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Geological Model of the Olkiluoto Site Version 1.0

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Geological Model of the Olkiluoto Site Version 1.0 Working Report 2007-92 Geological Model of the Olkiluoto Site Version 1.0 Jussi Mattila, Ismo Aaltonen Kimmo Kemppainen, Liisa Wikström Markku Paananen, Seppo Paulamäki Kai Front Seppo Gehör, Aulis Kärki Turo Ahokas January 2008 POSIVA OY FI-27160 OLKILUOTO, FINLAND Tel +358-2-8372 31 Fax +358-2-8372 3709 Working Report 2007-92 Geological Model of the Olkiluoto Site Version 1.0 Jussi Mattila, Ismo Aaltonen, Kimmo Kemppainen, Liisa Wikström Posiva Oy Markku Paananen, Seppo Paulamäki Geological Survey of Finland Kai Front Technical Research Centre of Finland Seppo Gehör, Aulis Kärki Kivitieto Oy Turo Ahokas Pöyry Environment Oy January 2008 Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MYY/08 Working Reports contain information on work in progress or pending completion. ABSTRACT The rocks of Olkiluoto can be divided into two major classes: 1) supracrustal high-grade metamorphic rocks including various migmatitic gneisses, tonalitic-granodioritic- granitic gneisses, mica gneisses, quartz gneisses and mafic gneisses, and 2) igneous rocks including pegmatitic granites and diabase dykes. The migmatitic gneisses can further be divided into three subgroups in terms of the type of migmatite structure: veined gneisses, stromatic gneisses and diatexitic gneisses. On the basis of refolding and crosscutting relationships, the metamorphic supracrustal rocks have been subjected to polyphased ductile deformation, consisting of five stages, the D2 being locally the most intensive phase, producing thrust-related folding, strong migmatisation and pervasive foliation. In 3D modelling of the lithological units, an assumption has been made, on the basis of measurements in the outcrops, investigation trenches and drill cores, that the pervasive, composite foliation produced as a result of polyphase ductile deformation has a rather constant attitude in the ONKALO area. Consequently, the strike and dip of the foliation has been used as a tool, through which the lithologies have been correlated between the drillholes and from the surface to the drillholes. The bedrock at the Olkiluoto site has been subjected to extensive hydrothermal alteration, which has taken place at reasonably low temperature conditions, the estimated temperature interval being from slightly over 300oC to less than 100oC. Two types of alteration can be observed: 1) pervasive (disseminated) alteration and 2) fracture-controlled (veinlet) alteration. Kaolinisation and sulphidisation are the most prominent alteration events in the site area. Sulphides are located in the uppermost part of the model volume following roughly the lithological trend (slightly dipping to the SE). Kaolinite is also located in the uppermost part, but the orientation is opposite to the main lithological trend (slightly dipping to the N). The third main alteration event, illitisation, consists of two distinct volumes, which lie one on the other and converge in the northwest, and are spatially associated with site-scale thrust faults. The fault zones at Olkiluoto are mainly SE-dipping thrust faults formed during contraction in the last stages of the Fennian orogeny, approximately at 1800 Ma ago and were reactivated in several deformation phases, as indicated by fault-slip data and K-Ar age determinations. In addition, NE-SW striking strike-slip faults are also common. Fault zone intersections from drillholes, the ONKALO access tunnel and outcrops have been correlated by the application of slickensides orientations, mise-à-la-masse- measurements, eletctromagnetic soundings, 3D seismics and VSP-reflectors, resulting in six site-scale and 84 local-scale fault zones. Keywords: lithology, ductile deformation, brittle deformation, hydrothermal alteration, 3D modelling, nuclear waste disposal, Olkiluoto, Eurajoki, Finland. Olkiluodon alueen geologinen malli. Versio 1.0 TIIVISTELMÄ Olkiluodon kivilajit voidaan jakaa kahteen pääluokkaan: 1) suprakrustiset, korkean metamorfoosiasteen kivet, jotka ovat erilaisia migmatiittisia gneissejä, tonaliitti- granodioriitti-graniittigneissejä, kiillegneissejä, kvartsigneissejä ja mafisia gneissejä, 2) magmakivet, jotka ovat pegmatiittisia graniitteja ja metadiabaaseja. Migmattiittiset gneissit voidaan edelleen jakaa kolmeen alaryhmään migmaattirakenteen perusteella: suonigneissit, raitaiset gneissit ja diateksiittiset gneissit. Uudelleenpoimutus- ja leik- kaussuhteiden perusteella metamorfiset kivet ovat käyneet läpi viisivaiheisen duktiilin deformaation, joista D2-vaihe on intensiivisin ja jonka aikana muodostui ylityöntöön liittyvää poimutusta, voimakasta migmatisaatiota sekä alueella havaittava