Alexandre Linck Vargas a Invenção Dos

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Alexandre Linck Vargas a Invenção Dos ALEXANDRE LINCK VARGAS A INVENÇÃO DOS QUADRINHOS: TEORIA E CRÍTICA DA SARJETA Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Literatura. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Felipe Guimarães Soares FLORIANÓPOLIS 2015 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Felipe Soares, o mentor acadêmico que, na tipologia dos amigos, é o cara que sempre viu mais potencial em mim do que eu pude até hoje ver. Aos meus pais, Paulo e Ana, que sempre foram maravilhosamente chatos, lembrando-me na graduação que eu deveria cursar um mestrado, que no mestrado deveria fazer um doutorado, e que no doutorado eu deveria começar um pós-doutorado. Amo vocês! À minha avó Judith, falecida em 2001. A Vó Juju cairia muito bem na narrativa da analfabeta que enchia o neto de quadrinhos porque achava a leitura importante. Porém, ela nunca exigiu de mim “obras sérias”. Era o prazer da leitura que contava, não o seu objeto. Hoje eu percebo o quão dionisíaca era a velhinha que nunca lera Nietzsche. À Thais, namorada, esposa, companheira. Praticamente coautora desta tese depois de tantas leituras, revisões e sugestões. Também é dela o prêmio de melhor atuação quando fingia acreditar na necessidade de gastar todo o nosso dinheiro na aquisição de quadrinhos em nome da pesquisa. Dedico esta tese a ti na consciência de que é pouco, pouquíssimo, perto do que passamos. Aos professores Maria Lúcia de Barros Camargo, Pedro Russi, Rosângela Cherem, Jair Tadeu da Fonseca, Ana Luiza Andrade e Carlos Eduardo Capela que gentilmente participaram da defesa desta tese, e, como um todo, ao colegiado do programa de pós-graduação em literatura da UFSC que compreendeu a importância de concender uma prorrogação e bolsa de estudos nos últimos 18 meses do doutorado. Ao Moacy Cirne, o velho professor, falecido em 2014, aquele que procurou levar o mais longe possível o encontro entre rigor e liberdade na pesquisa dos quadrinhos. Ainda que exista um abismo de antagonismos teóri- cos entre nós, é à ética de Cirne que se presta o meu tributo. RESUMO A invenção das histórias em quadrinhos é a história suja de sua categoriza- ção, daquilo que as leituras procuraram descartar quando partiram para a definição do que são os quadrinhos. Por isso, será tarefa de uma teoria da sarjeta a investigação das estratégias por trás das supostas essências, formas e funções das HQs. Partindo da experiência na primeira metade do século XX, através da relação com a infância, o horror nas campanhas antiquadrinhos e o dispêndio nos postulados sobre a cultura de massa, deparamos-nos, a partir dos anos 1960, com as invenções de uma artisticidade dos quadrinhos através dos conflitos com o mundo da arte (na Pop Art, Lowbrow Art e exposições), do surgimento de uma disposição autoral, da quadrinhofilia institucionaliza- da (da vanguarda acadêmica ao culto da nostalgia) e do erotismo das publi- cações de luxo. Tal revisão histórica desencadeará uma necessária reconsi- deração teórica do que se traçou sobre os quadrinhos entre texto e imagem, sequencialidade e simultaneidade, figuração e narração, grade e quadrinho. Uma análise radical da montagem, enfim, das potencialidades desprezadas pelas invenções de uma categoria quadrinhos. Em resposta estão a teoria e a crítica da sarjeta: o estudo de uma percepção que legou às histórias em quadrinhos a sarjeta, uma crítica erigida sobre a ideia de que o que está na sarjeta é o sintoma de uma possibilidade, uma potência. Será, portanto, ao que está à sarjeta das invenções categorizantes das histórias em quadrinhos que esta tese se dedicará. Palavras-chave: História em Quadrinhos, Sarjeta, Invenção, Montagem. ABSTRACT The invention of comics is the dirty story of its categorization, of what readin- gs sought to discard at the moment of defining what comics are. Therefore, a theory of gutters has to take on the task of investigating strategies behind the comics’ alleged essences, forms and functions. Departing from the experience around comics at the first half of the Twentieth Century, regarding childhood, the horror in anti-comics campaigns, and the notion of expenditure that can be read in postulates about mass culture, we stumble upon the inventions of a comics artistry, from the 1960’s on, through conflicts with the art world (Pop Art, Lowbrow Art and exhibitions), through the emergence of an authorial disposal and of an institutionalized comicphilia (from academic avant-garde to nostalgia worship), and through the eroticism in luxury publications. Such historical review will trigger a necessary theoretical revision of what has been usually written about the relation between text and image, sequentiality and simultaneity, figuration and narration, grid and comic character. To do so, we