DOCSLIB.ORG

2011 Newspaper PDF.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2011 Newspaper PDF.Pdf By Michael P. 2 Cover by: Hannah D., Nicholas L. and Sydney P. By Jonah A. 3 Industrial Revolution Art and Music The Industrial Revolution was After 1820, music was the machines taking the place of hand recognized more because tools. That‟s when things went wrong. artists began to create music The machines couldn‟t run because and art some of the writers they had no power, so people wanted to were Ralph Emerson who was build machines that are steam- the leading transcendent. powered. One of those was known as Henry Thoreau was the writer the Spinning Jenny which was like the of Walden‟s Pond; Herman Cotton Gin made by Eli Whitney. Then, Melville was the writer of all was changed in 1790. Richard Ark- Moby Dick. wright made a textile plant. In the dry There is more to come. seasons, the machines didn‟t run be- Nathan Hawthore wrote The cause of all the dryness. Arkwright had Scarlet Letter; Louisa Alcott an accomplice Samuel Slater who wrote Little Women; Henry made Industrialization happen in the Longfellow wrote The Song of U.S. Then the Industrial Revolution Hiawatha; Walt Whitman took hold when Francis Cabot Lowell wrote Leaves of Grass; and came back from his trip to England. He John Whittier wrote poems to made improved versions of English ma- end slaves. He was accompa- chines. Also, there were developments. nied by Francis Harper who One was mass production. In the also wrote those poems. Now 1800‟s, Eli Whitney stepped out of hid- it is time to talk about paint- ing and made the Cotton Gin. In that ers that are famous. George time period they had Child labors who Bingham, Thomas Cole, and were seven and eight years old. This George Catlin painted land- revolution made cities in the U.S. dou- scapes. bled in size ten years at a time. Then, Famous songs and writ- the urban problems came up. Some of ers were “Yankee Doodle”, them were sewage problems, spreading English, Irish, Scottish tunes, diseases, and fires. People made inven- American songs, Spirituals, tions like the telegraph by Samuel F.B. “Camp town Races,” and Morse. The Mechanical Reaper, used for cutting stalks of wheat, was built by Cy- “Old Folks at Home.” The rus McCormick. He also made the most famous songwriter then Thresher which separated the corn was Stephen Foster. He wrote from the stalks. The light weight, steel the last two songs on the song plow was intended to make soil list. smoother. John Deere, made this. Fi- By Jonah A. 4 Mike Honcho’s Hospital nally, the Sewing Machine was made by Elias Howe. Say hello to General Winfield Scott Dr. Wattz. This is the best hospi- The great General Winfield Scott‟s death was a horrible thing, tal in the world. and it is hard to talk about. The tragic day was on May 29, 1966 in You are going West Point, New York. The cause of is unknown. to love it so He was born on June 13,1786, in Petersburg, Virginia. The lucky much you will woman to marry the general was Lucy Baker. Their son was John Baker Scott. The second woman want to get hurt that he was married to was Maria De Hart Mayo. He had six glorious on purpose. children. They are Maria Scott, John Scott, Virginia Scott, Edward Scott, Cornelia Scott, and Adeline Scott. His parents were William Scott and Ann Mason. By Emily D.J. 5 He helped create mills, Lowell Mills and Girls towns, and better lives for oth- ers. Who knows where we would Francis Cabot Lowell creat- be today, if not for him. ed the most up-to-date textile mills of his time. The mills start- Mexican Settlements ed in England. In England, one mill created and spun the thread. In another mill, the Many Mexican settlements thread was woven. Lowell saw were made up of peninsulares, this. When he returned to the or Spanish settlers. Their chil- United States; he and an associ- dren, if born in America, were ate created the Lowell Mill. It called Creoles. A peninsulare was more efficient because it and Native American child was combined spinning and weav- a Mestizo. All of these types of ing thread in one mill. He and people came together to create several partners created the first a distinct Southwest culture. factory in Waltham. Many Spanish missionaries Mr. Lowell died in 1817, tried to convert the Native but his partners kept the facto- Americans that lived in the set- ries going. All of them, includ- tlements into Catholics. Most of ing Lowell, had hoped for a bet- the Native Americans were ter life for their workers. His forced to live and work in these partners fulfilled that hope. They missions. The majority of them created towns with boarding died from being overworked houses, hospitals, and libraries. and diseases. The first town of this kind was The cultures of the Spanish named Lowell, after the late and the Indians started to Francis Cabot Lowell. Many of blend together. The Spanish the workers and inhabitants of gave the Indians their lan- this town were farm girls. After guage, religion, and use of law. work, they would go to lectures The Indians, in return, gave and libraries to study. In this the Spanish their food, clothing, way, they got a much