Appendix 1: List of articles included in meta-analysis of CT scans

Ampanozi G, Ruder TD, Preiss U, Aschenbroich K, Germerott T, Filograna L, et al. Virtopsy:CT and MR imaging of a fatal head injury caused by a hatchet: A case report. Legal Medicine 2010;12(5):238–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2010.04.004.

Andenmatten MA, Thali MJ, Kneubuehl BP, Oesterhelweg L, Ross S, Spendlove D, et al. Gunshot injuries detected by post-mortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT): A feasibility study. Legal Medicine 2008;10(6):287–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2008.03.005.

Añon J, Remonda L, Spreng A, Scheurer E, Schroth G, Boesch C, et al. Traumatic extra-axial hemorrhage: Correlation of postmortem MSCT, MRI, and forensic-pathological findings. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2008;28(4):823–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21495.

Aquila I, Falcone C, Di Nunzio C, Tamburrini O, Boca S, Ricci P. Virtopsy versus autopsy in unusual case of asphyxia: Case report. Forensic Science International 2013;229(1):e1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.004.

Bardainne M, Rolland Y, Tréguier C, Claeyssen-Rolland V, Dagorne M, Broussine L, et al. Contribution du scanner crânien post-mortem à l’étude de la mort subite du nourrisson. Archives de Pédiatrie 1996;3(7):661–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0929-693X(96)87086-2.

Charlier P, Carlier R, Roffi F, Ezra J, Chaillot PF, Duchat F, et al. Postmortem abdominal CT: Assessing normal cadaveric modifications and pathological processes. European Journal of Radiology 2012;81(4):639–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.054.

Chawla H, Yadav RK, Griwan MS, Malhotra R, Paliwal PK. Sensitivity and specificity of CT scan in revealing skull fracture in medico-legal head injury victims. Australas Med J 2015;8(7):235–8. https://doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2015.2418.

Christensen AM, Hatch GM. Forensic fractography of bone using computed tomography (CT) scans. Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging 2019;18:37–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2019.08.002.

Daly B, Abboud S, Ali Z, Sliker C, Fowler D. Comparison of whole-body post mortem 3D CT and autopsy evaluation in accidental blunt force traumatic death using the abbreviated injury scale classification. Forensic Science International 2013;225(1):20–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.006.

Decker LA, Hatch GM, Lathrop SL, Nolte KB. The Role of Postmortem Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Strangulation Deaths. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2018;63(5):1401–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13760.

Delteil C, Gach P, Ben Nejma N, Capasso F, Perich P, Massiani P, et al. Tangential cranial ballistic impact: An illustration of the limitations of post-mortem CT scan? Legal Medicine 2018;32:61–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.03.004. Dirnhofer R, Jackowski C, Vock P, Potter K, Thali MJ. VIRTOPSY: Minimally Invasive, Imaging-guided Virtual Autopsy. RadioGraphics 2006;26(5):1305–33. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.265065001.

Feldman KW, Brewer DK, Shaw DW. Evolution of the cranial computed tomography scan in child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect 1995;19(3):307–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01452134(94)00130-8.

Ferrant O, Rougé-Maillart C, Guittet L, Papin F, Clin B, Fau G, et al. Age at death estimation of adult males using coxal bone and CT scan: A preliminary study. Forensic Science International 2009;186(1):14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.024.

Filograna L, Tartaglione T, Filograna E, Cittadini F, Oliva A, Pascali VL. Computed tomography (CT) virtual autopsy and classical autopsy discrepancies: Radiologist’s error or a demonstration of post-mortem multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) limitation? Forensic Science International 2010;195(1):e13–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.001.

Germerott T, Preiss US, Ebert LC, Ruder TD, Ross S, Flach PM, et al. A new approach in virtopsy: Postmortem ventilation in multislice computed tomography. Legal Medicine 2010;12(6):276–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2010.07.001.

Giffen MA, Powell JA, McLemore J. Forensic Radiology Pitfalls: CT Imaging in Gunshot Wounds of the Head. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2018;63(2):631–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13576.

Grassberger M, Gehl A, Püschel K, Turk EE. 3D reconstruction of emergency cranial computed tomography scans as a tool in clinical forensic radiology after survived blunt head trauma—Report of two cases. Forensic Science International 2011;207(1):e19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.014.