propose a gutters’ theory and criticism: a study about a perception that bequeathed comic to the gutter, a critique built upon the idea that what is in the gutter is the symptom of a possibility, a potency. So, this thesis will focus on what is in the gutter of essentializing inventions of comics. Keywords: Comics, Gutters, Invention, Montage. RESUMEN La invención de los cómics es la historia sucia de su categorización, de aquello que las lecturas buscaron descartar cuando partieron para la defini- ción de lo que son los cómics. Por eso, será tarea de una teoría de la canaleta la investigación de las estrategias por detrás de las supuestas esencias, formas y funciones de las historietas. En base a la experiencia en la primera mitad del siglo XX, a través de la relación con la infancia, el horror en las campa- ñas anti-cómics y el dispendio en los postulados sobre la cultura de masa, nos deparamos desde la década de los sesenta con las invenciones de una artisticidad de los cómics a través de los conflictos con el mundo del arte (en la Pop Art, Lowbrow Art y exposiciones), del surgimiento de una disposición autoral, de la cómicfilia institucionalizada (de la vanguardia académica al culto a la nostalgia) y del erotismo de las publicaciones de lujo. Tal revisión histórica desencadenará una necesaria reconsideración teorética de lo que se planteó sobre los cómics entre texto e imagen, secuencialidad y simultanei- dad, figuración y narración, parrilla y cómic. Un análisis radical del montaje, en fin, de las potencialidades despreciadas por las invenciones de una catego- ría cómics. En respuesta están la teoría y la crítica de la canaleta: el estudio de una percepción que legó a los cómics la canaleta, una crítica erigida sobre la idea de que lo que está en la canaleta es el síntoma de una posibilidad, una potencia. Será, por lo tanto, a lo que está a la canaleta de las invenciones categorizantes de los cómics que esta tesis se dedicará. Palabras clave: Historieta, Canaleta, Invención, Montaje. SUMÁRIO 1 Introdução: O que falta inventar? ....................................................... 21 2 Desconhecendo os quadrinhos ............................................................. 31 2.1 As aventuras do Inominável............................................................... 31 2.2 A estranha essência da forma e da função ......................................... 38 2.2.1 A indefinição possível .............................................................. 40 2.2.2 Incomunicabilidade .................................................................. 46 2.3 A HQ irredutível ................................................................................ 54 3 Experiência pelos quadrinhos .............................................................. 69 3.1 Infância .............................................................................................. 70 3.2 Horror ................................................................................................ 84 3.3 Dispêndio ......................................................................................... 100 4 Quadrinhos em arte .............................................................................113 4.1 Uma história da artimanha ................................................................113 4.1.1 Do Pop ao Low ........................................................................117 4.1.2 Os quadrinhos estão expostos ................................................ 131 4.2 O objeto assinatura .......................................................................... 140 4.2.1 O autor (des)encontrado ......................................................... 142 4.2.2 A caligrafia de um quadrinista ................................................ 144 4.2.3 Três linhas dos quadrinhos autorais ....................................... 149 4.2.4 O gesto da autoria ................................................................... 163 4.3 Quadrinhofilia .................................................................................. 170 4.4 A arte do erotismo ............................................................................ 184 4.4.1 Arte em quadrinhos ................................................................ 194 5 O traço narrativo ................................................................................ 199 5.1 Imagetexto, textimagem .................................................................. 199 5.2 Narrativa .......................................................................................... 214 6 A montagem nos quadrinhos .............................................................. 235 7 Teoria da sarjeta .................................................................................. 253 7.1 Alegoria dos não-quadrinhos
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