better edu- and use of adobe. cation than they would have In 1821, Mexico gained had if they had stayed on their independence from Spain. Be- farms. fore, only peninsulares were al- Francis Cabot Lowell was lowed to own land, but the Mex- loved and admired. Charles ican government allowed ran- Dickens himself respected him. cheros to own land as well. By Emily D.J. 6 The government also removed On March 5, 1849, she died the missionaries and gave the of a fever at South Hadley. She is land to the peninsulares and buried at the Holyoke College in rancheros. South Hadley. This angered the Native Americans, because they owned A S Y O E T L Y A O L L I the land first. They started raid- C F P U S V B Y L Z W A G ing the peninsulares and ran- Z P R A P B R C O K X N M cheros for their land. This result- L T E T I A J K L N R D J L R S E M N H A X B V N S ed in a decrease of the Native E A L W G I N D I A N S L American population. W S L B I D Y V K D E C R O Q I Q E G E L L O C S I Mary Lyon L O M D F I Y C F S W L G Key: She was born on February LYON; INDIANS; MILLS; 28, 1797, in Buckland Massachu- SPAIN; GIRLS; MARY; LOWELL; setts. Her parents were Aaron COLLEGE; LAND and Jemima Lyon. She had six siblings. One of her tragedies of life started very early. Her father S died when she was five years old. H D Her accomplishments in- clude starting the first women‟s H M college, and getting her own M stamp. The college was started in W 1873. It was called Mount Ho- E G D lyoke Female Seminary in Massa- chusetts. A T Y O M Key: CREOLE; MESTIZO; SETTLE- MENT; WATHAM; FACTORY; THREAD; MILL; ENGLAND; STAMP; HADLEY By Hannah D. 7 mills. In Samuel Slater‟s The Revolution Takes mills, he worked children. As Hold kids started working, the con- ditions got harsher. In the 1800‟s most of the kids were working on farms, but this In the early years of our was much different than country, people liked to exper- working in a factory. Many iment with things. This led to mass production. Mass pro- children were employed as duction was helping our young as seven years old, but country excel. It was very im- they weren‟t paid until the portant. By the 1800‟s, crafts- age of ten. The children men had started making working here had no oppor- clocks, guns, and things of tunities for education and that sort. At this point if learning. By 1880, over one something were to break, you‟d have to get the broken million children between the part fixed or just get a whole ages of ten though fifteen new object. This was because were being paid for work. The everything was made unique. places these people worked Eli Whitney, however, thought were appalling. They were of a new way to do things. He very poorly lit, so you could came up with the idea of in- terchangeable parts. This way hardly see while you were you could just go to the store working. They got little fresh and buy the part you need. air, and the owners told Soon after, this was being workers that the machines used in the production of were made to do a task, not products. This made every- to keep a worker safe. As a re- thing more convenient and sult, many were hurt and much cheaper. In the Lowell Mills peo- didn‟t get any help. They ple had been treated much worked twelve to fourteen better. The treatment wasn‟t hours a day. Shorter days so harsh anymore. There was were proposed. They said a difference between some eight hours for sleep, eight By Hannah D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Occasionem Cognosce — Francis Cabot Lowell
    From AFIO's The Intelligencer Association of Former Intelligence Officers 7700 Leesburg Pike, Suite 324 Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies Falls Church, Virginia 22043 Web: www.afio.com * E-mail: [email protected] Volume 26 • Number 2 • Winter-Spring 2021 $15 single copy price The idea to look abroad for both individuals When Intelligence Made a Difference who had specialized knowledge of new technologies and obtaining this knowledge by other means was — 19th Century — explored by Alexander Hamilton. In 1791, he wrote on the topic at length in a section of his Report on Manu- factures, titled “The encouragement of New Inventions and Discoveries at Home and of the Introduction Into the United States of Such as May have Been Made in Other Countries, Particularly Those Which Relate to Machinery.”2 Occasionem Cognosce The Embargo of 1807 Economic conditions worsened for the US during Francis Cabot Lowell the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) when hostilities between Britain and France restricted the US’s access to trade routes across the Atlantic. In 1804, an author by Joel Wickwire of the Federalist Papers, James Madison, wrote of this to James Monroe claiming Great Britain is searching t the end of the 18th century, the British colo- and seizing all manners of cargo and persons.3 Ten- nies in North America were largely an agrarian sions culminated in the “Chesapeake Affair” when economy. Most critical manufactured goods the USS Chesapeake was shot upon and surrendered to A the British, in clear violation of American sovereignty. were imported from Europe, traded for agricultural products.