läpikotainen liuskeisuus. Litologisten yksiköiden 3D-mallinnuksessa on maanpinta- ja kairanreikähavaintojen perusteella oletettu, että monivaiheisessa duktiilideformaatiossa syntyneellä läpiko- taisella liuskeisuudella melko pysyvä suuntautuneisuus tutkimusalueella. Tämän perus- teella liuskeisuuden suuntaa ja kaltevuutta on voitu käyttää työkaluna, jolla litologisia yksiköitä on korreloitu kairanreikien välillä ja maanpinnalta kairanreikään. Olkiluodon kallioperässä on vaikuttanut laajamittainen hydroterminen muuttuminen, mikä on tapahtunut melko alhaisessa lämpötilassa (300 - 100oC). Muuttuminen jakaan- tuu kahteen päätyyppiin: 1) läpikotainen muuttuminen ja 2) suoniverkostotyyppinen tai rakoilun kontrolloima muuttuminen. Kaoliniittiutuminen ja kiisuuntuminen ovat merkittävimmät muuttumiset. Muuttumisen kolmas päätyyppi, illiittiytyminen, muodos- taa kaksi toistensa päällä sijaitsevaa tilavuutta, jotka yhdistyvät mallinnetun alueen luoteisosassa. Illitisaatio liittyy mallinnetun alueen ylityöntösiirroksiin. Olkiluodon alueen siirrokset ovat pääasiassa kaakkoon kaatuvia ylityöntösiirroksia, jotka muodostuivat Fennisen vuorijononmuodostuksen loppuvaiheessa, noin 1800 Ma sitten; siirrosanalyysin ja K-Ar-ikämääritysten perusteella vyöhykkeet ovat aktivoi- tuneet useasti eri deformaatiovaiheissa. Ylityöntösiirrosten lisäksi lounas-koillinen suuntaiset strike-slip siirrokset ovat alueella yleisiä. Siirrosvyöhykelävistyksiä kairarei’istä on mallinnettu käyttämällä hyväksi haarniskapintaisten rakojen suuntia, latauspotentiaalimittauksia, sähkömagneettisia luotauksia, 3D-seismiikkaa sekä VSP- heijastajia. Alueelle on mallinnettu yhteensä kuusi alueellista ja 84 paikallista siirros- vyöhykettä. Asiasanat: litologia, duktiili deformaatio, hauras deformaatio, hydroterminen muuttuminen, 3D-mallinnus, ydinjätteiden loppusijoitus, Olkiluoto, Eurajoki. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ PREFACE....................................................................................................................... 3 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background..................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Report objectives and relation to previous versions ....................................... 5 1.3 Structure of this report .................................................................................... 8 2 DATA SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF DATABASE ......................................... 9 2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Surface-based geological investigations....................................................... 11 2.2.1 Surface data.......................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Drillhole data ......................................................................................... 13 2.3 Surface-based geophysical investigations.................................................... 18 2.3.1 Airborne and ground surveys ................................................................ 18 2.3.2 Drillhole logging and drillhole-based surveys........................................ 20 2.4 Underground investigations.......................................................................... 22 2.4.1 Tunnel mapping.................................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Pilot drillholes........................................................................................ 27 2.4.3 Analogue studies – VLJ access tunnel and repository.......................... 28 2.5 Other sources of data ................................................................................... 29 2.6 Feedback from other disciplines, the integrated ONKALO area model and prediction-outcome studies........................................................................... 30 3 GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE BEDROCK................................................ 37 3.1 Overview to the geology of Finland............................................................... 37 3.2 Regional geology.......................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Palaeoproterozoic lithology................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Deformation and metamorphism........................................................... 39 3.2.3 Palaeoproterozoic tectonic evolution .................................................... 42 3.2.4 Later events not related to orogeny/orogenies...................................... 43 3.3 Local geology................................................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Lithological relations.............................................................................. 45 3.3.2 Ductile
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