Hong TS, Reyes JA, Moineddin R, Chiasson DA, Berdon WE, Babyn PS. Value of postmortem thoracic CT over radiography in imaging of pediatric rib fractures. Pediatr Radiol 2011;41(6):736–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-010-1953-7.

Houpert T, Rérolle C, Savall F, Telmon N, Saint-Martin P. Is a CT-scan of the medial clavicle epiphysis a good exam to attest to the 18-year threshold in forensic age estimation? Forensic Science International 2016;260:103.e1-103.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.007.

Jacobsen C, Lynnerup N. Craniocerebral trauma - Congruence between post-mortem computed tomography diagnoses and autopsy results: A 2-year retrospective study. Forensic Science International 2010;194(1):9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.001.

Jalalzadeh H, Giannakopoulos GF, Berger FH, Fronczek J, van de Goot FRW, Reijnders UJ, et al. Post-mortem imaging compared with autopsy in trauma victims – A systematic review. Forensic Science International 2015;257:29–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.026.

Le Blanc-Louvry I, Thureau S, Duval C, Papin-Lefebvre F, Thiebot J, Dacher JN, et al. Post mortem computed tomography compared to forensic autopsy findings: a French experience. Eur Radiol 2013;23(7):1829–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2779-0.

Murphy M, Drage N, Carabott R, Adams C. Accuracy and Reliability of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Jaws for Comparative Forensic Identification: A Preliminary Study*. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2012;57(4):964–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15564029.2012.02076.x.

Palmiere C, Binaghi S, Doenz F, Bize P, Chevallier C, Mangin P, et al. Detection of hemorrhage source: The diagnostic value of post-mortem CT-angiography. Forensic Science International 2012;222(1):33–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.031.

Peschel O, Szeimies U, Vollmar C, Kirchhoff S. Postmortem 3-D reconstruction of skull gunshot injuries. Forensic Science International 2013;233(1):45–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.012.

Pichereau C, Maury E, Monnier-Cholley L, Bourcier S, Lejour G, Alves M, et al. Post-mortem CT scan with contrast injection and chest compression to diagnose pulmonary embolism. Intensive Care Med 2015;41(1):167–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-014-3520-4.

Poulsen K, Simonsen J. Computed tomography as routine in connection with medico-legal autopsies. Forensic Science International 2007;171(2):190–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.041.

Ramsthaler F, Kettner M, Gehl A, Verhoff MA. Digital forensic osteology: Morphological sexing of skeletal remains using volume-rendered cranial CT scans. Forensic Science International 2010;195(1):148–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.010.

Riepert T, Ulmcke D, Jendrysiak U, Rittner C. Computer-assisted simulation of conventional roentgenograms from three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) data — an aid in the identification of unknown corpses (FoXSIS). Forensic Science International 1995;71(3):199–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(94)01666-6.

Roberts IS, Benamore RE, Benbow EW, Lee SH, Harris JN, Jackson A, et al. Post-mortem imaging as an alternative to autopsy in the diagnosis of adult deaths: a validation study. The Lancet 2012;379(9811):136–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61483-9.

Stone JA, Slone HW, Yu JS, Irsik RD, Spigos DG. Gunshot wounds of the brain: Influence of ballistics and predictors of outcome by computed tomography. Emergency Radiology 1997;4(3):140–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01508103. Thali MJ, Yen K, Vock P, Ozdoba C, Kneubuehl BP, Sonnenschein M, et al. Image-guided virtual autopsy findings of gunshot victims performed with multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequent correlation between radiology and autopsy findings. Forensic Science International 2003;138(1):8– 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00225-1.

Wan L, Song YX, Li ZD, Liu NG, Wang YH, Wang MW, et al. The approach of virtual autopsy (VIRTOPSY) by postmortem multi-slice computed tomography (PMCT) in China for forensic pathology. Forensic Imaging 2020;20:200361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fri.2020.200361.

Willaume T, Farrugia A, Kieffer E-M, Charton J, Geraut A, Berthelon L, et al. The benefits and pitfalls of post-mortem computed tomography in forensic external examination: A retrospective study of 145 cases. Forensic Science International 2018;286:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.02.030.

Yen K, Thali MJ, Aghayev E, Jackowski C, Schweitzer W, Boesch C, et al. Strangulation signs: Initial correlation of MRI, MSCT, and forensic neck findings. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2005;22(4):501–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20396.