    [Show full text]
  • TAH Mill Times Name:______Date
    TAH Mill Times Name:__________________________ date Starter Please Read: In 1821, the Boston Associates purchased land and rights to the Pawtucket Canal located north of the city of Boston, Massachusetts. The Associates built several textile mills and enlarged the Canal for water power. The first mills opened in 1823, and for the next 25 years more mills and a network of power canals were built. By 1848, Lowell was the largest industrial center in America! The mills produced 50,000 miles of cotton cloth each year. The Associates needed a large work force for the busy mills. They decided to run their mills using a work force of young women recruited from New England farms. Lowell was known around the world for this innovative solution. Lowell "Mill Girls" were asked to work in the factories for a few years, then return to the farms or marry. Mill girls filled the city of Lowell, living in boardinghouses managed by the corporations. Mill life meant a hard day's work in which girls followed a strict schedule marked by the ringing of bells. Mill girls were expected to follow the company rules for curfew, church attendance and proper behavior. Why were the Boston Associates important? ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe who were the Mill Girls of Lowell?_____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • A Whimsical Destiny: a Portrait of Mary Babcock Gore
    THE NEWSLETTER OF GORE PLACE | SPRING 2019 | ISSUE NUMBER 6 IN THIS ISSUE A Whimsical Destiny Letter from our Board President Portrait of Robert Roberts A December Evening Reaching New Audiences with Accessibility Upcoming Programs Mrs. John Gore (Mary Babcock) about 1815, Warwick Castle by the River Avon GIlbert Stuart (American, 1755–1828), oil on canvas. Photo by DeFacto used under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Social Media Moment Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Alike 4.0 International License. No changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en A Whimsical Destiny: A Portrait of Mary Babcock Gore Mary Gore’s 1815 portrait hangs prominently at hearing this great and glorious people [the English] Gore Place on the formal staircase above those anathematized by scrubs unworthy of even the of her husband John and his uncle Christopher name of men. Now behold me, landed from an and aunt Rebecca Gore. The image, painted by English ship-of-war, my footsteps for the first time distinguished American portraitist Gilbert Stuart, pressing the soil of my Forefathers, supported by It’s not every day that master conveys Mary’s beauty, refinement and position. the arm of an English officer. Can anything be blacksmith Dean Rantz of Rock Few sources exist that can tell us more about Mary, more whimsical than my destiny?” Village Forge is here forging a but she did keep a diary during a family visit to The officer helping Mary off the ship was likely its handrail for our new staircase. England in 1813-1814.1 It is through this travel 30-year-old Commanding Officer Robert Rowley.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthony Mann, “How 'Poor Country Boys' Became Boston Brahmins: the Rise of the Appletons and the Lawrences in Ante-Bellum
    Anthony Mann, “How ‘poor country boys’ became Boston Brahmins: The Rise of the Appletons and the Lawrences in Ante-bellum Massachusetts” Historical Journal of Massachusetts Volume 31, No. 1 (Winter 2003). Published by: Institute for Massachusetts Studies and Westfield State University You may use content in this archive for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the Historical Journal of Massachusetts regarding any further use of this work: [email protected] Funding for digitization of issues was provided through a generous grant from MassHumanities. Some digitized versions of the articles have been reformatted from their original, published appearance. When citing, please give the original print source (volume/ number/ date) but add "retrieved from HJM's online archive at http://www.westfield.ma.edu/mhj. Editor, Historical Journal of Massachusetts c/o Westfield State University 577 Western Ave. Westfield MA 01086 How ‘poor country boys’ became Boston Brahmins: The Rise of the Appletons and the Lawrences in Ante-bellum Massachusetts1 By Anthony Mann The promise of social mobility was a central cultural tenet of the northern American states during the nineteenth century. The stories of those who raised themselves from obscure and humble origins to positions of wealth and status, whilst retaining a sufficiency of Protestant social responsibility, were widely distributed and well received amongst a people daily experiencing the personal instabilities of the market revolution.2 Two families which represented the ideal of social mobility 1 A version of this essay was first read at the conference of the British Association for American Studies, Birmingham, and April 1997. My thanks to Colin Bonwick, Louis Billington, Martin Crawford and Phillip Taylor who have advised since then.
