The Thaat-Ragas of North Indian Classical Music: The Basic Atempt to Perform Dr. Sujata Roy Manna
ABSTRACT
Indian classical music is divided into two streams, Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Though the rules and regulations of the Indian Shastras provide both bindings and liberties for the musicians, one can use one’s innovations while performing. As the Indian music requires to be learnt under the guidance of Master or Guru, scriptural guidelines are never sufficient for a learner. Keywords: Raga, Thaat, Music, Performing, Alapa.
There are two streams of Classical music of India – the Ragas are to be performed with the basic help the North Indian i.e., Hindustani music and the of their Thaats. Hence, we may compare the Thaats South Indian i.e., Carnatic music. The vast area of with the skeleton of creature, whereas the body Indian Classical music consists upon the foremost can be compared with the Raga. The names of the criterion – the origin of the Ragas, named the 10 (ten) Thaats of North Indian Classical Music Thaats. In the Carnatic system, there are 10 system i.e., Hindustani music are as follows: Thaats. Let us look upon the origin of the 10 Thaats Sl. Thaats Ragas as well as their Thaat-ragas (i.e., the Ragas named 01. Vilabal Vilabal, Alhaiya–Vilaval, Bihag, according to their origin). The Indian Shastras Durga, Deshkar, Shankara etc. 02. Kalyan Yaman, Bhupali, Hameer, Kedar, throw light on the rules and regulations, the nature Kamod etc. of Ragas, process of performing these, and the 03. Khamaj Khamaj, Desh, Tilakkamod, Tilang, liberty and bindings of the Ragas while Jayjayanti / Jayjayvanti etc. performances are going on both in Vocal or 04. Bhairav Bhairav, Kalingara etc. Instrumental ways, though the musician can 05. Purvi Purvi, Shree etc. perform with his/her instant imaginative skills and 06. Marwa Marwa, Lalit, Sohni etc. 07. Kafi Kafi, Bageshri, Vrindavani–Sarang, thoughts. During the performance, the Ragas are Bhimpalashri, Peelu, Bahar, Patdeep only shown to us, from which, the audience can etc. detect the origin (i.e., Thaats). Hopefully, it is now 08. Asavari Asavari, Jounpuri etc. clear that Thaats are not for performance but only 09. Bhairavi Bhairavi, Malkauns etc.
Assistant Professor, Department of Music, Raja Narendra Lal Khan Womens’ College, Medinipur-721102, W.B., India
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10. Todi Todi, Multani etc. 2. Rama Yaman: These aforesaid Thaats are detected, Thaat: Kalyan; Jati: Sampuraa - Sampurna; Time announced and supported (scientifically and - 1st Segment of night; Vadi; g, Sama-Vadi: n. I is logically) with the continuous effort and lifelong- sharp (Teevra) and other Swaras are ‘Suddha’ I . research by the eminent learned expert (Sangeet- Aroho- Srg, mp, d, ns . Shastri), Dr. Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. Avaroho- snd, pm g, rs The structure of these Thatas is: Pakar- n r g r s, p m g r s 1. Vilaval Thaat S r g m p d n Raga Alapa: a) n r g r g m g, p m g, p r,, n r, g r,, 2. Kalyan Thaat Ι nrs S r g m p d n . . b) pg, pdps , nrs , nrg r s, nr g m , p m g r n r s 3. Khamaj Thaat S r g m p d n 3. Raga Khamaj 4. Kafi Thaat S r g m p dn Thata: Khamaj; Jati-Sharav-Sampurna; Time- 2nd 5. Asavari Thaat S r g m p dn segment of night; Vadi: g, Sama-Vadi; n; Two forms 6. Bhairavi Thaat S rg m p dn of n are used and r is not applicable during Aroho 7. BhairavThaat S r g m p d n (ascending). Ι 8. Purvi Thaat S r g m p d n Aroho- s, g m, p, d n s
Ι Avaroho: s n d p, m g, r s 9. Todi Thaat S r g m p d n Pakar- nd, mp, d, mg Ι 10. Marwa Thaat S r g m p d n Main touchy- combination is gmpn. Raga Alapa: a) n s g m p g , m, n d, m p d, mg, p, m Thaats are not eligible for performance and g r s b) g m d n , n , n , , n d n , they have only the ascending order – Aroho / s s s n s r s s g m g r s n . Arohon; there are no descending orders i.e., s 4. Raga Kafi Avaroho / Avarohon available for them. Thatas are Thaat: Kafi; Jadi: Sampurna - Sampurna, Time: not ornamented or illustrated, they have only the 2nd segment of might; Vadi: P, Sama-Vadi; S, The basic structure, organized with the 7 notes (Swaras) of music – S r g m p d n. gn = minor/soft/ (Komal) s r g The Thaat – Ragas are as following: Aroho- , m p d, n s g 1. Raga Vilaval: Avaroho- s n d, p m r s g g Thaat: Vilaval; Jati: Sampurna-Sampurna; Time- Pakar- ss, rr, , mm p g n d p g 1st segment of day-time; Vadi Swara-d; Samavadi Raga Alapa: a) s r , r s, , s r r m g r s r p, g Swara-G; All the notes (Swaras) are Suddha mpd p r n d p m r s (major); Anga : Uttaranga. 5. Raga Asavari: Thaat: Asavari; Jati; Ourav - Sampurna; Time : Aroho- Srgmpdns Avaroho - Srgmpdns g Avaroho-grgpdns 2nd Segment of day-time; Vadi: d, Sama Vadi: , Raga Alapa: a) s, g, r, s, - n d s g m p m g, m r s. The Komal Swaras-gdn. b) p p, n s, s r s, g m r s - s r g m p g m r s Aroho= s, r, m p d s
