How to study a music culture Indian Classical Music

Rafael Caro Repetto [email protected] Music Technology Group Universitat Pompeu Fabra

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2 In theory...

Music theory is a collection of sets of rules which describe the culturally determined practice of people who create music in a particular culture during a particular period.

3 Sven Ahlbäck, Music Theory - Why bother?, 2019 In theory...

Music theory is a collection of sets of rules which describe the culturally determined practice of people who create music in a particular culture during a particular period.

4 Sven Ahlbäck, Music Theory - Why bother?, 2019 In theory...

Music theory is a collection of sets of rules which describe the culturally determined practice of people who create music in a particular culture during a particular period.

5 Sven Ahlbäck, Music Theory - Why bother?, 2019 In theory...

Music theory is a collection of sets of rules which describe the culturally determined practice of people who create music in a particular culture during a particular period.

6 Sven Ahlbäck, Music Theory - Why bother?, 2019 Indian Classical Music

Traditional music

Classical music North HindustaniHindustani musicmusic

South CarnaticCarnatic musicmusic

7 Indian Classical Music

Format Continuous pitch ground Main melodic line Secondary melodic support Percussion rhythmic accompaniment

8 Indian Classical Music

HindustaniHindustani classicalclassical musicmusic Kaustuv K. Ganguli

CarnaticCarnatic classicalclassical musicmusic Vignesh Ishwar

9 Indian Classical Music

Format Continuous pitch ground Main melodic line Secondary melodic support Percussion rhythmic accompaniment

Musical principles rāga tāla

10 North / South division

Hindustani music Carnatic music

11 North / South division

12 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asian_Language_Families.jpg North / South division

13 http://geacron.com/home-en/?&sid=GeaCron583915 North / South division

14 North / South division

Hindustani music Carnatic music Muslim musicians Hindu musicians court temple low castes high castes paramparā śāstra profession religion ustād-shāgird guru-śisya

particular realization of common principles

15 Essential musical concepts rāga tāla

16 Essential musical concepts rāga tāla

17 tāla

sama

18 tāla

sama mmātrātrāā akṣaraakṣara

19 tāla

sama mmātrātrāā akṣaraakṣara

vibhvibhāgāg aṅgaaṅga

20 tāla

sama mmātrātrāā akṣaraakṣara tālītālī

vibhvibhāgāg aṅgaaṅga khālīkhālī

21 tāla

sama mmātrātrāā akṣaraakṣara tālītālī

vibhvibhāgāg aṅgaaṅga khālīkhālī

22 North / South division

HindustaniHindustani classicalclassical musicmusic

tablā

khañjira ghaṭam CarnaticCarnatic classicalclassical musicmusic mr̥daṅgaṁ

23 Percussion accompaniment

tablātablā

mmr̥r̥ daṅgamṁ daṅgamṁ

24 tāla

bolbol ṭhekā solkaṭṭusolkaṭṭu

25 laya

vilambitvilambit vilambavilamba (slow)

madhyamadhya madhyamamadhyama (medium)

drutdrut dhuridhadhuridha (fast)

26 Essential musical concepts rāga tāla

27 Essential musical concepts rāga

rañj “to be coloured, to be redden” “to be afected, moved, charmed, delighted”

28 svara

sargam Niṣād Ni N Dhaivat Dha D Pañcam Pa P Madhyam Ma M Gāndhār Ga G Ṛṣabh ReRe RiRi R Ṣaḍja Sa S

29 svara

Niṣād Ni N “séptim Dhaivat Dha D “sexta nota”, “nota divina” Pañcam Pa P “quinta nota” Madhyam Ma M “que está en el medio” Gāndhār Ga G “fragancia dulce” Ṛṣabh Re Ri R “el gran uno” Ṣaḍja Sa S “that which gives birth to six”

30 ektāra

31 tānpūrā / tambūra

32 North / South division

HindustaniHindustani classicalclassical musicmusic

CarnaticCarnatic classicalclassical musicmusic

33 svara

34 svara

sa re ga ma pa dha ni S R G M P D N

35 svara

sa re re ga ga ma ma pa dha dha ni ni S r R g G M m P d D n N

36 svara

sa re re ga ga ma ma pa dha dha ni ni S r R g G m M P d D n N

37 svara

“The ornament in Karṇāṭak music is not considered an add-on to the basic note; gamaka is an integral structural part of svara”