    [Show full text]
  • Literary-Sites.Pdf
    Whether you're an armchair traveler or road trip warrior, join us on a journey through America to visit homes, restaurants, bookshops, hotels, schools, museums, memorials and the occasional monument linked to some of our nation's Jewish authors. Along the way you'll gain insight into how these celebrated-and not so celebrated-writers lived and wrote. NEW YORK, NY Built in 1902, the Algonquin Hotel still famous exchanges: for example, Noel friend, Frederik Pohl, writes of how stands in all its Edwardian elegance at Coward’s compliment to Ferber on her Isaac’s father tried to prevent him from 59 West 44th Street. In its restaurant, new suit. “You look almost like a man,” reading pulp fiction sold in the store be­ beyond the signature oak-paneled lobby, he said, to which Ferber replied, “So do cause it would interfere with his school is a replica of the celebrated Round Table you.” Kevin Fitzpatrick, a Dorothy Parker work, but Isaac convinced him that a pe­ at which, from 1919 to 1929, a group researcher, leads walking tours devoted riodical such as Amazing Stories was fine, of sharp-tongued 20-somethings came to Round Table members; download the because, although fiction, it was “sci­ together for food, drink (no alcohol in schedule at dorothyparker.com. Show ence.” Asimov’s Foundation and Robot se­ the Prohibition years) and repartee. The Algonquin’s management a published ries are said to have inspired Gene Rod- daily gathering purportedly got its start work or one in progress and receive a denberry’s Star Trek.
    [Show full text]
  • 2311 I Singer.Qxd
    LOCAL STUDIES EDUCATION SERIES ISAAC SINGER THE INVENTOR OF THE SINGER SEWING MACHINE (1811-75) American engineer Isaac Merritt Singer developed the first practical sewing machine in 1851. His invention revolutionised an industry which had previously employed women working in ‘sweatshop’ conditions to handsew garments and household fabrics. Such items were expensive and beyond the means of poor households. ISAAC SING THE INVENTOR OF THE SINGER SEWING MACHI In an age when there were no domestic real talent when he invented the first devices such as washing machines and mechanical excavator. He sold his idea to vacuum cleaners, it was the housewife fund a return to the stage, but his venture who made clothes, curtains, tablecloths as an actor-manager ended with huge and bedding for their families. A Singer debts and he began a full-time career as an sewing machine was affordable for the inventor. He made his fortune by greatly home and meant that women no longer improving the performance of existing had to endure laborious hand sewing sewing machines and introducing hire chores. purchase agreements, which allowed Born in the State of New York, Isaac people to buy goods from his company by left home at the age of twelve. During the a method of easy instalments. next ten years he had a variety of jobs, got Singer had a tangled love-life. He left married and had two children. He then his family and lived with another woman pursued his dream to become an actor for twenty-five years before divorcing his and toured America with a theatre wife.