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Avaroho- s n d p, m g r s Aroho- s, r g, m p d, n s. Pakar- r, m, p, nd p. Avaroho- s , n d p, m g m g r s Raga- Alapa: a) S, s r g r m g r s, r n d p m p d s, Paker- ns r g, m g, mg, rg, rs r m p n d p, d m p d, m p g r s, r d s. Raga Alapa: b) M p d d s, s r g r s, r m p m g r s, r d s r n d p, a) n ns r g, mg , rg, m p d p, mg, n d p, mg , mg, r m p d s. g r s 6. Raga Bhairavi b) mg , md md s , n r s, n r g, m g r g r s Thata-Bhairavi; Jati - Sampurna - Sampurna; 9. Raga Todi Time: 2nd Segment of day-time; Vadi-m, Sama- Thata: Todi; Jati-Sampurna-Sampurna, time-2nd Vadi-s; Komal Swaras= r g d n. segment of day-time, Vadi: g, Sama-Vadi-d; Komal Aroho-s r g m, , d n s Swaras = r, g,d, and n is Teevra. In this Raga, P is Avaroho-s, n d, p, m g, r s not directly played during Aroho. Pakar-g s r s d n s, r ns Aroho: S, rg, md P,, d ns The Raga is allowed and supported to peroform at Avaroho: s, n d p,m g r s any time of day or night. Pakar: d n s, rgr s, m g, rgr s Raga- Alapa: Raga Alapa: a) S r s, n s d , m p d n s, s n s, r g m p d p, a) s n s rgr s, r g m g, m d p, m grgr s g m r s , r n s d , d n s r n s. b) m g, m d n, ns , s d n s r r , r g r s , m g r g r s, 7. Raga Bhairav n d p m d s Thaat- Bhairav, Jati- Sampura - Sampurna, Time: 10. Raga Marwa: Early morning: Vadi- d, Sama-Vadi; r, Komal Thaat- Marwa, Jati: Sharab-Sharab; Time: 4th Swaras= r, d. Segment of day-time; Vadi: r, Sama-Vadi: d; Komal- Aroho- s r g m p d ns Swaras= only r; n is Teevra; P is not applicable Avaroho- sn d p m g r s note here. This Raga can easily makes the Pakar- s g m p d p performances to shift the another Thata/ Mela, Raga-Alapa: named Kalyan. So, Marwa is called as “Para- a) srr s, sd , n d , p m p d, n s, g r m g r, r s. Mela-Prabeshaka Raga”. Here ‘S’ is very feeble. b) p p, d, ns, n s, sd ns r , s s g m p m g r, r s. This Raga is also a ‘Sandhi-Prakash-Ragha’. 8. Raga Purvi Aroho- s r, g, m d, n ds Thaat: Purvi; Jati: Sampurna-Sampurna; Time 4th Avaroho- s n d, m g r s Segment of day time; Vadi-g, Sama-vadi-d, Komal- Pakar- d m g r, g m g r s Swaras= r, d and also applicable 2 forms of m, A Raga- Alapa: too much soft-type Raga, performing time is very a) s, nr n d , m d s, r g r m g r, dm g r, g m g r, n r remarkable- the end of day and starting of evening n d , r s i.e., in the junction of day and evening, (“Sandhi- b) m g, m d m ds, n r s, nr n d, m d rn d nr ,s Prakash-Raga”). Practical aspects of the Ragas, their key-note
191 Anudhyan: An International Journal of Social Sciences (AIJSS) and, fundamental and minimum requirements for and my effort has been directed in this track. Finally, performance must be emphasized keeping the we conclude with the wise saying about music, that perspective of their Thaats i.e. the origins intact. is – to sing daily for at least ten minutes reduces We have to be well-acquainted with the basic terms, stress, clears sinuses, improves posture and can signs or symbols which are now exhibited with even help us live longer. examples. Sl. Name of Swaras Signs Symbols for Position (Notes) or placement References and Sources 1 Sadaja (Saa) s Middle Octave • Swami Prajanananda, 1402, Bharatiya 2 Sadaja (Saa) s Upper Octave Sangeeter Itihas (1st part), Sri Ramkrishna 3 Rishava (Re) r Middle Octave Vedanta Math, Kolkata. 4 Rishava (Re) r Upper Octave • Baral Nemai Chand, 1993, Sangeet Nayak , 5 Rishava (Re) r Lower Octave Pharma KLM P.Ltd, Kolkata. 6 Komal Rishava (Re) r Soft/Komal • Bandyopadhyay Khitish Chandra and 7 Teevra Madhyam (Ma) m Sharp Maa etc. Bandyopadhyay Nanigopal, 2010), Sangeet Above all, it is to be noted that in Indian Darshika, Sri Ramkrishna Ashram, Kolkata. tradition all the performing arts are needed to be • Ghosh Shambhunath, 2011, Sangeeter Itibritto, learnt from Teachers / Trainers, and this is especially Sangeet Prakashan, Kolkata. true for music. Music is recognised as ‘Gurumukhi • Bhattacharjee-Shaktipada, 2003, Taan-Alaap, Vidya’, which means it is to be learnt by a disciple Sangeet Prakashan, Kolkata. under the guidance of a Master (Guru): it has to • Dutta Debabrata, 1995, Sangeet Tatwa, Brati come from the Guru’s mouth. So, the guidelines in Prakashani, Kolkata. writing are not obviously sufficient to perform, • Bhatkhande Pt. Vishnu Narayan, Kramik Pustak rather to learn. But, the attempt of noting down the Malika : basics or fundamental steps of Indian Ragas in order • Tagore Rabindranath, 1411 Sangeet Chinta: to make one familiar to it is also crucially important, Vishwabharati Granthan Bibhag, Kolkata.
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