38 Viswanathan and Allen, Music in South India, 2004: 47 rāga

● svara

● function

● āroh / avaroh

● characteristic movements

● samaya

39 rāg bhūpālī

● svara sa re re ga ga ma ma pa dha dha ni ni

● function vādī: ga saṃvādī: dha

● āroh / S R G P D Ṡ avaroh S R G P D Ṡ D P G R S

● characteristic GRG, PG, DP, ṠDPG, PGRG, GRS movements

● samaya

40 rāg bhūpālī

● svara sa re re ga ga ma ma pa dha dha ni ni

● function vādī: ga saṃvādī: dha

● āroh / S R G P D Ṡ avaroh S R G P D Ṡ D P G R S

● characteristic GRG, PG, DP, ṠDPG, PGRG, GRS, SD, DS, SR, movements RDS, RG, RGPG, PRG, PS, RPG, RGP, DGP, SRG

● samaya 9pm – midnight

41 rāg toḍī

● svara sa re re ga ga ma ma pa dha dha ni ni

● function vādī: dha saṃvādī: ga

● āroh / S r g M P d N Ṡ avaroh S r g m P d N Ṡ N d P M g r S

● characteristic d, Nsrg, Mrg, rS, Nsd, NdP, gMd, dS, gr, grS, movements Nd, PMd, rgrS, MdNS

● samaya 9am – noon

42 North / South division

HindustaniHindustani classicalclassical musicmusic

harmonium

CarnaticCarnatic classicalclassical musicmusic violin

43 Form

presentation song development (improvisation) rāga ālāp ālāpana tāla

44 Indian Classical Music

Traditional music

Classical music HindustaniHindustani musicmusic dhrupad khayāl ṭhumrī

CarnaticCarnatic musicmusic bhajan kr̥ ti varṇam padam

45 Indian Classical Music

Traditional music

Classical music HindustaniHindustani musicmusic dhrupad khayāl ṭhumrī

CarnaticCarnatic musicmusic bhajan kr̥ ti varṇam padam

46 How to study a music culture

● Which new tasks are brought in, and which existing tasks are not applicable?

● Should existing tasks be re-approached, or re-defined?

● How should the results be represented (whom is the research inteded for? in which cultural context are the results presented? accuracy – understandability)

47 Some examples

Serrà et al., “Assessing the tuning of sung indian classical music,” ISMIR, 2011 Koduri et al., "Intonation analysis of rāgas in Carnatic music,” JNMR, 2014 Ishwar, Pitch Estimation of the Predominant Vocal Melody from Heterophonic Music Audio Recordings, Master diss, 2014 Gupta et al., “Discovery of syllabic percussion patterns in tabla solo recordings,” ISMIR, 2015 Gulati el al., "Time-delayed melody surfaces for rāga recognition," ISMIR, 2016 Gulati, Computational Approaches for Melodic Description in Indian Art Music Corpora, PhD diss, 2016 Ganguli and Rao, “On the Distributional Representation of Ragas: Experiments with Allied Raga Pairs,” TISMIR, 2018

48 Some examples

Serrà et al., “Assessing the tuning of sung indian classical music,” ISMIR, 2011 Koduri et al., "Intonation analysis of rāgas in Carnatic music,” JNMR, 2014 Ishwar, Pitch Estimation of the Predominant Vocal Melody from Heterophonic Music Audio Recordings, Master diss, 2014 Gupta et al., “Discovery of syllabic percussion patterns in tabla solo recordings,” ISMIR, 2015 Gulati el al., "Time-delayed melody surfaces for rāga recognition," ISMIR, 2016 Gulati, Computational Approaches for Melodic Description in Indian Art Music Corpora, PhD diss, 2016 Ganguli and Rao, “On the Distributional Representation of Ragas: Experiments with Allied Raga Pairs,” TISMIR, 2018

49 Some examples

Serrà et al., “Assessing the tuning of sung indian classical music,” ISMIR, 2011 Koduri et al., "Intonation analysis of rāgas in Carnatic music,” JNMR, 2014 Ishwar, Pitch Estimation of the Predominant Vocal Melody from Heterophonic Music Audio Recordings, Master diss, 2014 Gupta et al., “Discovery of syllabic percussion patterns in tabla solo recordings,” ISMIR, 2015 Gulati el al., "Time-delayed melody surfaces for rāga recognition," ISMIR, 2016 Gulati, Computational Approaches for Melodic Description in Indian Art Music Corpora, PhD diss, 2016 Ganguli and Rao, “On the Distributional Representation of Ragas: Experiments with Allied Raga Pairs,” TISMIR, 2018

50 Links to the Musical Bridges tools

Tools for aiding understanding of Hindustani classical music:

● https://dunya.upf.edu/hindustani-tools/

Prototype tools for aiding understanding of Carnatic tāḷa:

● https://rafael-caro.github.io/carnatic-classroom/index.html

51 Links to example videos

Demonstration of tablā bols by Prasad Ajarekar:

● https://youtu.be/AVDupDQwkSg

Lecture on tānpūrā by Nitin Amin:

● https://youtu.be/fBah5h_u7EY

Lecture on rāga bhairav by Ajoy Chakrabarty:

● https://youtu.be/YBPVbFlijFU

52