    [Show full text]
  • Singer Main Site Index
    Home of the Sewalot Site By Alex I Askaroff For antique and vintage sewing machines Sewing Machine Fault Finder Sewing Machine Tension Problems Isaac Merritt Singer Main Site Index Alex has spent a lifetime in the sewing industry and is considered one of the foremost experts of pioneering machines and their inventors. He has written extensively for trade magazines, radio, television, books and publications worldwide. Alex I Askaroff style="font-family:Garamond;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; " lang="en-gb"Isaac Singer A brief history of a giant By Alex Askaroff style="font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial" Isaac Merritt Singer 27th October 1811 - 23rd July 1875 Touched by Fire What a man! When I first started, as a child, to hear stories about Isaac Merritt Singer I was enthralled. He had lived the American dream. A true rags to riches story. They say a fewlang="en-gb" men are touched by fire in their lives, Isaac was one of these men. Other books will blind you with facts, figures and endless dates. Let me tell you about the man who became a household name and his invention that changed the world. lang="en-gb"Over a lifetime I have collected every snippet on the great man and put it all here. I hope that many others will follow in my footsteps and take his story further. Please forgive any mistakes. Isaac Merritt Singer was the youngest of eight children. His father, Adam, was possibly of German-Jewish origin as there was a Jewish family in his hometown of Frankfurt, Germany, known as the Rei- singers.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Life and Times of Francis Cabot Lowell, 1775-1817”
    The Offi cial Newsletter of Sanderson Lecture Series The Waltham 7:00 p.m., Tuesday Evening Historical Society May 10, 2011 RTN Federal Credit Union WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS Community Room May 2011 600 Main Street Waltham, MA 02453 Board of Directors Term: 2009-2011 The Edmund L. Sanderson Lecture Series Presents Co-Presidents Sheila E. FitzPatrick Wayne T. McCarthy “The Life and Times of Francis Treasurer Mary Selig Cabot Lowell, 1775-1817” Assistant Treasurer Jack Cox Recording Secretary with Mr. Chaim M. Rosenberg Leona Lindsay Corresponding Secretary Joe Vizard Join us for Chaim (Mike) Rosenberg’s story of the life and times of one of Waltham’s most signifi cant men. Fol- Curator Michelle Morello low Francis Cabot Lowell from his birth and early school- Assistant Curator ing to his days as one of the most prominent persons in Winifred W. Kneisel the Country. Membership Carol DiFranco This lecture will explain the background history of the Board Members times, the major players in mercantile New England, and Ruth M. Arena the important undertakings of America’s fi rst Industrialist. Marie Daly Dr. Helene Day Edna L. Dolber Mike Rosenberg’s interest in the 19th century mill build- Maureen Gordon ings led him to speculate on the importance of industry Louise Hamilton Doors open at 6:30. A brief Virginia Hays in the development of Massachusetts. After giving up the Morton Isaacson business meeting will begin at Larry Logan practice of medicine he decided to devote his time to the Barbara Maloney study of the industrialization of Massachusetts. In 2007, 7:00 and the lecture will begin Frank Maloney immediately thereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Eleven: the Early Republic Contents
    Chapter Eleven: The Early Republic Contents 11.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 487 11.1.1 Learning Outcomes .................................................................................. 487 11.2 JEFFERSON ................................................................................................. 488 11.2.1 Jefferson’s Values ..................................................................................... 488 11.2.2 Forging a New Indian Policy ........................................................................ 489 11.2.3 The Louisiana Purchase ............................................................................. 491 11.2.4 The Lewis and Clark Expedition ................................................................... 492 11.2.5 Judicial Issues ......................................................................................... 494 11.2.6 Jefferson’s Second Term ............................................................................ 494 11.2.7 Foreign Pressures .................................................................................... 496 11.2.8 Before You Move On... ............................................................................. 498 Key Concepts ................................................................................................ 498 Test Yourself ................................................................................................. 498 11.3 MADISON ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of an Early Nineteenth Century Machine Shop
