Received: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 16 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020 Abstract: The computed tomography (CT) technique has attracted much attention as a promising tool for non-invasive diagnosis and examination in the field of forensic science. The purpose of this study is to assess the trend in CT-related forensic studies through bibliometric methods and thus present a holistic idea about the application of CT in the field of forensic science of the past and present. A total of 2084 articles published in the Scopus index journals between 1978 and 2020 were analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.15. A drastic increase in the number of CT-related articles was noticed in forensic science since the early 2000s. Switzerland, having the most productive institution (University of Zurich) and author (Michael J. Thali), contributed most to the increasing number of publications. Forensic Science International was the top journal, where approximately 12.5% of the articles (261 out of 2084) have been published. CT was frequently used for autopsy and diagnosis purposes, but recently its applicability has expanded to the field of forensic anthropology and personal identification. This research is expected to provide researchers using CT with not only an understanding about past research trends but also an insight about future research topics and potential collaborative opportunities. Keywords: bibliometric analysis; computed tomography; forensic science; Scopus; VOSviewer 1. Introduction There has long been an effort to devise non-invasive diagnostic techniques in the fields of medical and forensic sciences. The radiographs introduced by Conrad Roentgen in 1895 have opened the era of forensic radiology since the first postmortem radiographic examination in 1898 [1]. With the development of three-dimensional imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in the late 20th century, forensic imaging has attracted much attention as a new non-invasive diagnostic tool as well as a new subfield of forensic science [2,3]. Compared to the radiographs, forensic imaging using cross-sectional techniques has advantages in that it allows for three-dimensional examination and visualization of complex structures in an easy and interactive way [1,4]. Indeed, the past two decades have seen a drastic development of CT techniques and subsequently a rapid growth in the application of CT in the forensic context [5]. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively assess the trend of CT-related forensic studies through bibliometric methods and thus present a holistic idea about the application of CT in the field of forensic science of the past and present. Bibliometric studies allow to track the frequencies and trends of scientific publications associated with a specific field/topic and the relationship of citations Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8133; doi:10.3390/app10228133 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8133 2 of 13 between the works in a systematic way [6,7]. Specific focus will be placed on the growth trend of this field in terms of the number of publications, most active journals with trend topics, and productive authors and countries. This research is expected to provide researchers using CT with not only an understanding about the past research trend but also an insight about future research topics and potential collaborative partners. 2. Materials and Methods The Scopus indexed articles were searched using the Document Search function [8] on 4 November 2020. Four terms—“forensic” OR “medicolegal” OR “legal medicine” AND “computed tomography”—were used for document search so that any articles containing one of the three pairs of keywords (i.e., “forensic—computed tomography”, “medicolegal—computed tomography”, or “legal medicine—computed tomography”) in their title, abstract, and/or keywords could be detected. Document type was limited to “Articles and Reviews” so other types of publications such as book chapters, letters, conference papers, and surveys were excluded. The years of publication were not specified, and Ostertag et al.’s [9] work titled “Diagnostic possibilities of computerized tomography in forensic examination of cerebral traumatized persons” was marked as the earliest article. The citation information (e.g., authors, title, publication year, citation counts, and source), bibliographic information (e.g., affiliations and correspondence address), abstract and keywords, and reference information of all selected articles were exported in a comma-separated values (CSV) file format for further analyses. Informed consent was not required from the authors of the articles because the data were collected as secondary data lacking personal information. Microsoft Excel was used to calculate descriptive statistics and annual growth rate (AGR) and to produce related plots. AGRs were calculated as follows, which represents the percentage rate of positive or negative growth of a product in a certain year compared to the previous year [10]. Ni Ni 1 AGRi = − − 100 Ni 1 × − where Ni: number of documents in the year i. In calculating AGRs, only the articles published between 2000 and 2019 were included, during which drastic increase in publications was observed. The publications in 2020 were excluded from the AGR calculation because the number of publications at the time of data collection for this study could not represent that of the entire year. VOSviewer 1.6.15 [11] was used for bibliometric analysis. VOSviewer is an open source computer program which makes it possible to perform bibliometric analyses and display two-dimensional maps based on the co-occurrences of the nodes/subjects [12]. One of the advantages of using VOSviewer for this purpose is that VOSviewer can analyze the bibliometric data exported from the major journal archives such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed directly. 3. Results 3.1. Annual Trend of Publications Per the ScopusS document search, a total of 2084 CT-related articles have been published in the forensic field since the 1970s (Table1). The numbers of published articles per year were below ten until 2002 and the sum of publications between 1978 and 2002 constitutes only 3.7% of the total publications (78 out of 2084). However, from the early 2000s, a drastic increase in the number of publications is noticed (Table1 and Figure1a). Since 2001, each year set a new record in the number of annual publications except for 2005, 2014, and 2018. More than 100 articles have been published every year since 2012; and 2017 was the first year during which more than 200 articles were published. The first quartile (25%) in the number of publications was reached in 2012. Yet, it took only three years for the second and third quartiles to be reached (2015 and 2018, respectively). Figure1b shows a fluctuating Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8133 3 of 13 trend in AGR. The AGR indicates a relative growth of publications within a year compared to the previous year. For example, a positive AGR indicates that the number of publications in a certain year exceeded that of the previous year, and vice versa. Since 2000, there were three years with negative ARG’s ( 42.9% in 2001, 5.0% in 2005, 3.5% in 2018) (Table1 and Figure1b). However, the di fferences − − − in numbers of publications between those years and their preceding years were minimal (three in 2001–2000; one in 2005–2004; and seven in 2014–2013). Table 1. The number and annual growth rate (AGR) of CT (computed tomography) -related articles in the Forensic section of Scopus between 1978 and 2020. Publication Year * Number of Documents Cumulative Total Annual Growth Rate (%) ** 1978 1 1 1980 1 2 1981 1 3 1982 3 6 1983 1 7 1985 8 15 1986 4 19 1988 1 20 1989 1 21 1990 1 22 1992 2 24 1993 2 26 1994 6 32 1995 5 37 1996 6 43 1997 6 49 1998 7 56 1999 3 59 2000 7 66 100.0 2001 4 70 42.9 − 2002 8 78 100.0 2003 11 89 37.5 2004 20 109 81.8 2005 19 128 5.0 − 2006 37 165 94.7 2007 44 209 18.9 2008 51 260 15.9 2009 56 316 9.8 2010 66 382 17.9 2011 80 462 21.2 2012 107 569 33.8 2013 151 720 41.1 2014 151 871 0.0 2015 181 1052 19.9 2016 185 1237 2.2 2017 202 1439 9.2 2018 195 1634 3.5 − 2019 239 1873 22.6 2020 211 2084 Total 2084 * Years with no publications are not presented; ** Only the AGRs between 2000 and 2019 are presented. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8133 4 of 13 Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 13 (a) (b) Figure 1. Number of annual publications (a) and annual growth rate (AGR) of the publications (b). Figure 1. Number of annual publications (a) and annual growth rate (AGR) of the publications (b). The positive and negative values of AGR indicate that the number of publications within a year was The positive and negative values of AGR indicate that the number of publications within a year was greater or less than the previous year, respectively. greater or less than the previous year, respectively. 3.2. Productive Countries 3.2.
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