    A Place of Work: The Geography of an Early Nineteenth Century Machine Shop The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Unger, David S. 2013. A Place of Work: The Geography of an Early Nineteenth Century Machine Shop. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11095960 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A Place of Work: The Geography of an Early Nineteenth Century Machine Shop A Dissertation Presented By Da!id Stephen "nger To The History of Science Depart$ent in partial fulfill$ent of the re%uire$ents for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the su&'ect of History of Science Har!ard "ni!ersity Ca$&ridge( Massachusetts May )*+, - )*+, Da!id Stephen "nger All rights reser!ed. Advisor: Professor Peter Galison Da!id S. "nger A Place of Work: The Geography of an Early Nineteenth Century Machine Shop A&stract Between +0+, and +0)1 the Boston Manufacturing Co$pany &uilt a textile factory in Waltha$( Massachusetts. Their factory is known for $any i$portant firsts in A$eri3 can industry, including the first co$$ercially !ia&le power loo$( one of the first !er3 tically integrated factories, and one of the first 'oin stock financed $anufacturing concerns. This successful factory &eca$e the direct $odel for the large textile $ills &uilt along the Merri$ack Ri!er and elsewhere( iconic locations of A$erican post3 colonial industrialization.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture #5 Outline STS.001
    Lecture #5 Outline STS.001 A REVOLUTIONARY AGE: POLITICS AND EARLY AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIZATION c. 1783-1815 I. How revolutionary is the industrial revolution? II. Political timeline: 1620s-1770s – the “colonial period” of American history 1763 – French & Indian War ends; Britain at peak of its colonial power but deeply in debt 1760s-70s – post-war time of troubles as American colonies protest British taxation without representation 1775 – 1st shot fired at Lexington-Concord 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1776-1781 – Revolutionary war years 1781 – Articles of Confederation = 1st U.S. constitution 1783 – Treaty of Paris: Britain acknowledges U.S. independence 1783-88 – Social and political turmoil: recession, rebellion, reaction 1787 – Constitutional convention at Philadelphia 1788 – U.S. Constitution adopted by 9th state (N.H.), thus putting the new U.S. government in motion 1789 – George Washington inaugurated as 1st president of the U.S. III. Question: How did the U.S. go about weaning itself from the British Empire and solidifying its independence? Political independence intimately connected with economic independence IV. Two sources of economic growth a. Government policy i. Inventing the corporation, 1780s 1. Example: The Potowmack Company (1784) ii. Federal government policy: 1. U.S. Patent Office established (1790) 2. U.S. Post Office established (1792) 3. Alexander Hamilton’s three reports (1790-91) a. Funding the national debt and assuming state debts b. Establishing a national bank (1791) c. Subsidizing home manufacturing (Dec. 1791) 4. Albert Gallatin’s Report on Public Roads and Canals (1808) Note the implication: under Hamilton and Gallatin, the federal government was fully prepared to underwrite new industries and construct a national transportation system.
    [Show full text]
  • ROOTED in RACISM the Economic Turmoil of the Pandemic Has Been Fed by a Capitalism Based on Slavery and White Supremacy
    Curing What Ails Us How COVID-19 reveals what’s wrong with our economy and what working people are doing to fix it ROOTED IN RACISM The economic turmoil of the pandemic has been fed by a capitalism based on slavery and white supremacy By Patrick McHugh, Budget & Tax Center Research Manager, with Alexandra Forter Sirota, Budget & Tax Center Director one of the conditions that working people are facing in the COVID-19 crisis happened by accident. To fully understand why so many working people are being forced into Nunsafe working conditions and tossed aside by companies protecting their bottom lines, we need to look at how we got here. The United States’ unique brand of capitalism is steeped in our history of slavery, exploitation of working people of all races, and the persistent stain of white supremacy. While it’s impossible to fully explore the historical legacies reflected in the mirror that COVID-19 is holding up to our country, it’s worth connecting some of the dots between what we see happening during this pandemic to the foundations on which our economy was built. TURNING PEOPLE INTO MACHINES: FROM THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TO THE GILDED AGE You can hear the echo of the pre-industrial British economy in many common last names today: Baker, Smith, Brewer, Wainwright, Fisher, and more reflect a time when people’s value to their communities was woven into their very names. The artisan craft economy, which existed before the Industrial Revolution emerged in England, created something like what we now call the middle class — people who were able to support their families and were recognized for their roles in making their communities function.
    [Show full text]